Raised Floor Computer Data Center: Effect on Rack Inlet Temperatures When Adjacent Racks Are Removed

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Schmidt ◽  
Ethan Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Data Center ◽  
Control Volume ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Computer Code ◽  
Cfd Model ◽  
Computer Data ◽  
Center Effect ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Baseline Case ◽  
Finite Control

This paper focuses on the effect on inlet rack air temperatures when adjacent racks are removed. Only the above floor (raised floor) flow and temperature distributions were analyzed for various air flowrates exhausting from the perforated tiles and the rack. A Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) model was generated for the room with electronic equipment installed on a raised floor with particular focus on the effects on rack inlet temperatures of these high powered racks. The baseline case was with forty racks of data processing (DP) equipment arranged in rows in a data center cooled by chilled air exhausting from perforated floor tiles. The chilled air was provided by four A/C units placed inside a room 12.1 m wide × 13.4 m long. Since the arrangement of the racks in the data center was symmetric only one-half of the data center was modeled. To see the effect of missing racks adjacent to high powered racks various configurations were analyzed. The numerical modeling was performed using a commercially available finite control volume computer code called Flotherm (Trademark of Flomerics, Inc.). The flow was modeled using the k-e turbulence model. Results are displayed to provide some guidance on the design and layout of a data center.

Raised Floor Computer Data Center: Effect of Rack Inlet Temperatures When Rack Flowrates Are Reduced

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Schmidt ◽  
Ethan Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Data Center ◽  
Control Volume ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Computer Code ◽  
Cfd Model ◽  
Computer Data ◽  
Center Effect ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Finite Control ◽  
Heat Loads

This paper focuses on the effect on inlet rack air temperatures when rack flowrates are reduced. Reduced flowrates for the same heat loads results in higher air temperature differences across the rack and thereby higher air temperatures exiting the rack. The effect of the higher rack exhaust temperatures on the inlet rack air temperatures is the focus of this investigation. Only the above floor (raised floor) flow and temperature distributions were analyzed for a range of rack flowrates and with various flowrates exhausting from the perforated tiles. A Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) model was generated for the room with electronic equipment installed on a raised floor with particular focus on the effects on rack inlet temperatures of these high powered racks. Fourty racks of data processing (DP) equipment were arranged in rows in a data center cooled by chilled air exhausting from perforated floor tiles. The chilled air was provided by four A/C units placed inside a room 12.1 m wide × 13.4 m long. Since the arrangement of the racks in the data center was symmetric only one-half of the data center was modeled. The numerical modeling was performed using a commercially available finite control volume computer code called Flotherm (Trademark of Flomerics, Inc.). The flow was modeled using the k-e turbulence model. Results are displayed to provide some guidance on the design and layout of a data center.

Raised Floor Computer Data Center: Effect on Rack Inlet Temperatures When High Powered Racks are Situated Amongst Lower Powered Racks

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Schmidt ◽  
Ethan Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Data Center ◽  
Control Volume ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Computer Code ◽  
Cfd Model ◽  
Computer Data ◽  
Center Effect ◽  
Temperature Distributions ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Finite Control

This paper focuses on the effect on inlet rack air temperatures when high-powered racks are situated amongst lower powered racks in a raised floor data center. Only the above floor (raised floor) flow and temperature distributions were analyzed for various flowrates exhausting from the perforated tiles and with one or two high powered racks placed at various locations amongst the lower powered racks. A Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) model was generated for the room with electronic equipment installed on a raised floor with particular focus on the effects on rack inlet temperatures of these high powered racks. Forty racks of data processing (DP) equipment were arranged in rows in a data center cooled by chilled air exhausting from perforated floor tiles. The chilled air was provided by four A/C units placed inside a room 12.1 m wide × 13.4 m long. Since the arrangement of the racks in the data center was symmetric only one-half of the data center was modeled. The numerical modeling was performed using a commercially available finite control volume computer code called Flotherm (Trademark of Flomerics, Inc.). The flow was modeled using the k-e turbulence model. Results are displayed to provide some guidance on the design and layout of a data center.

Cluster of High-Powered Racks Within a Raised-Floor Computer Data Center: Effect of Perforated Tile Flow Distribution on Rack Inlet Air Temperatures

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 510-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Schmidt ◽  
Ethan Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Data Center ◽  
Control Volume ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Computer Code ◽  
Cfd Model ◽  
Computer Data ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Finite Control ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Tile Flow

This paper focuses on the effect on rack inlet air temperatures as a result of maldistribution of airflows exiting the perforated tiles located adjacent to the fronts of the racks. The flow distribution exiting the perforated tiles was generated from a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool called Tileflow (trademark of Innovative Research, Inc.). Both raised floor heights and perforated tile-free areas were varied in order to explore the effect on rack inlet temperatures. The flow distribution exiting the perforated tiles was used as boundary conditions to the above-floor CFD model. A CFD model was generated for the room with electronic equipment installed on a raised floor. Forty racks of data processing (DP) equipment were arranged in rows in a data center cooled by chilled air exhausting from perforated floor tiles. The chilled air was provided by four A/C units placed inside a room 12.1 m wide×13.4 m long. Because the arrangement of the racks in the data center was symmetric, only half of the data center was modeled. The numerical modeling for the area above the raised floor was performed using a commercially available finite control volume computer code called Flotherm (trademark of Flomerics, Inc.). The flow was modeled using the k-e turbulence model. Results are displayed to provide some guidance on the design and layout of a data center.

Cluster of High Powered Racks Within a Raised Floor Computer Data Center: Effect of Perforated Tile Flow Distribution on Rack Inlet Air Temperatures

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Schmidt ◽  
Ethan Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Data Center ◽  
Control Volume ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Computer Code ◽  
Cfd Model ◽  
Computer Data ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Finite Control ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Tile Flow

This paper focuses on the effect on inlet rack air temperatures as a result of maldistribution of airflows exiting the perforated tiles located adjacent to the fronts of the racks. The flow distribution exiting the perforated tiles was generated from a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool called Tileflow (Trademark of Innovative Research, Inc.). Both raised floor heights and perforated tile free area were varied in order to explore the effect on rack inlet temperatures. The flow distribution exiting the perforated tiles was used as boundary conditions to the above floor CFD model. A CFD model was generated for the room with electronic equipment installed on a raised floor. Fourty racks of data processing (DP) equipment were arranged in rows in a data center cooled by chilled air exhausting from perforated floor tiles. The chilled air was provided by four A/C units placed inside a room 12.1 m wide × 13.4 m long. Since the arrangement of the racks in the data center was symmetric only one-half of the data center was modeled. The numerical modeling for above the raised floor was performed using a commercially available finite control volume computer code called Flotherm (Trademark of Flomerics, Inc.). The flow was modeled using the k-e turbulence model. Results are displayed to provide some guidance on the design and layout of a data center.

Transient Characterization of Data Center Racks

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yogesh Fulpagare ◽  
Yogendra Joshi ◽  
Atul Bhargav
Keyword(s):  
Data Center ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Total Heat ◽  
Thermal Mass ◽  
Cfd Model ◽  
Transient Effects ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Fan Speed ◽  
Facility Level ◽  
Storage Demand

The increased computational and storage demand has increased the heat dissipation of servers in data centers. The flow inside the data center is highly dynamic due to various parameters such as server workload, server fan speed, tile porosity, Computer Room Air Conditioning (CRAC) air flowrates, CRAC supply & return air temperatures and data center cold & hot aisle arrangements. Data center facility level transient CFD analysis was reported in recent literature which needs weeks to accomplish the computation. Hence, such facility level simulations are difficult to achieve with good accuracy. The main contributions of this paper are transient experiments, transient CFD model & transient effects on thermal and flow field due to variation in server load of server rack inside the raised floor plenum data center. In the current study we have developed a transient CFD model of three racks in a raised floor plenum data center room with cold and hot aisle containment based on experiments. The middle 42U (1U = 4.45 cm) rack houses four server simulators each having height of 10U. The flow tiles supply the cold air as inlet with average velocity of 1.53 m/s at 17°C. All the rack servers were modelled with 75% porosity and estimated thermal mass Each server simulator was assigned a total heat dissipation of 2500 W, with a total heat load of 10 kW per rack. The effect on rack inlet and outlet air temperatures were monitored by providing server heat loads as step & ramp inputs to the middle simulator rack. The results show that the rack level transient effects are significant and cannot be ignored.

Optimization of Data Center Room Layout to Minimize Rack Inlet Air Temperature

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siddharth Bhopte ◽  
Dereje Agonafer ◽  
Roger Schmidt ◽  
Bahgat Sammakia
Keyword(s):  
Design Optimization ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Data Center ◽  
Floor Tile ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Wrong Decision ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Entire Height ◽  
Facility Manager

In a typical raised floor data center with alternating hot and cold aisles, air enters the front of each rack over the entire height of the rack. Since the heat loads of data processing equipment continues to increase at a rapid rate, it is a challenge to maintain the temperature within the requirements as stated for all the racks within the data center. A facility manager has discretion in deciding the data center room layout, but a wrong decision will eventually lead to equipment failure. There are many complex decisions to be made early in the design as the data center evolves. Challenges occur such as optimizing the raised floor plenum, floor tile placement, minimizing the data center local hot spots etc. These adjustments in configuration affects rack inlet air temperatures which is one of the important key to effective thermal management. In this paper, a raised floor data center with 4.5 kW racks is considered. There are four rows of racks with alternating hot and cold aisle arrangement. Each row has six racks installed. Two CRAC units supply chilled air to the data center through the pressurized plenum. Effect of plenum depth, floor tile placement and ceiling height on the rack inlet air temperature is discussed. Plots will be presented over the defined range. Now a multi-variable approach to optimize data center room layout to minimize the rack inlet air temperature is proposed. Significant improvement over the initial model is shown by using multi-variable design optimization approach. The results of multi-variable design optimization are used to present guidelines for optimal data center performance.

scholarly journals Application of Through-Flow Calculation to Design and Performance Prediction of Centrifugal Compressor

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. S. Choi ◽  
S. H. Kang
Keyword(s):  
Centrifugal Compressor ◽  
Performance Prediction ◽  
Stokes Equations ◽  
Control Volume ◽  
Computer Code ◽  
Secondary Flows ◽  
Navier Stokes ◽  
Navier Stokes Equations ◽  
Simpler Algorithm ◽  
And Performance

A computer code predicting the flows through the centrifugal compressor with the radial vaneless diffuser was developed and applied to investigate the detailed flowfields, i.e., secondary flows and jet-wake type flow pattern in design and off-design conditions. Various parameters such as slip factors, aerodynamic blockages, entropy generation and two-zone modeling which are widely used in design and performance prediction, were discussed.A control volume method based on a general curvilinear coordinate system was used to solve the time-averaged Navier–Stokes equations and SIMPLER algorithm was used to solve the pressure linked continuity equation. The standardk-εturbulence model was used to obtain the eddy viscosity. Performance of the code was verified using the measured data for the Eckardt impeller.

CFD Analysis of the Coolant Mixing within the Upper Plenum of a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)

2013 ◽  
Vol 444-445 ◽  
pp. 411-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fu Cheng Zhang ◽  
Shen Gen Tan ◽  
Xun Hao Zheng ◽  
Jun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Characteristic Temperature ◽  
Reactor Core ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Sensitivity Study ◽  
Cfd Model ◽  
Pressurized Water Reactor ◽  
Pressurized Water ◽  
Water Reactor

In this study, a Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) model is established to obtain the 3-D flow characteristic, temperature distribution of the pressurized water reactor (PWR) upper plenum and hot-legs. In the CFD model, the flow domain includes the upper plenum, the 61 control rod guide tubes, the 40 support columns, the three hot-legs. The inlet boundary located at the exit of the reactor core and the outlet boundary is set at the hot-leg pipes several meters away from upper plenum. The temperature and flow distribution at the inlet boundary are given by sub-channel codes. The computational mesh used in the present work is polyhedron element and a mesh sensitivity study is performed. The RANS equations for incompressible flow is solved with a Realizable k-ε turbulence model using the commercial CFD code STAR-CCM+. The analysis results show that the flow field of the upper plenum is very complex and the temperature distribution at inlet boundary have significant impact to the coolant mixing in the upper plenum as well as the hot-legs. The detailed coolant mixing patterns are important references to design the reactor core fuel management and the internal structure in upper plenum.

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