Thermal Interaction Between a Circular Pipe and Diesel Pool Fire

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sudheer ◽  
S. V. Prabhu
Keyword(s):  
Burning Rate ◽  
Pool Fire ◽  
Circular Pipe ◽  
Blockage Ratio ◽  
Pool Fires ◽  
Cylindrical Container ◽  
Mass Burning Rate ◽  
Insulating Material ◽  
Fire Experiments

Characterization of pool fires in the presence of cylindrical containers is highly relevant for various applications. A cylindrical container is idealized as a circular pipe packed with insulating material inside. Open pool fire experiments are conducted with a cylindrical container located at the center. The pool fire diameters considered were 0.5 m, 0.7 m and 1.0 m with diesel as the fuel. The cylindrical containers are made of stainless steel 304L. The outer diameters of the pipes are 114 mm, 168 mm and of thickness 8.6 mm, 7.1 mm respectively. The effect of blockage ratio on the mass burning rate for vertical and horizontal orientations of 168 mm cylindrical container is studied. It is observed that there is no significant change in mass burning rate due to the blockage effect. Temperatures are measured at various locations inside the pipes and at the center of the insulation. It is observed that the temperatures along a plane perpendicular to the axis are uniform when the pipes are vertically oriented. IHCP 1D code is applied to estimate the incident heat flux on to the bodies when immersed in open pool fires with different orientations.

scholarly journals Soot Volume Fraction Measurements by Auto-Compensating Laser-Induced Incandescence in Diffusion Flames Generated by Ethylene Pool Fire

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan J. Cruz ◽  
Ignacio Verdugo ◽  
Nicolás Gutiérrez-Cáceres ◽  
Felipe Escudero ◽  
Rodrigo Demarco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burning Rate ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Soot Volume Fraction ◽  
Air Entrainment ◽  
Pool Fire ◽  
Mass Burning Rate ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Pool Surface ◽  
Laser Induced Incandescence ◽  
Radiation Feedback

The main characteristics of pool fire flames are flame height, air entrainment, pulsation of the flame, formation and properties of soot particles, mass burning rate, radiation feedback to the pool surface, and the amount of pollutants including soot released to the environment. In this type of buoyancy controlled flames, the soot content produced and their subsequent thermal radiation feedback to the pool surface are key to determine the self-sustainability of the flame, their mass burning rate and the heat release rate. The accurate characterization of these flames is an involved task, specially for modelers due to the difficulty of imposing adequate boundary conditions. For this reason, efforts are being made to design experimental campaigns with well-controlled conditions for their reliable repeatability, reproducibility and replicability. In this work, we characterized the production of soot in a surrogate pool fire. This is emulated by a bench-scale porous burner fueled with pure ethylene burning in still air. The flame stability was characterized with high temporal and spatial resolution by using a CMOS camera and a fast photodiode. The results show that the flame exhibit a time-varying propagation behavior with a periodic separation of the reactive zone. Soot volume fraction distributions were measured at nine locations along the flame centerline from 20 to 100 mm above the burner exit using the auto-compensating laser-induced incandescence (AC-LII) technique. The mean, standard deviation and probability density function of soot volume fraction were determined. Soot volume fraction presents an increasing tendency with the height above the burner, in spite of a local decrease at 90 mm which is approximately the position separating the lower and attached portion of the flame from the higher more intermittent one. The results of this work provide a valuable data set for validating soot production models in pool fire configurations.

Combustion Characteristics of Pool Fires Under Low Atmospheric Pressures

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changfa Tao ◽  
Xishi Wang ◽  
Xin Cai
Keyword(s):  
Burning Rate ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Liquid Pool ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Temperature History ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pulsation Frequency ◽  
Pool Fires ◽  
Mass Burning Rate ◽  
Flame Pulsation

In order to study the effects of low atmospheric pressure conditions on combustion characteristics of liquid pool fires, a 1.0m×1.0m×1.0m airtight steel box was constructed and used for altering the ambient pressure with a vacuum pump. Gasoline, diesel oil and n-heptane were tested as the liquid fuels. The mass burning rate, flame pulsation frequency and flame local temperature history of the small scale pool fires were experimentally determined. The results show that the mass burning rate, flame pulsation frequency decrease with the decrease of ambient pressure, while the pulsating intensity is strengthened slightly for the n-heptane flame and weakened for the gasoline flame. It is also shown that the high temperature area of the flame moves upward with the decrease of ambient pressure.

Experiments investigating fuel spread behaviors for continuous spill fires on fireproof glass

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinlong Zhao ◽  
Quanyi Liu ◽  
Hong Huang ◽  
Rui Yang ◽  
Hui Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Burning Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Glass Sheet ◽  
Pool Fires ◽  
Maximum Area ◽  
Discharge Rates ◽  
Five Phases ◽  
Fire Experiments

A series of large-scale spill fire experiments with continuous discharge on a rectangular fireproof glass sheet were conducted, to better understand spill fire spread behaviors on land. JP-5 and heptane were selected as the fuels, with discharge rates varying from 0.93 to 6.82 L/min. Results show that the spread process can be divided into five phases: spread burning, shrink burning, quasi-steady burning, boiling burning, and extinguished. Not all of the burning phases appear during the process, which is related to the burning scale and the type of fuel. The burning rate of the quasi-steady burning phase is smaller than that of pool fires under the same burning scale. The ratio of the spill fire burning rate to the pool fire burning rate is close to 0.54 for JP-5 and 0.78 for heptane. In addition, we observed that the burning areas expand quickly at the beginning of a boiling burning phase and that the disturbance or entrainment of the flames becomes violent at the beginning of this phase. In the spread process, the empirical correlation between the maximum burning areas [Formula: see text] and the discharge rate [Formula: see text] is [Formula: see text] ( W is the width of glass) for JP-5, and [Formula: see text] for Heptane. The ratio of maximum area to quasi-steady area is approximately 1.46 in the experiments.

Study on Burning Characteristics of Small-Scale Ethanol Pool Fire in Closed and Open Space Under Low Air Pressure

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Zeng ◽  
Jun Fang ◽  
Ran Tu ◽  
Jinjun Wang ◽  
Yongming Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Burning Rate ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Pool Fire ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pulsation Frequency ◽  
Pool Fires ◽  
Closed Space ◽  
Ambient Conditions

This paper presents results of different burning rates of small-scale ethanol pool fires at pressures of 0.6∼1.0 atm in closed and open space. Experiments were performed using a square burner of side length of 4 cm under two different conditions: one was taken in a closed low air pressure cabin (0.5 m3, the interior pressure ranges from 0.6–1.0 atm); another was taken in open space respectively in Hefei (air pressure: 1.0 atm) and Lhasa (air pressure: 0.66 atm). The pool fire characteristics including the burning rate, the axial temperature and pulsation frequency of flame were measured. In closed space, the burning rate, flame temperature, and pulsation frequency of small-scale ethanol pool fires decreased with the decreasing pressure, while in open space they increased when the air pressure reduced. As a result of different ambient conditions and oxygen depletion, the burning rate, flame temperature and pulsation frequency were lower at lower air pressure in closed space but were higher at higher air pressure in open space.

Experimental study of the mass burning rate in n -Heptane pool fire under dynamic pressure

2017 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 1004-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiuju Ma ◽  
Quanyi Liu ◽  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Runhe Tian ◽  
Junjian Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Burning Rate ◽  
Dynamic Pressure ◽  
Pool Fire ◽  
Mass Burning Rate

The Mass Burning Rate of n-Heptane Pool Fire Under Dynamic Pressure

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiuju Ma ◽  
Quanyi Liu ◽  
Runhe Tian ◽  
Junjian Ye ◽  
Rui Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burning Rate ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Dynamic Pressure ◽  
Pressure Rise ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Pool Fire ◽  
Chamber Pressure ◽  
Pure Liquid ◽  
Mass Burning Rate ◽  
The Impact

Fire safety is critical for safety of airplane operation. During an emergency landing, airplane goes through dramatic external pressure change from cruise altitude to sea level, considering the impact caused by low pressure atmosphere. The objective of this work is to examine the effect of dynamic pressure on the behavior of a horizontally burning diffusion flame over a pool fuel surface based on experimental approach. The experiments were conducted in a large-scale altitude chamber of size 2 m × 3 m × 4.65 m. The pressure rise process was examined under different dynamic pressures from respectively 38 kPa, 64 kPa and 75 kPa to 90 kPa with various pressure rise rates of 100 Pa/s, 150 Pa/s, 200 Pa/s, 250 Pa/s and 300 Pa/s, which is to simulate the airplane landing process from different altitudes. The whole system of the altitude chamber is of unique capability that the pressure in the chamber can be exactly controlled by a powerful pressure controlling system, and the oxygen concentration can maintain at the level about 20%, which are achieved through controlling inlet air flow for oxygen level and outlet gas flow for pressure (static or dynamic) level. A round steel fuel pans of 34 cm in diameter and 15 cm in height were chosen for the pool fire tests. The fuel pan was filled with 99% pure liquid n-Heptane. Cold water is added beneath the fuel layer to cool the pan and minimize the temperature rise in the fuel. Parameters such as mass, mass burning rate, chamber pressure were measured. The results of those tests demonstrated the significant impact to fire behaviors caused by high altitude or low pressure atmosphere.

Effects of Ambient Pressure on the Mass Burning Rate and Heat Release Rate of n-Heptane Pool Fire

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiuju Ma ◽  
Quanyi Liu ◽  
Runhe Tian ◽  
Junjian Ye ◽  
Rui Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Burning Rate ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Pool Fire ◽  
Pure Liquid ◽  
Mass Burning Rate ◽  
The Mean

This research aims to investigate the effect of ambient pressure on the burning rate and heat release rate (HRR) of n-heptane pool fire. The experiments were performed in a large-scale altitude chamber of size 2 m×3 m×4.65 m under series of pressure, 24kpa, 38 kPa, 64 kPa and 75 kPa to 90 kPa. A round steel fuel pans of 34 cm in diameter and 15 cm in height was chosen for the pool fire tests. The fuel pan was filled with 99% pure liquid n-Heptane. Experimental results show that the burning rate increases rapidly after ignition until it reaches to the peak, and then maintains at a relatively stable stage. It decreases gradually until the flame extinguishes. The burning time is longer at lower pressure. The mean mass burning rate at the steady burning stage increases exponentially with pressure as ṁ ∼ Pα, with α = 0.68. HRR curve has a similar trend with the burning rate. The maximum HRR increases from 27kW to 62kW as the pressure rises from 24kPa to 90kPa. It is concluded that the ambient pressure has a significant effect on the fire heat release rate, and will further influent on other fire parameters.

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