A Novel Undergraduate Combustion Teaching Approach Using Three-Dimensional Combustion Surfaces

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael David Costarell
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Power Generation ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Teaching Approach ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Industrial Boilers ◽  
The Individual

Presently, mechanical engineering thermodynamic classes discuss the individual boiler, reciprocating engine, and gas turbine cycles, while other courses mention the combustion of individual natural gas, oil and coal fuels. Though these processes and fuels have different working fluids and air-to-fuel ratios they have predictable and comparable flue gas oxygen and carbon dioxide. Presented is a curriculum supplement that allows students to model three-dimensional plots of oxygen and carbon dioxide both as varied by hydrogen-to-carbon ratio and air-to-fuel ratio. The typical operating areas are then superimposed on these three-dimensional plots for industrial boilers (3 to 25 MW), power generation boilers (25 to 1,000 MW), reciprocating engines (0.1 to 5 MW), and gas turbines (0.1 to 100 MW). As power generation and transportation fuels become scarce and more expensive, future engineering employees must know how to minimize energy consumption and cost for a variety of fuels and combustion systems. This new teaching approach provides students a concise overall combustion curriculum that predicts the theoretical flue gas mole fraction of any common combustion process used with the major fuel sources.

Relation of Air-to-Fuel and Hydrogen-to-Carbon Ratios to Flue Gases in Common Power Generation Systems

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Costarell
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Hydrocarbon Fuels ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Pure Hydrogen

For traditional power generation fuels, the flue gas components can be viewed as continuums based on the air-to-fuel (A:F) and hydrogen-to-carbon (H:C) ratios. This paper defines those continuums for common hydrocarbon fuels (coal, natural gas and oil), in the three most common combustion systems (boilers, reciprocating engines, and gas turbines). Plotted vs. A:F in two dimensions, and then plotted vs. A:F and H:C in three dimensions, overall trends are developed for flue gas carbon dioxide and oxygen. The discussion then compares the calculation of A:F ratios in natural gas combined cycle plants with those in integrated gasification combined cycle plants. Hydrocarbon fuels with no entrained oxygen trend well in both two- and three-dimensional plots, while pure hydrogen and syngas processes do not.

scholarly journals Second Round of Studies on Advanced Power Generation Based on Combined Cycle Using a Single High-Pressure Fluidized Bed Boiler and Consuming Biomass

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcio L. de Souza-Santos ◽  
Juan Villanueva Chavez
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Sugar Cane Bagasse ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Added Water ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Process Simulator

Following a preliminary study of power generation processes consuming sugar-cane bagasse; this second round indicates the possibility of almost doubling the current efficiency presently obtained in conventional mills. A combined cycle uses highly pressurized fluidized bed boiler to provide steam above critical temperature to drive steam-turbine cycle while the flue-gas is injected into gas turbines. The present round also shows that gains over usual BIG/GT (Biomass In-tegrated Gasification/Gas Turbine) are very likely mainly due to the practicality of feeding the biomass as slurry that can be pumped into the pressurized boiler chamber. Such would avoid the cumbersome cascade feeding of the fibrous bio-mass, usually required by other processes. The present stage assumes slurry with 50% added water. Future works will concentrate on thicker slurries, if those could be achieved. All studies apply a comprehensive simulator for boilers and gasifiers [CSFMB™ or CeSFaMB™] and a process simulator (IPES) to predict the main features of the steam and gas tur-bine branches.

300 MW Combined-Cycle Plant With Integrated Coal Gasification

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf H. Kehlhofer
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Coal Gasification ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Combined Cycle Plant ◽  
The Individual

In the past 15 years the combined-cycle (gas/steam turbine) power plant has come into its own in the power generation market. Today, approximately 30 000 MW of power are already installed or being built as combined-cycle units. Combined-cycle plants are therefore a proven technology, showing not only impressive thermal efficiency ratings of up to 50 percent in theory, but also proving them in practice and everyday operation (1) (2). Combined-cycle installations can be used for many purposes. They range from power plants for power generation only, to cogeneration plants for district heating or combined cycles with maximum additional firing (3). The main obstacle to further expansion of the combined cycle principle is its lack of fuel flexibility. To this day, gas turbines are still limited to gaseous or liquid fuels. This paper shows a viable way to add a cheap solid fuel, coal, to the list. The plant system in question is a 2 × 150 MW combined-cycle plant of BBC Brown Boveri with integrated coal gasification plant of British Gas/Lurgi. The main point of interest is that all the individual components of the power plant described in this paper have proven their worth commercially. It is therefore not a pilot plant but a viable commercial proposition.

Combined Cycle Plants With Frame 9F Gas Turbines

1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Lugand ◽  
C. Parietti
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Heat Recovery ◽  
Catalytic Reduction ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Size Factor ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Steam Generators

The new 200 MW class MS 9001F gas turbines allow combined cycle plants to reach even higher output levels and greater efficiency ratings. Size factor and higher firing temperatures, with a three-pressure level steam reheat cycle, offer plant efficiencies in excess of 53 percent. Heat recovery steam generators have been designed to accommodate catalytic reduction elements limiting flue gas NOx emissions to as low as 10 ppm VD (15 percent O2). A range of steam turbine models covers the different possible configurations. Various arrangements based on the 350 or 650 MW power generation modules can be optimally configured to the requirements of each site.

scholarly journals CFD ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIZER IN A TENGENTIAL FIRED BOILER

2013 ◽  
pp. 143-147
Author(s):  
KRUNAL P. MUDAFALE ◽  
HEMANT S. FARKADE
Keyword(s):  
Flue Gas ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Geometrical Model ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Side Flow

This paper presents a simulation of the economizer zone, which allows for the condition of the shell-side flow and tube-side and tube-wall, thermal fields, and of the shell-tube heat-exchange. Selection of the economizer zone from the thermal power plant only because, it is found trends of failure that the economizer is the zone where the leakages are found more. The maximum number of cause of failure in economizer unit is due to flue gas erosion. The past failure details revels that erosion is more in U-bend areas of Economizer Unit because of increase in flue gas velocity near these bends. But it is observed that the velocity of flue gases surprisingly increases near the lower bends as compared to upper ones. The model is solved using conventional CFD techniques by STAR- CCM+ software. In which the individual tubes are treated as sub-grid features. A geometrical model is used to describe the multiplicity of heat-exchanging structures and the interconnections among them. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach is utilised for the creation of a three-dimensional model of the economizer coil. With equilibrium assumption applied for description of the system chemistry. The flue gas temperature, pressure and velocity field of fluid flow within an economizer tube using the actual boundary conditions have been analyzed using CFD tool. Such as the ability to quickly analyse a variety of design options without modifying the object and the availability of significantly more data to interpret the results. This study is a classic example of numerical investigation into the problem of turbulent reacting flows in large scale furnaces employed in thermal power plants for the remediation of ash deposition problems. And the experimental setup is from Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station, Chandrapur having the unit no IV of 210 MW energy generations.

scholarly journals Measurement of O2 in the Combustion Chamber of Apulverized Coal Boiler

10.14311/1544 ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Břetislav Janeba ◽  
Michal Kolovratník ◽  
Ondřej Bartoš
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Pulverized Coal ◽  
Or Management ◽  
Pulverized Coal Boiler ◽  
O2 Concentration ◽  
Coal Boiler ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Lambda Probe

Operational measurements of the O2 concentration in the combustion chamber of a pulverized coal boiler are not yet common practice. Operators are generally satisfied with measuring the O2 concentration in the second pass of the boiler, usually behind the economizer, where a flue gas sample is extracted for analysis in a classical analyzer. A disadvantage of this approach is that there is a very weak relation between the measured value and the condition in specific locations in the fireplace, e.g. the function of the individual burners and the combustion process as a whole. A new extractionline was developed for measuring the O2 concentration in the combustion chamber. A planar lambda probe is used in this approach. The extraction line is designed to get outputs that can be used directly for diagnosis or management of the combustion in the boiler.

scholarly journals Considerations for Gas Turbines and Their Initial Operating Experiences at El Convento

1960 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. H. Pfersdorff
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Future Outlook ◽  
Operating Data ◽  
Start Up ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Individual

When original negotiations are made for the presentation of a report regarding “initial operating data” or “operating results,” it is hoped that all factors will contribute toward useful information to enlighten and assist others in the same operating category. Oftentimes this is not completely accomplished in the alloted time. This paper is presented to set forth the initial operating experiences and results of two highly controlled gas-turbine units for power generation. The individual turbine arrangement, fuel systems, control systems, start-up and operating problems and a comparison of test and design data are stated. The future outlook for gas turbines in the Electricidad de Caracas system is discussed.

Simulation of an Industrial Tangentially Fired Boiler Firing Metallurgical Gases

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangwu Tang ◽  
Bin Wu ◽  
Kurt Johnson ◽  
Albert Kirk ◽  
Chenn Q. Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Power ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Cfd Modeling ◽  
Steel Mill ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Boiler Operation ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Industrial Boilers

In industrial environments, boiler units are widely used to supply heat and electrical power. At an integrated steel mill, industrial boilers combust a variable mixture of metallurgical gases combined with additional fuels to generate high-pressure superheated steam. Most tangentially fired boilers have experienced water wall tube failures in the combustion zone, which are thought to be caused by some deficiency in the combustion process. The challenge faced in this present process is that there are very limited means to observe the boiler operation. In this study, a three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling and simulation of an industrial tangentially fired boiler firing metallurgical gases was conducted. Simulation results obtained from the assembled CFD model were validated by industrial experiments. A quick comparison of the flame shape from the simulation to the actual flame in the boiler showed a good agreement. The flow field and temperature distribution inside the tangentially fired boiler were analyzed under the operation conditions, and a wall water tube overheating problem was observed and directly related to the flow characteristics.

scholarly journals Combined Cycle Plants With Frame 9F Gas Turbines

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Lugand ◽  
C. Parietti
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Heat Recovery ◽  
Catalytic Reduction ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Size Factor ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Steam Generators

The new 200 MW-class MS 9001F gas turbines allow combined cycle plants to reach even higher output levels and greater efficiency ratings. Size factor and higher firing temperatures, with a 3-pressure level steam reheat cycle, offer plant efficiencies in excess of 53 %. Heat recovery steam generators have been designed to accommodate catalytic reduction elements limiting flue gas NOx emissions to as low as 10 ppm VD (15 % O2). A range of steam turbine models covers the different possible configurations. Various arrangements based on the 350 or 650 MW power generation modules can be optimally configured to the requirements of each site.

Researches Concerning Kerosene-to-Landfill Gas Conversion for an Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeni A. Popescu ◽  
Valeriu A. Vilag ◽  
Romulus Petcu ◽  
Valentin Silivestru ◽  
Virgil Stanciu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Landfill Gas ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Cfd Simulations ◽  
Numerical Approaches

The aero-derivative gas turbine represents an advanced solution for technologic transfer from aeronautics to industrial applications, including high efficiency, reduced dimensions and high reliability. The paper, as result of a research project, is focused on an application using an aero-derivative gas turbine as an installation for CO2 rich landfill gas valorization. The paper also presents the potential for landfill gas production in Romania, in the context of the requirements imposed by the environmental laws. A calculation is realized based on demographic statistics, showing the most suitable areas in the country for obtaining the landfill gas. The first part is dedicated to a comparative examination of classical liquid fuel, kerosene, and two gaseous fuels, methane and landfill gas with equal volume ratio of methane and carbon dioxide, analyzed from the point of view of their combustion performances in the gas turbine, with the help of CEA program developed by NASA. Considering the nowadays utilization of CFD simulations for design purpose in many activity fields from the engineering domain, the results provided by the CEA program, along with the ones provided by the gas turbine’s producer, were considered input data for the numerical approaches of the combustion process of methane and landfill gas in the known combustion chamber using a commercial CFD code. The main goal of the CFD applications is to determine the optimum geometric configuration of the new injection system in order to obtain a stabilized process and high performances in safety conditions, for low working regimes and nominal regime, as defined by experimental data and producer’s recommendations. Previous successful experimentations on test bench following the combustion simulation of methane gas and the encouraging results from the CFD simulations lead to new experimentations of the gas turbine working on landfill gas in order to validate the numerical approaches, activity described in the third part of the paper. A technological fueling scheme was designed, the geometrical adjustments were made according to previous simulations and the landfill gas was simulated using a homogenization device installed on the fuel line for a forced mixing of the two non-reactive substances, methane and carbon dioxide. The gas turbine was prepared and instrumented for bench testing and stable working was obtained for speeds of 27–63% of the nominal one. The conclusions are related to the execution of an installation allowing experimentation of gas turbines working on landfill gas and future researches focusing on tests for higher working regimes.

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