The Effect of Parametric Variations on Formaldehyde Emissions From a Large Bore Natural Gas Engine

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel B. Olsen ◽  
Bryan D. Willson
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Gas Engine ◽  
Natural Gas Engine ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutant

Formaldehyde is a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) that is typically emitted from natural gas-fired internal combustion engines as a product of incomplete combustion. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is currently developing national emission standards to regulate HAP emissions, including formaldehyde, from stationary reciprocating internal combustion engines under Title III of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. This work investigates the effect that variations of engine operating parameters have on formaldehyde emissions from a large bore natural gas engine. The subject engine is a Cooper-Bessemer GMV-4TF two-stroke cycle engine with a 14″ (36 cm) bore and a 14″ (36 cm) stroke. Engine parameter variations investigated include load, boost, ignition timing, inlet air humidity ratio, air manifold temperature, jacket water temperature, prechamber fuel supply pressure, exhaust backpressure, and speed. The data analysis and interpretation is performed with reference to possible formaldehyde formation mechanisms and in-cylinder phenomena.

Availability analysis of hydrogen/natural gas blends combustion in internal combustion engines

Energy ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.D. Rakopoulos ◽  
M.A. Scott ◽  
D.C. Kyritsis ◽  
E.G. Giakoumis
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Availability Analysis

Towards the Development of a Fuel Cell System for Residential Applications: Propane Reforming via Catalytic Partial Oxidation

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Waller ◽  
Mark R. Walluk ◽  
Thomas A. Trabold
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Partial Oxidation ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
System Integration ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Catalytic Partial Oxidation ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Fuel Cell System

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has estimated that 5% of air pollutants originate from small internal combustion engines (ICE) used in non-automotive applications. While there have been significant advances towards developing more sustainable systems to replace large ICEs, few designs have been implemented with the capability to replace small ICEs such as those used in the residential sector for lawn and garden equipment. Replacing these small residential internal combustion engines presents a unique opportunity for early market penetration of fuel cell technologies. This paper describes the initial efforts to build an innovative residential-scale fuel cell system using propane as its fuel source, and the deployment of this technology in a commonly used device found throughout the U.S. There are three main components to this program, including the development of the propane reforming system, fuel cell operation, and the overall system integration. This paper presents the reforming results of propane catalytic partial oxidation (cPOx). The primary parameters used to evaluate the reformer in this experiment were reformate composition, carbon concentration in the effluent, and reforming efficiency as a function of catalyst temperature and O2/C ratio. When including the lower heating value (LHV) for product hydrogen and carbon monoxide, maximum efficiencies of 84% were achieved at an O2/C ratio of 0.53 and a temperature of 940°C. Significant solid carbon formation was observed at catalyst temperatures below 750°C.

scholarly journals Thermodynamic modeling of combustion process of the internal combustion engines – an overview

2019 ◽  
Vol 178 (3) ◽  
pp. 27-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denys STEPANENKO ◽  
Zbigniew KNEBA
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Engine Simulation ◽  
Toxic Emissions ◽  
The Moment

The mathematical description of combustion process in the internal combustion engines is a very difficult task, due to the variety of phenomena that occurring in the engine from the moment when the fuel-air mixture ignites up to the moment when intake and exhaust valves beginning open. Modeling of the combustion process plays an important role in the engine simulation, which allows to predict in-cylinder pressure during the combustion, engine performance and environmental impact with high accuracy. The toxic emissions, which appears as a result of fuels combustion, are one of the main environmental problem and as a result the air pollutant regulations are increasingly stringent, what makes the investigation of the combustion process to be a relevant task.

Modeling of Formaldehyde Formation From Crevices in a Large Bore Natural Gas Engine

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel B. Olsen ◽  
Ryan K. Palmer ◽  
Charles E. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Kinetic Modeling ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chemical Kinetic ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Gas Engine ◽  
Natural Gas Engines ◽  
Natural Gas Engine

Formaldehyde emissions from stationary natural gas engines are regulated in the United States, as mandated by the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. This work aims to advance the understanding of formaldehyde formation in large bore (>36 cm) natural gas engines. Formaldehyde formation in a large bore natural gas engine is modeled utilizing computational fluid dynamics and chemical kinetics. The top land crevice volume is believed to play an important role in the formation mechanisms of engine-out formaldehyde. This work focuses specifically on the top land crevice volume in the Cooper-Bessemer LSVB large bore 4-stroke cycle natural gas engine. Chemical kinetic modeling predicts that the top land crevice volume is responsible for the formation of 22 ppm of engine-out formaldehyde. Based on a raw exhaust concentration of 80 ppm, this constitutes about 27% of engine-out formaldehyde. Simplifying assumptions made for the chemical kinetic modeling are validated using computational fluid dynamics. Computational fluid dynamic analysis provided confirmation of crevice volume mass discharge timing. It also provided detailed pressure, temperature and velocity profiles within the top land crevice volume at various crank angle degrees.

scholarly journals 1D Simulation and Experimental Analysis on the Effects of the Injection Parameters in Methane–Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustion

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3734
Author(s):  
Javier Monsalve-Serrano ◽  
Giacomo Belgiorno ◽  
Gabriele Di Blasio ◽  
María Guzmán-Mendoza
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Dual Fuel Combustion

Notwithstanding the policies that move towards electrified powertrains, the transportation sector mainly employs internal combustion engines as the primary propulsion system. In this regard, for medium- to heavy-duty applications, as well as for on- and off-road applications, diesel engines are preferred because of the better efficiency, lower CO2, and greater robustness compared to spark-ignition engines. Due to its use at a large scale, the internal combustion engines as a source of energy depletion and pollutant emissions must further improved. In this sense, the adoption of alternative combustion concepts using cleaner fuels than diesel (e.g., natural gas, ethanol and methanol) presents a viable solution for improving the efficiency and emissions of the future powertrains. Particularly, the methane–diesel dual-fuel concept represents a possible solution for compression ignition engines because the use of the low-carbon methane fuel, a main constituent of natural gas, as primary fuel significantly reduces the CO2 emissions compared to conventional liquid fuels. Nonetheless, other issues concerning higher total hydrocarbon (THC) and CO emissions, mainly at low load conditions, are found. To minimize this issue, this research paper evaluates, through a new and alternative approach, the effects of different engine control parameters, such as rail pressure, pilot quantity, start of injection and premixed ratio in terms of efficiency and emissions, and compared to the conventional diesel combustion mode. Indeed, for a deeper understanding of the results, a 1-Dimensional spray model is used to model the air-fuel mixing phenomenon in response to the variations of the calibration parameters that condition the subsequent dual-fuel combustion evolution. Specific variation settings, in terms of premixed ratio, injection pressure, pilot quantity and combustion phasing are proposed for further efficiency improvements.

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