Hydrogen Use in an Urban District: Environmental Impacts in a Possible Scenario Based on Coal

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Gambini ◽  
Michela Vellini
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Urban District ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Hypothetical Scenario ◽  
Italian City ◽  
Primary Energy Supply

Hydrogen technology is becoming ever more relevant because hydrogen use can help containing greenhouse gas emission if CO2 capture and storage techniques are implemented in the hydrogen production technology (when hydrogen is produced from fossil fuels). For this reason this work aims at carrying out a comparative analysis of possible energy scenarios in urban districts: a medium-small Italian city is taken into consideration, and its energy consumptions, both for domestic and industrial use, are evaluated. The current situation, in which conventional technologies meet the energy needs, is compared to a hypothetical scenario where clean energy vectors, namely hydrogen and electricity, are utilized together with traditional primary energy supply. Hydrogen production by means of coal decarbonization is investigated, as well as hydrogen use in advanced energy systems for transport and for electric and thermal energy generation.

Hydrogen Use in an Urban District: Energy and Environmental Comparisons

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michela Vellini ◽  
Jacopo Tonziello
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Coal Gasification ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Urban District ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Hypothetical Scenario

Hydrogen technology is becoming ever more relevant because hydrogen use can help in containing greenhouse gas emission if CO2 capture and storage technologies are implemented in the hydrogen production pathway (when hydrogen is produced from fossil fuels). This work aims at carrying out a comparative analysis of possible energy scenarios in urban districts. A medium-small Italian city is considered as a reference case, and its energy consumption both for domestic and industrial use is evaluated. The current situation in which conventional technologies meet the energy needs is compared with a hypothetical scenario where hydrogen is largely used. Two options of hydrogen production from commercially ready technologies are investigated: coal gasification and steam methane reforming, as well as hydrogen use in advanced energy systems for transports and for thermal and electric energy generations. Also, the environmental impacts are evaluated. This study is particularly focused on greenhouse gas emissions with specific reference to carbon dioxide. The final goal is to define an alternative scenario, quantifying the energy needs and the relative environmental impacts in order to obtain quantitative information on the environmental benefits of the hydrogen scenario, as well as to identify its possible structural and functional criticalities.

Hydrogen: A Very Promising Energy Carrier for the Future

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xenophon K. Kakatsios
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Carrier ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The Future

As we enter the new century, new fuels may be required for both stationary power and transportation to ameliorate the triple threats of local air pollution, global climate change and dependence on unstable nations for imported oil. Shifting away from fossil fuels may be essential within decades if citizens in the developing world achieve even a significant fraction of the per capita energy consumption enjoyed by the industrial nations. Business-as-usual or evolutionary shifts in energy consumption patterns may not be adequate. New paradigms and new energy initiatives may be required to protect the environment while providing the energy services we have come to expect. Hydrogen could play a significant role as a clean energy carrier in the future for both stationary and transportation markets. Produced from renewable energy or nuclear power, hydrogen could become the backbone of a truly sustainable energy future – an energy system that consumes no non-renewable resources and creates no pollution or greenhouse gases of any type during operation. However, to achieve this potential, hydrogen must overcome serious economic, technological and safety perception barriers before it can displace fossil fuels as the primary energy carrier throughout the world. In this paper we explore the current status of hydrogen and fuel cell systems compared to other fuel options for reducing pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and suggest the introduction of hydrogen into the energy economy.

Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Titanium Dioxide Nanocomposite for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production under Visible Light

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 851-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Reza Gholipour ◽  
Francois Béland ◽  
Trong-On Do
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Visible Light ◽  
Carbon Nitride ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Graphitic Carbon ◽  
Graphitic Carbon Nitride ◽  
Conduction Band Edge ◽  
Photocatalytic Efficiency ◽  
Photocatalytic Reactions

Abstract Hydrogen production from water splitting via photocatalytic reactions can be an alternative clean energy of fossil fuels in the future. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is one of the active photocatalysts in the visible light region that can be combined with other semiconductors in order to increase its photocatalytic efficiency. TiO2 is one of the most appropriate choices to combine with g-C3N4 because of its conduction band edge and variety forms of nanostructures. In this work, nanosheets of g-C3N4 were mixed with the nanoparticles of titanate in order to enhance charge separation and photocatalytic efficiency. Consequently, the hydrogen evolution of this novel nanocomposite produced almost double hydrogen in comparison with g-C3N4.

scholarly journals Different forms of hydrogen production: a review and future perspectives

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-58
Author(s):  
Grazielle Cristina de Araujo ◽  
Jair Antonio Cruz Siqueira ◽  
Loreci Zanardini ◽  
João Felipe Peixoto Marques ◽  
Rafaela Lazzarin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Biohydrogen Production ◽  
Research Centers ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Clean Energy Source

There was a significant increase in the concern with climate issues, among them highlighted as the derivation of greenhouse gases from the burning fossil fuels, leading several research centers and researchers to seek new sources of less polluting energy, independent of the burn-based matrix of fuels. In this context, the present work has as main presenter a literature review, perspective and comparisons regarding the use of hydrogen as a clean energy source, presenting three main ways of obtaining it: a) through electrolysis using renewable sources; b) biohydrogen production, based on the photosynthesis of plants and algae; c) production through biodigesters.

Fossil Fuels

Energy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Goldemberg
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Productive Activity ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
The World ◽  
By Products

What are the fossil fuels? Fossil fuels—coal, petroleum, natural gas, and their by-products— account for approximately 85% of the world′s primary energy needs today. Use of these fuels drives industrialized economies and has become an integral part of every aspect of productive activity and...

Visualizing the Energy Production, Imports and Exports for Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Vargas Suarez ◽  
Jason Donev
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Interactive Simulation ◽  
The World ◽  
Energy Service ◽  
Primary Energy Supply ◽  
Conceptual Difficulties

<p>There are extensive conceptual difficulties in understanding a country’s energy story. Every country in the world uses some combination of energy production, imports, and exports energy to meet their society’s needs. Thermal inefficiencies converting primary energy into electricity further confuse the issues. A visualization using large, publicly available data can help illustrate these different energy perspectives. This data visualization helps clarify the following perspectives: Production, Imports, Exports, Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES), Total Final Consumption (TFC), and the conversion losses from turning TPES into TFC. TPES refers to the total amount of energy a country obtains directly from natural resources such as fossil fuels or wind. TFC refers to the addition of the all energy directly consumed by a user for an energy service such as electricity for lighting in a house. This paper discusses the interactive simulation that was built to allow users to explore the composition of a country’s energy production, imports and exports through the conversion into energy people consume. The simulation allows users to explore the energy stories for different countries, and how these change over the decades.</p>

The Hydrogen Alternative

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 15-26
Author(s):  
Debajyoti Bose
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Hydrogen Economy ◽  
Deep Time ◽  
Free Gas ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Near Future ◽  
And Storage

Hydrogen is the cleanest fuel known to man and the most prominent alternative to carbon-based fuels, although it is not available as a free gas on earth, it can be produced from various sources using the correct combination of pressure and temperature. The deep time that our planet has given life has allowed it to grow from a tiny seed of genetic possibility to a planet wide web of complexity we are part of today, where today heating, refrigeration, telecommunication and appliances have become vital in everyday life. Production of electricity using fossil fuels has been under the scanner for quite some time now because of their availability and effects on the environment hydrogen emerges out in this scenario as the future fuel and setting the stage towards the hydrogen economy. The clean nature of hydrogen and the efficiency of fuel cells taken together offer an appealing alternative to fossil fuels. This paper reviews the existing infrastructure of hydrogen production and storage, while simultaneously explores the reason why it will be an inevitability in the near future to meet our ever increasing energy needs.

scholarly journals Clean-energy development in China

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 528-532
Author(s):  
Jane Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Associate Editor ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Development ◽  
Primary Energy Consumption ◽  
Diverse Backgrounds ◽  
National Science

Abstract In June, China announced its 2030 target to cut its greenhouse-gas emissions per unit of gross domestic product by 60%–65% from 2005 levels. To achieve the goal, it would increase the share of non-fossil fuels as part of its primary energy consumption to 20% by 2030 and aim to peak emissions around the same time. As world's largest carbon emitter, the announcement is widely hailed not only as a strong impetus for the UN climate talks, which are convened in Paris this month, but a solution to the country's unprecedented choking pollution. In a forum chaired by National Science Review's executive associate editor Mu-ming Poo, four panelists from diverse backgrounds discuss how clean-energy development could help China to fight against air pollution and meet its 2030 target, what sorts of policies need to be in place, and what the main challenges are.

scholarly journals GREEN ENERGY: AN ANALYTICAL DISCOURSE

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Baluch ◽  
S. Mohtar ◽  
A. S. Ariffin
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
To Come

The climate change, the global warming, the population growth and the continuous demand on energy and electricity in specific made renewable energy one of the most appropriate and fitting to answer all these changes of our environment. However, the vested interested groups belonging to the fossil fuel cartel continue working tirelessly to discourage the use of renewable energy and renewable energy solutions in the world. Despite the recusant efforts of the Oil Cartel, renewable energy use has grown much faster than anyone anticipated. This paper: defines green and renewable energy; highlights its benefits; and illustrates that clean energy technologies are prepared for accelerated and widespread expansion in the global power sector. The paper critically examines the recusant efforts of the Oil Cartel undermining green renewable energy sector by bankrolling the production of unconventional oil and gas; and demonstrates that over-reliance on fossil fuels for power generation has significant health, environmental, and economic risks and is not a long-term solution to our energy needs. The paper concludes that a global transition to renewable energy is already underway. Renewable Energy offers an alternative to conventional sources and grants us greater control over future energy prices and supply. The energy choices we make during this pivotal moment will have huge consequences for our health, our climate, and our economy for decades to come.

Waste to power

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
MILOUD OUADI ◽  
JOHN BRAMMER ◽  
ANDREAS HORNUNG ◽  
MARTIN KAY
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Thermal Conversion ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Paper Making ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
World Demand ◽  
The Cost

There has been a growing trend towards the use of biomass as a primary energy source, which now contributes over 54% of the European pulp and paper industry energy needs [1]. The remaining part comes from natural gas, which to a large extent serves as the major source of energy for numerous recovered fiber paper mills located in regions with limited available forest resources. The cost of producing electricity to drive paper machinery and generate heat for steam is increasing as world demand for fossil fuels increases. Additionally, recovered fiber paper mills are also significant producers of fibrous sludge and reject waste material that can contain high amounts of useful energy. Currently, a majority of these waste fractions is disposed of by landspreading, incineration, or landfill. Paper mills must also pay a gate fee to process their waste streams in this way and the result of this is a further increase in operating costs. This work has developed methods to utilize the waste fractions produced at recovered fiber paper mills for the onsite production of combined heat and power (CHP) using advanced thermal conversion methods (pyrolysis and gasification) that are well suited to relatively small scales of throughput. The electrical power created would either be used onsite to power the paper making process or alternatively exported to the national grid, and the surplus heat created could also be used onsite or exported to a local customer. The focus of this paper is to give a general overview of the project progress so far and will present the experimental results of the most successful thermal conversion trials carried out by this work to date.

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