Cost Assessment for Implementation of Embedded Prognostic Health Management for Electronic Systems

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradeep Lall ◽  
Ryan Lowe ◽  
Kai Goebel
Keyword(s):  
Health Management ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Active Management ◽  
Discounted Cash Flow ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Reliability Systems ◽  
Prognostic Health Management

Prognostic health management (PHM) is a method for assuring the reliability of a system by monitoring the system in real time as it is used in the field. As the system wears out, but before failure, information that facilitates decision making about the future use of the system is delivered to the user. In this paper, a cost justification has been developed for incorporating the additional circuitry needed to enable prognostics for electrical components directly onto a functional circuit board. Implementing PHM capability for circuit boards will add additional cost to a system, so high reliability systems where the cost of failure is high are easiest to cost justify for prognostics. Aerospace, defense and automotive, applications qualify as high reliability systems. Application domains that require high uptime, minimal amounts of unplanned maintenance, and controllable operating costs can also be cost justified for prognostics since they can benefit from the pro-active management of failures facilitated by PHM. Intangible criteria such as safety or the cost of human life also motivated the need for PHM, so often times projects are labeled strategic, and not subjected to the discipline of a financial analysis. This paper will show rigorous methods for assessing the decision to invest in PHM for electronics. The uncertain nature of research and development (R&D) and difficult to predict future economic conditions is not well captured by traditional discounted cash flow (DCF) methods. An approach known as the Datar-Mathews (DM) method will extend the DCF methods to be equivalent to a real options analysis and the Black-Scholes formula. The DM method is intuitive and uses concepts familiar to most engineers and technical managers.

Physics of Failure Based Virtual Testing of Communications Hardware

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elviz George ◽  
Diganta Das ◽  
Michael Osterman ◽  
Michael Pecht ◽  
Christopher Otte
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Cycling ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Thermal Dissipation ◽  
Physics Of Failure ◽  
Printed Circuit ◽  
Operational Test ◽  
Reliability Systems ◽  
Cycles To Failure

Communications hardware for high reliability systems are starting to include modern low profile parts such as Quad Flat Pack No-lead (QFN) and Land Grid Array (LGA) packages to take advantage of their size and weight. In these parts, heat sinks often provide a conductive thermal dissipation path. Printed circuit assemblies with these parts will still need to meet the industry specific qualification requirements for thermal and vibration testing. It is beneficial to identify if the equipment will be able to meet the qualification test requirements during the design phase particularly when new technology insertions are being made. In this design, various surface mount packages like LGAs, QFNs and so on were used in a printed circuit board which included two stiffening layers with non-standard laminates. calcePWA is a simulation software which estimates the cycles to failure of components under various loading conditions using Physics of Failure (PoF). The cycles to failure simulation of this design using calcePWA software identified the critical interconnects that are at risk for failure under non-operational test conditions. The design was also evaluated under a long haul aircraft profile, with the assembly in operational state. In operational state simulation, the effectiveness of thermal shunts in reducing board to component thermal differentials was evaluated. Effects of degradations of the thermal shunts with time were used in the evaluation. Results showed that the vibration and shock reliability were less of a concern than thermal cycling for this board layout. Risk mitigation methods for thermal cycling durability were identified and recommended to be used in the system redesign.

scholarly journals Applying CBM and PHM concepts with reliability approach for Blowout Preventer (BOP): a literature review

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-95
Author(s):  
Filipe Brandão Martins ◽  
Rodolfo Cardoso ◽  
Iara Tammela ◽  
Danilo Colombo ◽  
Bruno Acioli de Matos
Keyword(s):  
Health Management ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Condition Based Maintenance ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Well Control ◽  
Blowout Preventer ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Control ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Prognostic Health Management

The sensibility originated by the Blowout Preventer (BOP) theme, due to all attention gathered after the Macondo event, established a high level of requirements from regulatory agencies, clients and Drilling Contractors themselves. Based on these pillars, the concept of reliability has been constantly applied in the oil industry, especially in the Well Safety and Control System, where it is extremely important for the equipment to be reliable and operational when required. In parallel, the Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) and Prognostic Health Management (PHM) concepts, widely used in critical industries, which require high reliability levels, are being pointed out as the future for the BOP system management. Within this context, the purpose of this paper is to review the literature on Condition Based Maintenance and Prognostic Health Management, integrated with reliability concepts, and to enable them to be applied in the BOP health management. The paper identifies different concepts needed to support the main theme and, through research and selection criteria, it brings together a set of publications to obtain consistent theoretical framework. This research outlines important techniques used in high reliability industries and the way they can be applied on the BOP system and it also provides many useful references and case studies to assist on further development works in terms of well control and operational safety.

Fuzzy multi-objective location and routing problem

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 3259-3273
Author(s):  
Nasser Shahsavari-Pour ◽  
Najmeh Bahram-Pour ◽  
Mojde Kazemi
Keyword(s):  
Firefly Algorithm ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Nsga Ii ◽  
Location Routing Problem ◽  
Routing Problem ◽  
Location Allocation ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Location Routing ◽  
The Cost

The location-routing problem is a research area that simultaneously solves location-allocation and vehicle routing issues. It is critical to delivering emergency goods to customers with high reliability. In this paper, reliability in location and routing problems was considered as the probability of failure in depots, vehicles, and routs. The problem has two objectives, minimizing the cost and maximizing the reliability, the latter expressed by minimizing the expected cost of failure. First, a mathematical model of the problem was presented and due to its NP-hard nature, it was solved by a meta-heuristic approach using a NSGA-II algorithm and a discrete multi-objective firefly algorithm. The efficiency of these algorithms was studied through a complete set of examples and it was found that the multi-objective discrete firefly algorithm has a better Diversification Metric (DM) index; the Mean Ideal Distance (MID) and Spacing Metric (SM) indexes are only suitable for small to medium problems, losing their effectiveness for big problems.

ANALISA PERBANDINGAN DALAM RANGKA PEMILIHAN BEBERAPA IP UPSTREAM PROVIDER DI PT. INDOSAT

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Yuli Anwar ◽  
Dahlar .
Keyword(s):  
Business Strategy ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Network Service Provider ◽  
High Speed Data ◽  
Telecommunications Services ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Internet Network

Abstract. One of the advances in information technology that now has changed the outlook and human life, business process and business strategy of an institution is the internet. The internet is a very large networks that connected to computers and serves throughout the world in one centralized network. With the internet we can access data and information anytime and anywhere.    As one provider of high-speed data communications services and the pioneer of the internet network service provider in Indonesia that provides integrated services, as well as one of the pioneer development of internet services that provide extensive services in the building and apply it throughout Indonesia. Indosat ready to seize opportunities for sustainable growth of business spectrum are still sprawling Indonesia.    Therefore, Indosat continues to focus on the development of increased efforts to provide the best service for customers of Indosat. Indosat will continue to develop and expand network coverage and a larger investment that the company will achieve excellence in the field of integrated telecommunications services.    Ranking by region of the IP Providers can be seen by grouping IP Providers, and management over IP Providers prefer to choose providers based on where it orginates as an example for the region of the U.S if it will be preferred providers that come from U.S. providers.With the commencement of the internet network optimization start early in 2008 with the selection of the appropriate IP Upstream Provider criteria, it is up to date according to data obtained from Indosat, seen any significant changes to the cost of purchasing capacity of the IP Upstream.    Based on the data obtained that until Q3 or September 2008, the number of IP Upstream Providers that previously there were 20 to 10 IP Upstream Provider, IP Transit Price total decrease of 11% to the price of IP Transit Price / Mbps there is a decrease of 78%, while from the capacity bandwith an increase of 301% capacity from 2008.

Case Study—Failure Analysis of a Multiplexer

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Woo ◽  
Marcos Campos ◽  
Luigi Aranda
Keyword(s):  
Failure Analysis ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Component Failure ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Cause Of Failure ◽  
The Cost

Abstract A component failure has the potential to significantly impact the cost, manufacturing schedule, and/or the perceived reliability of a system, especially if the root cause of the failure is not known. A failure analysis is often key to mitigating the effects of a componentlevel failure to a customer or a system; minimizing schedule slips, minimizing related accrued costs to the customer, and allowing for the completion of the system with confidence that the reliability of the product had not been compromised. This case study will show how a detailed and systemic failure analysis was able to determine the exact cause of failure of a multiplexer in a high-reliability system, which allowed the manufacturer to confidently proceed with production knowing that the failure was not a systemic issue, but rather that it was a random “one time” event.

Governing the transboundary risks of offshore methane hydrate exploration in the seabed and ocean floor—an analysis on international provisions and Chinese law†

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-203
Author(s):  
Dong Yan ◽  
Paolo Davide Farah ◽  
Tivadar Ötvös ◽  
Ivana Gaskova
Keyword(s):  
Methane Hydrate ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Damage Control ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Environmental Harm ◽  
Methane Hydrates ◽  
International Role ◽  
Deep Seabed Mining ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Unclos

Abstract Considering the fact that its existence is abundant while maintaining the ability to generate freshwater while burning, methane hydrates have been classified as sources of sustainable energy. China currently maintains an international role in developing technology meant to explore offshore methane hydrates buried under the mud of the seabed, their primary laboratory being the South China Sea. However, such a process does not come without its hazards and fatal consequences, ranging from the destruction of the flora and fauna, the general environment, and—the greatest hazard of all—the cost of human life. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (hereinafter ‘UNCLOS’), being an important international legal regime and instrument, has assigned damage control during the exploration of methane hydrates, as being the responsibilities and liability of individual sovereign states and corporations. China adopted the Deep Seabed Mining Law (hereinafter the DSM Law) on 26 February 2016, which came into force on the 1 of May 2016; a regulation providing the legal framework also for the Chinese government’s role in methane hydrate exploratory activities. This article examines the role of the DSM Law and its provisions, as well as several international documents intended to prevent transboundary environmental harm from arising, as a result of offshore methane hydrate extraction. Despite the obvious risk of harm to the environment, the DSM Law has made great strides in regulating exploratory activities so as to meet the criteria of the UNCLOS. However, this article argues that neither the UNCLOS nor the DSM Law are adequately prepared to address transboundary harm triggered by the exploitation of offshore methane hydrates. In particular, the technology of such extraction is still at an experimental stage, and potential risks remain uncertain—and even untraceable—for cross-jurisdictional claims. The article intends to seek available legal instruments or models, to overhaul the incapacity within the current governing framework, and offers suggestions supporting national and international legislative efforts towards protecting the environment during methane hydrate extraction.

scholarly journals Wideband Rectangular Foldable and Non-foldable Antenna for Internet of Things Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve W. Y. Mung ◽  
Cheuk Yin Cheung ◽  
Ka Ming Wu ◽  
Joseph S. M. Yuen
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Printed Circuit Board ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Multiple Frequency ◽  
Wireless Applications ◽  
Printed Circuit ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Cost

This article presents a simple wideband rectangular antenna in foldable and non-foldable (printed circuit board (PCB)) structures for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Both are simple structures with two similar rectangular metal planes which cover multiple frequency bands such as GPS, WCDMA/LTE, and 2.4 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands. This wideband antenna is suitable to integrate into the short- and long-range wireless applications such as the short-range 2.4 GHz ISM band and standard cellular bands. This lowers the overall size of the product as well as the cost in the applications. In this article, the configuration and operation principle are presented as well as its trade-offs on the design parameters. Simulated and experimental results of foldable and non-foldable (PCB) structures show that the antenna is suited for IoT applications.

scholarly journals A cost analysis to address issues of budget constraints on the implementation of the indoor residual spray programme in two districts of Maputo Province, Mozambique

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neide Canana
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Financial Cost ◽  
Provider Perspective ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background It is frequently said that funding is essential to ensure optimal results from a malaria intervention control. However, in recent years, the capacity of the government of Mozambique to sustain the operational cost of indoor residual spraying (IRS) is facing numerous challenges due to restrictions of the Official Development Assistance. The purpose of the study was to estimate the cost of IRS operationalization in two districts of Maputo Province (Matutuíne and Namaacha) in Mozambique. The evidence produced in this study intends to provide decision-makers with insight into where they need to pay close attention in future planning in order to operationalize IRS with the existent budget in the actual context of budget restrictions. Methods Cost information was collected retrospectively from the provider perspective, and both economic and financial costs were calculated. A “one-way” deterministic sensitivity analysis was performed. Results The average economic costs totaled US$117,351.34, with an average economic cost per household sprayed of US$16.35, and an average economic cost per person protected of US$4.09. The average financial cost totaled US$69,174.83, with an average financial cost per household sprayed and per person protected of US$9.84 and US$2.46, respectively. Vehicle, salary, and insecticide costs were the greatest contributors to overall cost in the economic and financial analysis, corresponding to 52%, 17%, and 13% in the economic analysis and 21%, 27%, and 22% in the financial analysis, respectively. The sensitivity analysis was adapted to a range of ± (above and under) 25% change. There was an approximate change of 14% in the average economic cost when vehicle costs were decreased by 25%. In the financial analysis, the average financial cost was lowered by 7% when salary costs were decreased by 25%. Conclusions Altogether, the current cost analysis provides an impetus for the consideration of targeted IRS operationalization within the available governmental budget, by using locally-available human resources as spray operators to decrease costs and having IRS rounds be correctly timed to coincide with the build-up of vector populations.

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