Emergency-Locking Retractor Performance in Rollover Accidents

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry M. Thomas ◽  
Micky C. Marine ◽  
Jeffrey L. Wirth ◽  
Brian W. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Seat Belt ◽  
Mass Motion ◽  
Neutral Position ◽  
Automobile Accidents ◽  
The Past ◽  
Locking Mechanism ◽  
Accident Scenarios ◽  
Occupant Kinematics ◽  
Belt System ◽  
Better Than

Generally accepted accident statistical analyses indicate that seat belted occupants involved in automobile accidents fare far better than those that are not belted. This is especially true for rollover accidents, with the primary reason being that seat belts help prevent ejection of the occupant from the vehicle. Ejected occupants are far more likely to incur serious or fatal injuries than those that remain inside the vehicle occupant compartment. Nonetheless, even belted occupants can be seriously or fatally injured in rollovers. The excursion of belted occupants during rollover accidents has been a topic of research over the past several years. Much work has been reported on the effects of belt anchor geometry. More recently published analyses have looked at the performance of the seat belt retractor in rollover accidents as well as other accident scenarios. One theory, put forth by various analysts, is that the seat belt webbing can “spool-out” from vehicle-sensitive emergency-locking retractors (ELR’s). According to this theory, the “spool-out” mechanism occurs because the retractor may cycle between a locked condition to an unlocked condition as the vehicle is overturning. Seat belt webbing can then be spooled-out from the retractor if the occupant engages the seat belt at a time that the retractor is in an unlocked condition. The added webbing introduced into the seat belt system mitigates the effectiveness of the seat belt during the subsequent roll motion. In this paper, we specifically address the performance of ELR’s in rollover accidents. A detailed analysis of the various phases of a multiple-roll rollover sequence, with an emphasis on vehicle dynamics and occupant kinematics as they relate to the physics of the sensing mass and operation of the retractor spool and locking mechanism(s), is presented. Additionally, the results of full-scale rollover testing are analyzed. The conditions to effect a retractor “spool-out” require that the sensing mass of the ELR must move to a neutral position, and the occupant must move in such a way to release tension in the seat belt thereby allowing webbing to retract back onto the spool. This retraction motion is necessary to release the ELR lockup components from a locked position. After conditions have been achieved, the sensing mass must then remain in a neutral position while occupant moves sufficiently, relative to the vehicle, to withdraw seat belt webbing from the The analysis presented in this paper and the results of testing indicate that the circumstances necessary for retractor spool-out to occur are not present in rollover accidents. A condition where sensing mass of the ELR will remain in a neutral position long enough and coincident with the occupant moving relative to the vehicle in such a manner to withdraw appreciable webbing from the does not occur. The external inputs to the vehicle that induce occupant motion also induce mass motion. The sensing mass need only move fractions of an inch to activate the retractor mechanisms. As a result, the retractor will be locked before webbing can be extracted from webbing spool.

Restraint System Markings and Occupant Kinematics in Crash Tests With Disabled Seat Belt Restraint Systems

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Welsh ◽  
Donald E. Struble ◽  
John D. Struble
Keyword(s):  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Crash Test ◽  
Crash Severity ◽  
Repeated Impact ◽  
Physical Evidence ◽  
Occupant Kinematics ◽  
Crash Tests ◽  
Belt System

This paper presents an observational study that sought to explore the question of what type of evidence, if any, would be visible on a belt system after a crash at a low severity, or after a crash in which some aspect of the belt system was disabled. Such evidence could be added to the practical knowledge available to the investigator tasked with making a determination of whether a belt system has been used, misused, or has malfunctioned in some way. The study entailed frontal impacts into a barrier angled 30 degrees counter-clockwise. However, to reflect the larger angularity often seen in field accidents, compared to standard laboratory angled-barrier tests, the vehicle was also rotated 30 degrees counter-clockwise, similar to the impactor orientation in the FMVSS 214D test procedure. As with the 214D test, such a configuration re-creates the structural engagement and angularity of the striking vehicle involved in a typical perpendicular intersection collision with both vehicles moving. This common impact mode produces simultaneous lateral and longitudinal loading of the front structure, and much more angular occupant motions as compared to typical laboratory crash tests. A series of three repeated impact crash tests was run, in which the same test vehicle was used for all three tests, rather than using three separate vehicles. Each test included a 50th male dummy in the left front seat and a 5th female dummy in the left rear seat, for a total of six occupant exposures. Each dummy was restrained with a new replacement belt system for each test. In the first test, at 13 mph, both dummies were restrained with a normally functioning seat belt system, with the objective of documenting any marks generated at this lower crash severity. In the second test, at 23 mph, both dummies were fitted with belt systems with defeated buckles. In the third test, at 29 mph, both dummies were fitted with belt systems with disabled retractors. The tests illustrate the effects of crash severity, air bag deployments and belt malfunctions. The resulting physical evidence was documented for each crash test. Occupant kinematics are discussed. When either the buckle or the retractor was disabled, both occupant kinematics and occupant/belt interactions were fundamentally different from what occur under normally restrained conditions. Of course, the specifics of the resulting physical evidence will depend on the nature of the crash, the vehicle (a used 2002 Chevrolet Cavalier in this instance), the occupants, and the belt systems. However, the basic mechanics of the belt/occupant interaction, and the resulting markings documented herein, will help investigators determine whether a hypothesis about belt use, misuse, or malfunction is supported by the physical evidence being examined.

Implementasi Algoritma Hamming Distance dan Brute Force dalam Mendeteksi Kemiripan Source Code Bahasa Pemrograman C

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Budiman ◽  
Dennis Gunawan ◽  
Seng Hansun
Keyword(s):  
College Presidents ◽  
Hamming Distance ◽  
Source Code ◽  
Structural Type ◽  
Brute Force ◽  
Important Thing ◽  
The Past ◽  
Index Terms ◽  
Better Than

Plagiarism is a behavior that causes violence of copyrights. Survey shows 55% of college presidents say that plagiarism in students’ papers has increased over the past 10 years. Therefore, an application for detecting plagiarism is needed, especially for teachers. This plagiarism checker application is made by using Visual C# 2010. The plagiarism checker uses hamming distance algorithm for matching line code of the source code. This algorithm works by matching the same length string of the code programs. Thus, it needs brute will be matched with hamming distance. Another important thing for detecting plagiarism is the preprocessing, which is used to help the algorithm for detecting plagiarized source code. This paper shows that the application works good in detecting plagiarism, the hamming distance algorithm and brute force algorithm works better than levenstein distance algorithm for detecting structural type of plagiarism and this thesis also shows that the preprocessing could help the application to increase its percentage and its accuracy. Index Terms—Brute Force, Hamming Distance, Plagiarisme, Preprocessing.

Ways of Being and Time

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris McDaniel
Keyword(s):  
Being And Time ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
Ontological Pluralism ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mode Of Being ◽  
Ways Of Being ◽  
Better Than

This chapter develops a version of ontological pluralism that respects two common intuitions about time: that the present moment is metaphysically distinguished but not in such a way that the past is unreal. The version of ontological pluralism developed—presentist existential pluralism (PEP)—embraces two modes of being, the mode of being that present objects enjoy and the mode of being that past objects enjoy. The author argues that this view fares at least as well, and probably better, than other views in which the present is metaphysically distinguished. The chapter also introduces another form of ontological superiority called “levels of being.”

Occupant pre-crash kinematics in rotated seat arrangements

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440702110045
Author(s):  
Alexander Diederich ◽  
Christophe Bastien ◽  
Karthikeyan Ekambaram ◽  
Alexis Wilson
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Model ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Emergency Braking ◽  
Seating Arrangement ◽  
Current State ◽  
Occupant Comfort ◽  
Occupant Kinematics ◽  
Belt System

The introduction of automated L5 driving technologies will revolutionise the design of vehicle interiors and seating configurations, improving occupant comfort and experience. It is foreseen that pre-crash emergency braking and swerving manoeuvres will affect occupant posture, which could lead to an interaction with a deploying airbag. This research addresses the urgent safety need of defining the occupant’s kinematics envelope during that pre-crash phase, considering rotated seat arrangements and different seatbelt configurations. The research used two different sets of volunteer tests experiencing L5 vehicle manoeuvres, based in the first instance on 22 50th percentile fit males wearing a lap-belt (OM4IS), while the other dataset is based on 87 volunteers with a BMI range of 19 to 67 kg/m2 wearing a 3-point belt (UMTRI). Unique biomechanics kinematics corridors were then defined, as a function of belt configuration and vehicle manoeuvre, to calibrate an Active Human Model (AHM) using a multi-objective optimisation coupled with a Correlation and Analysis (CORA) rating. The research improved the AHM omnidirectional kinematics response over current state of the art in a generic lap-belted environment. The AHM was then tested in a rotated seating arrangement under extreme braking, highlighting that maximum lateral and frontal motions are comparable, independent of the belt system, while the asymmetry of the 3-point belt increased the occupant’s motion towards the seatbelt buckle. It was observed that the frontal occupant kinematics decrease by 200 mm compared to a lap-belted configuration. This improved omnidirectional AHM is the first step towards designing safer future L5 vehicle interiors.

Taking Peritoneal Dialysis beyond the Year 2000

1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram Gokal
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Peritoneal Membrane ◽  
Membrane Function ◽  
Fluid Removal ◽  
The Past ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
Economic Considerations ◽  
Appropriate Prescription ◽  
Better Than

Over the past 25 years, peritoneal dialysis (PD) has steadily improved so that now its outcomes, in the form of patient survival, are equivalent to, and at times better than, those for hemodialysis. We now have a better understanding of the pathophysiology of peritoneal membrane function and damage and the importance of appropriate prescription to meet agreed-upon targets of solute and fluid removal. In the next millennium, greater emphasis will be put on prescription setting and subsequent monitoring. This will entail an increase in automated PD, especially for lifestyle reasons as well as for patients with a hyperpermeable peritoneal membrane. To improve outcomes, dialysis should be started earlier than is currently the case. It is easy to do this with PD, where an incremental approach is made easier by the introduction of icodextrin for long-dwell PD. In the future, solutions will be tailored to be more biocompatible and to provide improved nutrition and better cardiovascular outcomes. Finally, economic considerations favor PD, which is cheaper than in-centre hemodialysis. Thus, for many, PD has become a first-choice therapy, and with further improvements this trend will continue.

Frozen Negotiations: The Peace Process in Chiapas

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raúúl Beníítez Manaut ◽  
Andrew Selee ◽  
Cynthia J. Arnson
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Democratic Transition ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Peace Process ◽  
Democratic Society ◽  
The Political ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Government ◽  
Better Than

Mexico's democratic transition has helped reduce, if not eliminate, the threat of renewed armed conflict in Chiapas. However, absent more active measures from the government and the Ejéército Zapatista de Liberacióón Nacional (EZLN) to seek a permanent peace agreement and come to terms with the legacies of the past, the conflict will linger on in an unstable déétente, which we term ““armed peace.”” While this situation is far better than the open hostilities of the past, it also belies the promise of a fully democratic society in which all citizens are equally included in the political process. La transicióón democráática en Mééxico ha contribuido a reducir, si no eliminar, la posibilidad de que el conflicto armado en Chiapas se reanude. Sin embargo, sin esfuerzos mas activos por parte del gobierno y del Ejéército Zapatista de Liberacióón Nacional (EZLN) para buscar un acuerdo de paz permanente y saldar cuentas con el pasado, el conflicto permaneceráá en un estado inestable que llamamos ““paz armada””. Aunque esta situacióón es mucho mejor que las tensiones y agresiones del pasado, no cumple los requisitos de una sociedad plenamente democráática en que todos los ciudadanos participan en condiciones de igualdad en el proceso políítico.

scholarly journals Validation of SCIAMACHY limb NO<sub>2</sub> profiles using solar occultation measurements

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 4753-4800
Author(s):  
R. Bauer ◽  
A. Rozanov ◽  
C. A. McLinden ◽  
L. L. Gordley ◽  
W. Lotz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Past ◽  
Middle Latitudes ◽  
Solar Occultation ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Vertical Distributions ◽  
Global Coverage ◽  
Scanning Imaging ◽  
Diurnal Effect ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Balloon Measurements

Abstract. The increasing amounts of reactive nitrogen in the stratosphere necessitates accurate global measurements of stratospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Over the past decade, the SCIAMACHY (SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY) instrument on ENVISAT (European Environmental Satellite) has been providing global coverage of stratospheric NO2 every 6 days, which is otherwise difficult to achieve with other systems (e.g. balloon measurements, solar occultation). In this study, the vertical distributions of NO2 retrieved from limb measurements of the scattered solar light from the SCIAMACHY instrument are validated using NO2 products from three different satellite instruments (SAGE II, HALOE and ACE-FTS). The retrieval approach, as well as the sensitivity of the SCIAMACHY NO2 limb data product are discussed, and the photochemical corrections needed to make this validation feasible, as well as the chosen collocation criteria are described. For each instrument, a time period of two years is analyzed with several hundreds of collocation pairs for each year and instrument. The agreement between SCIAMACHY and each instrument is found to be better than 10 % between 22–24 km and 40 km. Additionally, NO2 amounts in three different latitude regions are validated individually, with considerably better agreements in high and middle latitudes compared to tropics. Differences with SAGE II and ACE-FTS below 20 km are consistent with those expected from the diurnal effect.

A Different View of Surfactant Development

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-173
Author(s):  
JOHN KATTWINKEL
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
The Past ◽  
Joint Product ◽  
International Joint ◽  
Neonatal Respiratory Distress ◽  
Better Than

To the Editor.— Dr Lucey has praised the neonatology profession for finally "getting it right" in its recent development of surfactant therapy for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.1 Although, in some respects, I agree that we have done it better than in the past, I believe there needs to be an opposing view presented to his uniformly rosy assessment. Yes, we do have a "therapy which we know works and is safe," and which was an international joint product of research groups, industry, and the Food and Drug Administration.

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