Feasibility Study of Erecting a Wind Farm in Kuwait

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yousef Gharbia ◽  
Mohammed Anany
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Average Wind Speed ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
The Government ◽  
Price Escalation ◽  
Installed Capacity

Kuwait is considering diversifying its energy resources and not solely depending on oil and gas. According to the Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW), the annual increase in electricity demand is 6–8%, which is considered higher than neighboring countries (2–3%). Wind energy is one of the renewable energy resources considered by the Government to close the gap between the supply and the demand. In this work, we are exploring the feasibility of erecting a wind farm of installed capacity of 120 MW in a suitable location in Kuwait. Hourly wind data was collected from three promising locations. Abraq Al-Habari (AH), one of three areas studied, enjoys the highest average wind speed of 5.12 m/s resulting in wind power density (WPD) of 181 W/m2 at a mast height of 10 meters. Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program (WAsP) was used to estimate the energy production from the wind farm. The program takes into account the complexity of the terrain, the site roughness, and the obstacles and shelters effects. The results showed that the wind farm should be able to produce a net annual energy production (AEP) of 322 GWh and will cost about 260 million US$. This cost includes the installation capital cost as well as the operation expenses over the lifespan of the wind farm. The cost of energy production is estimated at 0.04 US$/kWh. The payback period considering an annual price escalation rate of 1% and a discount rate of 2.25% over the lifespan of the farm is predicted to be around ten years.

scholarly journals Eco-Friendly Education Facilities: The Case of a Public Education Building in South Korea

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1733
Author(s):  
Eunil Park ◽  
Angel del Pobil
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Production

Since the importance and effects of national energy policies, plans, and roadmaps were presented in South Korea, the role of renewable energy resources has received great attention. Moreover, as there is significant reasoning for reducing and minimizing nuclear and fossil fuel usage in South Korean national energy plans, several academic scholars and implementers have expended significant effort to present the potential and feasibility of renewable energy resources in South Korea. This study contributes to these efforts by presenting potential sustainable configurations of renewable energy production facilities for a public building in South Korea. Based on economic, environmental, and technical information as well as the presented simulation results, it proposes an environmentally friendly renewable energy production facility configuration that consists of photovoltaic arrays, battery units, and a converter. Subsidies for installing and renovating such facilities are also considered. The potential configuration indicates $0.464 as the cost of energy, 100% of which is renewable. Potential limitations and future research areas are suggested based on the results of these simulations.

scholarly journals An academic review on the performance of the Sidrap wind turbine, Sulawesi – Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 878 (1) ◽  
pp. 012058
Author(s):  
L Lisapaly
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
The Other ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Energy Theory ◽  
Academic Review ◽  
The Government

Abstract To secure the energy availability in Indonesia, the Government of Indonesia has tried to find new contributions from the renewable energy resources, one of them is the wind energy. In 2018, a new wind farm in Sidrap, Sulawesi, started to operate and was expected to generate 75 MW electricity from 30 wind turbines in the farm. However, the performance of this wind farm has been criticized by some popular figures in Indonesia, including the Minister of Finance of Indonesia who mentioned its performance as under expectation. On the other side, the Indonesian National Electricity Company (PLN) has reported some data on mass media indicating that this wind farm is producing as expected. To understand the critics, an academic review based on the standard knowledge in wind energy theory has been done. The study includes the review of wind speed in Sidrap, the maximum expected power from the wind turbines, and some other evaluations. It is expected that the critics can be understood in a fair way and be a lesson learned for the future wind farm development in Indonesia.

scholarly journals Optimized Solution for Increasing Electricity Access with Mini-Grid Technology in Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
Chukwuma Leonard Azimoh ◽  
Charles Mbohwa
Keyword(s):  
National Development ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Grid Systems ◽  
The North ◽  
Vision 2030 ◽  
The Government ◽  
Electricity Access ◽  
Installed Capacity

Electricity challenge in Nigeria is such that only a dramatic increase in both generation and distribution capacity could leapfrog it out of the situation. Reports show that about 61% of the population have access to electricity, and those that do have are currently grappling with epileptic supply. The power network has installed capacity of about 12.5GW whereas the distribution network has capacity for about 6 GW, and often only about 4.5 GW is available to the consumers. Shortfalls are often met with private generations using diesel generators, resulting in noise and environmental pollution with the attendant health consequences. Frightfully so, the challenge is further exacerbated by the burgeoning population. Nevertheless, the government have set an ambitious target for increasing electricity access in VISION 2030 national development plan. A major milestone of this policy is the audacious ambition to increase the existing grid capacity to 30 GW, with 30% of the mix coming from low carbon technology sources. This study explores the use of available renewable energy resources at eleven locations in different regions of the country for optimal generation of energy in contribution to the Nigerian energy matrix. The study was conducted using HOMER™ and Power BI models. Four energy sources were investigated comprising of solar, wind, hydro and diesel. Our findings show that most places in the southern and middle belt parts of the country support mini-grid systems but are more receptive to grid extension, while a majority of the locations in the north are more environmentally friendly to the implementation of mini-grids. In addition, most places investigated in the south, solar technology contributes more than 80% to the energy mix, meanwhile, most northern locations despite having higher solar irradiation are better suited for wind technology with above 60% contribution to the fold.

Optimized Dynamic Operation of Fixed-Speed Wind Farms Using Classical and Advanced Controllers

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Othman A. Omar ◽  
Niveen M. Badra ◽  
Mahmoud A. Attia ◽  
Ahmed Gad
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Output Power ◽  
Pitch Angle ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Voltage Regulator ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Proportional Integral

AbstractElectric power systems are allowing higher penetration levels of renewable energy resources, mainly due to their environmental benefits. The majority of electrical energy generated by renewable energy resources is contributed by wind farms. However, the stochastic nature of these resources does not allow the installed generation capacities to be entirely utilized. In this context, this paper attempts to improve the performance of fixed-speed wind turbines. Turbines of this type have been already installed in some classical wind farms and it is not feasible to replace them with variable-speed ones before their lifetime ends. A fixed-speed turbine is typically connected to the electric grid with a Static VAR Compensator (SVC) across its terminal. For a better dynamic voltage response, the controller gains of a Proportional-Integral (PI) voltage regulator within the SVC will be tuned using a variety of optimization techniques to minimize the integrated square of error for the wind farm terminal voltage. Similarly, the controller gains of the turbine’s pitch angle may be tuned to enhance its dynamic output power performance. Simulation results, in this paper, show that the pitch angle controller causes a significant minimization in the integrated square of error for the wind farm output power. Finally, an advanced Proportional-Integral-Acceleration (PIA) voltage regulator controller has been proposed for the SVC. When the PIA control gains are optimized, they result in a better performance than the classical PI controller.

A Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) Model for Wind Farms That Includes Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) Energy Delivery Limits

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maira Bruck ◽  
Navid Goudarzi ◽  
Peter Sandborn
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farm ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Cost Models ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Supply Source ◽  
Levelized Cost ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Expected Performance ◽  
The Cost

The cost of energy is an increasingly important issue in the world as renewable energy resources are growing in demand. Performance-based energy contracts are designed to keep the price of energy as low as possible while controlling the risk for both parties (i.e., the Buyer and the Seller). Price and risk are often balanced using complex Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs). Since wind is not a constant supply source, to keep risk low, wind PPAs contain clauses that require the purchase and sale of energy to fall within reasonable limits. However, the existence of those limits also creates pressure on prices causing increases in the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE). Depending on the variation in capacity factor (CF), the power generator (the Seller) may find that the limitations on power purchasing given by the utility (the Buyer) are not favorable and will result in higher costs of energy than predicted. Existing cost models do not take into account energy purchase limitations or variations in energy production when calculating an LCOE. A new cost model is developed to evaluate the price of electricity from wind energy under a PPA contract. This study develops a method that an energy Seller can use to negotiate delivery penalties within their PPA. This model has been tested on a controlled wind farm and with real wind farm data. The results show that LCOE depends on the limitations on energy purchase within a PPA contract as well as the expected performance characteristics associated with wind farms.

scholarly journals In-Stream Tidal Energy Resources in Macrotidal Non-Cohesive Sediment Environments: Effect of Morphodynamic Changes at Two Bays in the Upper Gulf of California

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anahí Bermúdez-Romero ◽  
Vanesa Magar ◽  
Markus S. Gross ◽  
Victor M. Godínez ◽  
Manuel López-Mariscal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Gulf Of California ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Tidal Energy ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Error Statistics ◽  
High Resolution Models

While many in-steam tidal energy resource studies have been carried out globally, very few studies have assessed the effect of seabed changes on tidal energy resources. For coastal regions in particular, where the seabed is generally more mobile than in deep waters, bathymetric evolution could have a significant effect on tidal energy production. Here two high-resolution models, one purely hydrodynamic and one morphodynamic, are used to analyse the potential effect of natural morphodynamic evolution on tidal energy resources at two macro-tidal sandy bays, Adaír Bay and San Jorge Bay, in the Upper Gulf of California, Mexico. The high-resolution models are validated using a low-resolution model and ADCP observations to assess the agreement between model predictions and observations of tides at three ADCP moorings within the domain of interest. The models’ skill is evaluated using several error statistics such as the mean relative error, the root mean square error (RMSE), and the correlation coefficient. It was found that the regions with the largest bed changes, and also the largest renewable energy resources, were near the shore. Moreover, the results indicated a good correlation between a) regions with the most significant depth changes, and b) the regions where the difference in annual energy production with and without depth change was largest. Finally, the morphodynamic model was run for two years, and the evolution of a zonal profile (in the west-east direction) off the coast at the southeastern corner of Adaír Bay was inspected. This profile evolved towards a featureless equilibrium profile, in good agreement with the morphological classification for macro-tidal sandy environments and with the model assumptions. But most importantly, this natural evolution would not be detrimental to tidal energy exploitation at the site.

scholarly journals Exchange Rate Dynamics, Energy Consumption, and Sustainable Environment in Pakistan: New Evidence From Nonlinear ARDL Cointegration

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Haroon Shah ◽  
Irfan Ullah ◽  
Sultan Salem ◽  
Sara Ashfaq ◽  
Alam Rehman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Exchange Rate Policy ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Nonlinear Ardl ◽  
The Government ◽  
Exchange Rate Depreciation

Pakistan's local currency has been devalued during different exchange regimes, which may substantially affect energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of exchange rate depreciation on Pakistan's CO2 emissions and energy consumption from 1990–2018. We apply the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) cointegration approach for the empirical analysis and found that exchange rate depreciation increases CO2 emissions and energy consumption in both the short and long runs. These results suggest that currency devaluation has an expansionary effect which enhances economic growth at the cost of high energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Therefore, the government needs regulations along with an exchange rate policy to control CO2 emissions. Moreover, the government should search for alternate energy resources such as renewable energy resources that meet the country's energy needs and mitigate CO2 emissions.

scholarly journals Wind Farm Layout Upgrade Optimization

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 2465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamdouh Abdulrahman ◽  
David Wood
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
General Representation ◽  
Thrust Coefficient ◽  
Wind Farm Layout ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Wide Range

The problem of optimally increasing the size of existing wind farms has not been investigated in the literature. In this paper, a proposed wind farm layout upgrade by adding different (in type and/or hub height) commercial turbines to an existing farm is introduced and optimized. Three proposed upgraded layouts are considered: internal grid, external grid, and external unstructured. The manufacturer’s power curve and a general representation for thrust coefficient are used in power and wake calculations, respectively. A simple field-based model is implemented and both offshore and onshore conditions are considered. A genetic algorithm is used for the optimization. The trade-off range between energy production and cost of energy is investigated by considering three objective functions, individually: (1) annual energy production; (2) cost of added energy; and (3) cost of total energy. The proposed upgraded layouts are determined for the Horns Rev 1 offshore wind farm. The results showed a wide range of suitable upgrade scenarios depending on the upgraded layout and the optimization objective. The farm energy production is increased by 190–336% with a corresponding increase in the total cost by 147–720%. The external upgrade offers more energy production but with much more cost. The unstructured layouts showed clear superiority over the grid ones by providing much lower cost of energy.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the impact of active wake control techniques on ultimate loads for a 10 MW wind turbine

2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Alessandro Croce ◽  
Stefano Cacciola ◽  
Luca Sartori
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Control Techniques ◽  
Control Optimization ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Wind Statistics ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Wind farm control is one of the solutions recently proposed to increase the overall energy production of a wind power plant. A generic wind farm control is typically synthesized so as to optimize the energy production of the entire wind farm by reducing the detrimental effects due to wake–turbine interactions. As a matter of fact, the performance of a farm control is typically measured by looking at the increase in the power production, properly weighted through the wind statistics. Sometimes, fatigue loads are also considered in the control optimization problem. However, an aspect which is rather overlooked in the literature on this subject is the evaluation of the impact that a farm control law has on the individual wind turbine in terms of maximum loads and dynamic response under extreme conditions. In this work, two promising wind farm controls, based on wake redirection (WR) and dynamic induction control (DIC) strategy, are evaluated at the level of a single front-row wind turbine. To do so, a two-pronged analysis is performed. Firstly, the control techniques are evaluated in terms of the related impact on some specific key performance indicators, with special emphasis on ultimate loads and maximum blade deflection. Secondarily, an optimal blade redesign process is performed with the goal of quantifying the modification in the structure of the blade entailed by a possible increase in ultimate values due to the presence of wind farm control. Such an analysis provides for an important piece of information for assessing the impact of the farm control on the cost-of-energy model.

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