Kinematic Analysis of Elbow and Scapula Based on Changes in Arm Support Length and Central Axis Location Through Rotational Motion of Upper Limb

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae Soo Hong ◽  
Keyoung Jin Chun ◽  
Jong Hyun Kim ◽  
Jung Hwa Hong
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
Central Axis ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Angular Width ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Rotational Movement ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Arm Support ◽  
Support Length

An increase in the aging population around the world and in degenerative diseases has caused an epidemic of stroke. Hence, rehab equipment for treating its after-effects has been actively developed. A repeated upper-body rehab exercise is required and this exercise can only yield good results when its accurate motion is guided by a therapist. However, few kinematics studies have been conducted based on design variables such as changes in the rotational central axis and body measurement. So, this study analyzed the angular changes in two motions of the elbow (Flexion-Extension: F-E, Pronation-Supination: P-S) and three motions of the scapula (Anterior-Posterior tilt: A-P, Internal-External rotation: I-E, Upward-Downward rotation: U-D) based on changes in the arm support length and central axis location. Eight healthy subjects participated in this study. Rehabilitation equipment for the upper limb, which can be adjusted to different arm support lengths and central axis locations, was used as the experimental equipment. The length could be adjusted to five levels (280 mm, 220 mm, 160 mm, 100 mm, and 40 mm). In the case of an experiment involving changes in the axis locations, the length was fixed as 280 mm, which allowed five different axis locations. Each subject implemented a rotational movement passively at an angular velocity of 30°/s. In this study, we observed changes in the motion patterns of the upper-limb rotational movement based on the length and the location. The patterns based on the two design variables revealed a consistent tendency under the elbow (forearm) and the scapula (shoulder rhythm). Yet, three scapula motions showed little changes in the angular width, and only I-E showed an angular width of 5°. First, with respect to the tendency of the five motions based on changes in the lengths, the prolonged length showed a decreased angular width. Second, in terms of the tendency of the five motions based on changes in the locations, a relatively long distance between the handle and the axis (Location 1 → Location 5) confirmed a decreased angular width owing to a relatively small rotational movement at Location 5. The F-E motion of the elbow clearly showed two time cycles per rotation. Other motions revealed one time cycle per rotation. With respect to the upper-body rotational movement, we confirmed that motions related to the forearm were more active than motions related to the shoulder.

Analysis of Knob Traces Based on Changes in Armrest’s Length and Central Axis Location of Grahamizer

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong Hyun Kim ◽  
Keyoung Jin Chun ◽  
Jae Soo Hong ◽  
Chang Won Kim ◽  
Jung Hwa Hong
Keyword(s):  
Shoulder Joint ◽  
Central Axis ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Upper Limb Rehabilitation ◽  
Arm Support ◽  
Medial Rotation ◽  
Lateral Rotation ◽  
Joint Motions ◽  
Limb Rehabilitation ◽  
Rehabilitation Exercise

The hemiparalysis, which is a widely known side effect of the disease, requires consistent and accurate rehabilitation exercise treatment. The Grahamizer is a representative piece of equipment for such treatment. Because it consists of a double pivot system, under exercise, the irregularly moving pivots could create an unintended movement and malfunction. Using the Grahamizer, this study analyzed movement patterns based on changes in the armrest’s length and the central axis location for a stable and accurate upper limb rehabilitation exercise. Eight healthy subjects participated in the study. The Grahamizer, which allows the length of the armrest and the central axis location to be adjusted, was used for experimental equipment. The length could be adjusted to five levels (280mm, 220mm, 160mm, 100mm, and 40mm), and the location ranged from 5 levels to 1 level based on the length of the arm support (280mm: 5positions, 220mm: 4positions, 160mm: 3positions, 100mm: 2positions, 40mm: 1position). A marker located above a knob traced the knob’s movements. The experiment was conducted three times. Each subject held the knob and implemented rotational movements passively, with an angular velocity of 30°/s. After integrating the subjects’ movement traces, the tendency was analyzed. A previous study provided an analysis of the elbow and shoulder joint movements under a normal upper-body rotation movement. This study on movement traces was conducted based on those results. Longer armrest lengths and greater distances between the central axis location and knob showed greater stability for the rotation movements. Remarkable results were found for changes in the axis location. However, smaller distances between the axis location and knob revealed larger movement traces. A previous study found, when a counterclockwise rotation was defined as 0°∼360°, that an elbow motion of 0°∼180° is flexion and 180°∼360° is extension. The shoulder joint motions are similar: 0°∼90°: medial rotation, 90°∼180°: lateral rotation, 180°∼270° medial rotation, and 270°∼360°: lateral rotation. According to the previous study, with a larger trace (smaller distance between the axis location and knob), the rotation movements of the elbow and shoulder are more accurate from 0° to 180° than from 180° to 360°. The experiment confirmed that the Grahamizer’s armrest axis location has an impact on movement traces, and changes in the traces prevented the intended joint exercise. Under the circumstances, the location is an important design variable when developing the Grahamizer.

EFEITOS DO DEEP RUNNING SOBRE A AMPLITUDE DE MOVIMENTO E A CAPACIDADE FUNCIONAL DOS MEMBROS SUPERIORES DE MULHERES MASTECTOMIZADAS: RELATO DE CASOS

2019 ◽  
pp. 121-131
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Functional Capacity ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Range Of Movement ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Before And After ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
And Function

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women in Brazil and in the worl. The surgical treatment procedure may cause severe morbidity in the upper limb homolateral to surgery, including the reduction of the range of motion, with consequent impairment of function. A physiotherapeutic approach has an important role in the recover range of motion and the functionality of these women, guaranteeing the occupational, domestestic, familiar and conjugated activities, and, in this way, also improving the quality of life. Objectives: To analyse chances in the shoulder's range of motion and the functional capacity of the upper limbs, promoted by the deep running procedure in women with late postoperative mastectomy. Methods: All the patients were submitted to an evaluation in the beginning and end of the treatment, including: goniometry of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal and external rotation of the shoulder joint; and function capacity analysis in activities that involve the upper members by DASH questionnaire. The treatment protocol includes twelve sessions of deep running, realized twice a week, in deep pool, for 20-minute during six weeks. Results: Were submitted to treatment a total of 4 patients. Despite the improvement in the numerical values, statistically significant differences were not found on the range of movements and in the functional capacity of upper members before and after the deep running sessions in post-mastectomy women. Conclusion: Deep running had effects on the numerical values of range of movement and upper limb functionality in women in the late postoperative period of the mastectomy procedure, but without statistically significant differences.

Effect of upper body posture on forced inspiration and expiration

1982 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 879-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Haas ◽  
M. Simnowitz ◽  
K. Axen ◽  
D. Gaudino ◽  
A. Haas
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tension ◽  
Spinal Column ◽  
Peak Inspiratory Pressure ◽  
Body Posture ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Upper Body Posture ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
Expiratory Flow

The upper body posture naturally adopted by long distance runners was quantified, and its effects on ventilation were assessed in 14 subjects. Maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) and flow-volume loop maneuvers were performed in three seated positions: 1) natural running posture (RUN), with back angled forward 11 degrees, neck flexed, and head extended 35 degrees forward of the spinal column; 2) back vertical with head and neck as above (NEF); and 3) head and back vertical (VERT). MVV was significantly higher in RUN compared with both NEF and VERT, as were peak inspiratory pressure (PImax) from functional residual capacity, peak expiratory flow (PEF), and peak inspiratory flow (PIF). Expiratory flow at 50% of vital capacity was significantly higher in RUN and NEF than in VERT, consistent with reported increases in flow due to tracheal stiffening. The increased PIF and PImax in RUN indicate increased inspiratory muscle tension and/or improved transduction of tension into a more negative pleural pressure. Magnetometer tracings of rib cage dimensions demonstrated greater anteroposterior stability during maximal inspiratory efforts in RUN compared with VERT. The improved inspiratory function seen in RUN may be due to more effective diaphragmatic and/or accessory muscle function. These findings demonstrate that the position naturally adopted by long distance runners favors ventilation.

Upper limb involuntary tremor reduction using cantilever beam TMDs

2022 ◽  
pp. 107754632110518
Author(s):  
Sarah Gebai ◽  
Gwendal Cumunel ◽  
Mohammad Hammoud ◽  
Gilles Foret ◽  
Emmanuel Roze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Objective Function ◽  
Cantilever Beam ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Wrist Joint ◽  
Angular Displacement ◽  
Damping Ratio ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Flexion Extension

Tuned mass dampers (TMDs) are proposed as a solution to reduce the involuntary tremor at the upper limb of a patient with postural tremor. The upper limb is modeled as a three-degrees-of-freedom rotating system in the vertical plane, with a flexion-extension motion at the joints. The measured extensor carpi radialis signal of a patient is used to excite the dynamic model. We propose a numerical methodology to optimize the parameters of the TMDs in the frequency domain combined with the response in the time domain. The objective function for the optimization of the dynamic problem is the maximum angular displacement of the wrist joint. The optimal stiffness and damping of the TMDs are obtained by satisfying the minimization of the selected objective function. The considered passive absorber is a cantilever beam–like TMD, whose length, beam cross-sectional diameter, and mass position reflect its stiffness for a chosen additional mass. A parametric study of the TMD is conducted to evaluate the effect of the TMD position along the hand segment, the number of TMDs, and the total mass of TMDs. The sensitivity of the TMD to a decrease of its modal damping ratio is studied to meet the range of stainless steel. TMDs are manufactured using stainless steel beams of the same length (9.1 cm) and cross-sectional diameter (0.79 mm), for which the mass (14.13 g) position is adjusted to match the optimal frequency. Three TMDs holding a mass of 14.13 g each cause 89% reduction in the wrist joint angular displacement.

Non-linear active disturbance rejection control for upper limb rehabilitation exoskeleton

2020 ◽  
pp. 095965182095457
Author(s):  
Sumit Aole ◽  
Irraivan Elamvazuthi ◽  
Laxman Waghmare ◽  
Balasaheb Patre ◽  
Fabrice Meriaudeau
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
Trajectory Tracking ◽  
Disturbance Rejection ◽  
Active Disturbance Rejection Control ◽  
Upper Limb Rehabilitation ◽  
Active Disturbance Rejection ◽  
Disturbance Rejection Control ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Limb Rehabilitation

Trajectory tracking in upper limb rehabilitation exercises is utilized for repeatability of joint movement to improve the patient’s recovery in the early stages of rehabilitation. In this article, non-linear active disturbance rejection control as a combination of non-linear extended-state observer and non-linear state error feedback is used for the sinusoidal trajectory tracking control of the two-link model of an upper limb rehabilitation exoskeleton. The two links represent movements like flexion/extension for both the shoulder joint and the elbow joint in the sagittal plane. The Euler–Lagrange method was employed to acquire a dynamic model of an upper limb rehabilitation exoskeleton. To examine the efficacy and robustness of the proposed method, four disturbances cases in simulation studies with 20% parameter variation were applied. It was found that the non-linear active disturbance rejection control is robust against disturbances and achieves better tracking as compared to proportional–integral–derivative and existing conventional active disturbance rejection control method.

Modified Brain Activations of the Nondamaged Hemisphere During Ipsilesional Upper-Limb Movement in Persons With Initial Severe Motor Deficits Poststroke

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liesjet E. H. van Dokkum ◽  
Emmanuelle le Bars ◽  
Denis Mottet ◽  
Alain Bonafé ◽  
Nicolas Menjot de Champfleur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Motor Deficits ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Severe Stroke ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Stroke Group

Background. Poststroke, the ipsilesional upper limb shows slight but substantial and long-term motor deficits. Objective. To define brain activation patterns during a gross motor flexion/extension task of the ipsilesional elbow early poststroke before and after rehabilitation, in relation to the corresponding kinematic characteristics at each time point. Method. Simultaneous analysis of kinematic features (amplitude, frequency, smoothness, and trajectory of movement) and of corresponding functional magnetic resonance imaging activations (block-design). A total of 21 persons with subacute initial severe stroke (Fugl-Meyer score <30/66) participated twice: within the first 2 months poststroke (V0) and after 6 weeks of rehabilitation (V1). Results at both time points were compared with activation patterns and kinematics of 13 healthy controls. Results. Compared with controls ( a) movements of the ipsilesional upper-limb poststroke were smaller (V0 + V1) and less smooth (V0 + V1) and ( b) participants poststroke showed additional recruitment of the contralesional middle temporal gyrus (V0) and rolandic opercularis involved in movement visualization (V0 + V1), whereas they lacked activation of the supramarginal gyrus (V0 + V1). Over time, participants poststroke showed an extended activation of the contralesional sensorimotor cortex at V0. Conclusion. Movements of the ipsilesional upper limb within an initially severe stroke group were not only atypical in motor outcome, but seemed to be controlled differently. Together the observed changes pointed toward an overall disturbance of the bihemispheric motor network poststroke, marked by ( a) a possible despecialization of the nondamaged hemisphere and ( b) the employment of alternative control strategies to ensure optimal task execution.

scholarly journals Trackhold: A Novel Passive Arm-Support Device

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Basilio Lenzo ◽  
Marco Fontana ◽  
Simone Marcheschi ◽  
Fabio Salsedo ◽  
Antonio Frisoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Experimental Validation ◽  
Physical Rehabilitation ◽  
Design Approach ◽  
Mechanical Motion ◽  
Dynamic Analyses ◽  
Arm Support ◽  
Support Device ◽  
Limb Posture

This article introduces the design and the experimental validation of the Trackhold, a novel mechanical motion-tracker for upper limb physical rehabilitation. The Trackhold is based on a passively balanced mechanism that can approximately relieve the weight of the patient’s arm regardless of the position. The system features a novel kinematic architecture with large workspace and custom developed joint sensors providing accurate real-time measure of the upper limb posture. The design approach of the device, which went through kinetostatic and dynamic analyses, is presented and details on the employed mechatronic solutions are provided. A prototype of the Trackhold has been fabricated and functionally validated.

Functional Reorganization in Chronic Hemiparetic Patients after Training: fMRI Studies

2006 ◽  
Vol 321-323 ◽  
pp. 1016-1021
Author(s):  
Ki Sik Tae ◽  
Sung Jae Song ◽  
So Young Lee ◽  
Gi Young Park ◽  
Chul Ho Sohn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Training Program ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Hand Movement ◽  
Active Movement ◽  
Wrist Flexion ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Motor Network ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Before And After

The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of short-term repetitive-bilateral exercise on the activation of motor network using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Eight control subjects and four chronic hemiparetic patients were investigated for the present study. The training program with a symmetrical upper-limb motion trainer was performed at 1 hr/day, 5 days/week during 6 weeks. Fugl-Meyer assessments (FMA) were performed every two weeks during the training. We compared cerebral and cerebellar cortical activations in two different tasks before and after the training program: (1) the only unaffected hand movement (Task 1), and (2) passive movements of the affected hand by the active movement of the unaffected hand (Task 2). fMRI was performed at 3T with wrist flexion-extension movement at 1 Hz during the motor tasks. All patients showed significant improvements of FMA scores in their paretic limbs after training. fMRI studies in Task 1 showed that cortical activations decreased in ipsilateral SMC but increased in contralateral sensorimotor cortex (SMC) and ipsilateral cerebellum (CRB). Task 2 showed cortical reorganizations in bilateral SMC, pre-motor area (PMA), supplementary area (SMA) and CRB. This study demonstrated that plastic changes of motor network occurred as a neural basis of the improvement subsequent to repetitive-bilateral exercises using the symmetrical upper-limb motion trainer.

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