The Effects of DC Current on the Tensile Properties of Metals

Materials ◽  
2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Ross ◽  
John T. Roth
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Cold Work ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Deformation Energy ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
Metallic Specimen ◽  
Current Flows ◽  
Dc Current

When fabricating parts, deformation is commonly conducted in a “warm” or “hot” state in order to reduce the total energy required to form the metal. However, there are several negative effects associated with this method of energy reduction (e.g., high tool/die adhesions, environmental reactivity, etc.) Hence, another more efficient method of reducing the total deformation energy would be very beneficial. This paper examines an alternative means of reducing the energy by applying an electrical current and also determines how the material’s tensile properties are affected while the current is present. Also investigated are the influences of strain rate and cold work on the electrical effects. The stress-strain curves indicate that, when current flows through a metallic specimen, the energy required to cause deformation is greatly decreased; demonstrating that electricity provides a viable alternative to increasing the workpiece temperature. However, the effect of the electricity diminishes with increasing strain rates.

Manufacturing Aspects Relating to the Effects of Direct Current on the Tensile Properties of Metals

2007 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl D. Ross ◽  
David B. Irvin ◽  
John T. Roth
Keyword(s):  
Strain Rate ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Cold Work ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Deformation Energy ◽  
Strain Behavior ◽  
Metallic Specimen ◽  
Current Flows ◽  
Process Energy

For metals, deformation is commonly conducted at elevated temperatures, reducing the overall process energy and cost. However, elevating the temperature has many drawbacks, including high tool/die adhesions, environmental reactivity, etc. Therefore, this study examines using an electrical current to reduce the deformation energy and presents electricity’s effects on the tensile properties of various materials. The influences of strain rate and cold work are also investigated. The results demonstrate that, when current flows through a metallic specimen, the material’s yield strength, flow stress, and elastic modulus are decreased; strain weakening occurs; and the total energy of deformation is decreased. These changes in the engineering stress-strain behavior occurred in all of the materials tested and are much greater than can be accounted for by resistive heating. However, the effects diminish with increasing strain rate. The analysis shows that applying electricity during deformation provides a viable alternative to increasing the workpiece temperature for deformation-based manufacturing processes.

Effect of Electrical Current on Cold Work in Aluminum 2024

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Shaffer ◽  
Sean Sehman ◽  
Ihab Ragai ◽  
John T. Roth ◽  
Bin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Cold Work ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Material Microstructure ◽  
Expected Effect ◽  
The Difference

Many manufacturers are looking towards electrical treatments as methods for reducing residual stresses in formed metals. Although many people have investigated the effects electricity has on residual stresses and plasticity, there has not been research investigating the effects it has as a post-treatment on strain hardening. Therefore, the goal of this research is to show the permanent changes in tensile properties that electrical treatments have on strain hardened metals, specifically Aluminum 2024. For this initial investigation, only one pulse duration and current density was used to categorize any changes in the metals due to applying electric current. This testing shows the difference between post-deformation heat treatments and post-deformation electrical treatments. Tensile properties of Aluminum 2024 were used to gauge the changes caused by the treatments. The heat treatment had the expected effect of lower the strength of the material and regrowing the grains while the electrical treatment did not seem to drastically change the structure of the grains, but still lowered the strength of the material. Microstructure investigations also showed that the material does in fact show slight changes in material properties, but no drastic changes in microstructure. These images also show that the regrowth from the heat treatment is clearly the reason for the decrease in strength.

COPPER ALLOY No. C72600

Alloy Digest ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Nickel Alloy ◽  
Copper Alloy ◽  
Cold Work ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Resistance Welding ◽  
Copper Nickel ◽  
Copper Nickel Alloy

Abstract Copper Alloy No. C72600 is a wrought copper-nickel alloy. It has excellent capacity for cold work and may be readily joined by soldering, brazing, arc and resistance welding. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fatigue. It also includes information on forming, heat treating, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-563. Producer or source: Copper and copper alloy mills.

WIELAND-FX9

Alloy Digest ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Cold Work ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
High Manganese ◽  
Bronze Alloy ◽  
Good Strength

Abstract Wieland-FX9 is a high-manganese bronze alloy that has good strength and is available in numerous cold work tempers related to its minimum tensile strength. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-801. Producer or source: Wieland Metals Inc..

ANSONIA C19140/C19160

Alloy Digest ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Precipitation Hardening ◽  
Cold Work ◽  
Heat Treating

Abstract Ansonia alloys C19140 and C19160 are precipitation-hardening alloys. Properties of these alloys are enhanced by additional cold work. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, tensile properties, and shear strength. It also includes information on forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: CU-754. Producer or source: Ansonia Copper & Brass Inc.

CYCLOPS 62

Alloy Digest ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Tool Steel ◽  
Cold Work ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
High Tempering

Abstract Cyclops 62 is an air-hardening tool steel with exceptional resistance to softening when tempering. It is recommended for cold work applications where high hardness after high tempering temperatures is a requirement. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: TS-181. Producer or source: Cyclops Corporation.

AISI TYPE L2

Alloy Digest ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Tool Steel ◽  
Cold Work ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Steel Mills ◽  
Aisi Type ◽  
Lower Carbon

Abstract AISI Type 1.2 is a chromium-vanadium tool steel of modest hardenability and variable carbon content (nominally 0.50-1.10% carbon). At its lower carbon levels, it is used for tools requiring toughness and resistance to shock and vibration. At its higher carbon levels, it is recommended for resistance to abrasion, fatigue and wear. It is used for both hot-work and cold-work applications. Among its many uses are automotive gears, forgings, gun barrels, shafts, wrenches, chisels, punches, lathe spindles, axes, shear blades, dies, files, reamers and drills. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: TS-416. Producer or source: Tool steel mills.

CARPENTER No. 882

Alloy Digest ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Tool Steel ◽  
Cold Work ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Hot Work Tool Steel ◽  
Red Hardness

Abstract CARPENTER No. 882 is a 5% chromium hot-work tool steel designed particularly for applications requiring extreme toughness combined with good red hardness. It also has found cold-work applications. It can be used at strength levels in excess of 260,000 psi (18,300 kg/cm2). This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on high temperature performance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: TS-339. Producer or source: Carpenter.

CARPENTER S7

Alloy Digest ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Tool Steel ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Cold Work ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Good Resistance

Abstract CARPENTER S7 is a general-purpose air-hardening tool steel characterized by high resistance to impact and shock. It has good resistance to softening at moderately high temperatures. This combination of properties makes it suitable for many hot-work and cold-work applications. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on heat treating, machining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: TS-329. Producer or source: Carpenter.

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