HIL Operation of Single Cylinder Research Engines to Optimize the Transient Behavior of Large Gas Engines

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Zelenka ◽  
Philipp Mayr ◽  
Gerhard Pirker ◽  
Andreas Wimmer
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Prototyping ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Transient Behavior ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Single Cylinder ◽  
The Real ◽  
Stage Of Development

To enable sustainable power generation through increasing shares of renewable energy, it is necessary to find flexible solutions that use conventional fossil fuels to compensate for volatile energy production from the wind and sun in order to stabilize the electrical grid. Modern large bore engines fueled by gas are already able to ramp up or shut down production quickly and also provide high efficiency throughout all load conditions. Nevertheless, transient capabilities of these engines must be improved even more in order to compete with diesel engines in applications with the highest transient requirements. To meet these demands, sophisticated actuators and control strategies are required. Testing of these components and strategies should already be conducted in an early development phase using rapid prototyping simulation and measurements on single cylinder engines instead of expensive multicylinder engine tests. The first section of this paper shows how engine controller functions for transient operation based on rapid prototyping models and real-time capable models can be derived and tested. This enables the capabilities of different control strategies to be quantified in order to improve transient performance in an early stage of development. The second section of the paper presents a methodology for transferring the transient behavior of a large multicylinder engine to a single cylinder test bed using a hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) approach with real time capable simulation models. A description of the demands on hardware and software is provided followed by a description of the overall system, after which the application of the real-time capable models on the real-time controllers of the test bed system is introduced. Finally, the models with measurement data from the single cylinder engine are compared with the multicylinder engine with a special focus on block loads and ramping the engine at constant speed.

scholarly journals Power Hardware-in-the-Loop: Response of Power Components in Real-Time Grid Simulation Environment

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 593
Author(s):  
Moiz Muhammad ◽  
Holger Behrends ◽  
Stefan Geißendörfer ◽  
Karsten von Maydell ◽  
Carsten Agert
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Power Grid ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Hardware In The Loop ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Compensation Strategy ◽  
Software Environment ◽  
The Real

With increasing changes in the contemporary energy system, it becomes essential to test the autonomous control strategies for distributed energy resources in a controlled environment to investigate power grid stability. Power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) concept is an efficient approach for such evaluations in which a virtually simulated power grid is interfaced to a real hardware device. This strongly coupled software-hardware system introduces obstacles that need attention for smooth operation of the laboratory setup to validate robust control algorithms for decentralized grids. This paper presents a novel methodology and its implementation to develop a test-bench for a real-time PHIL simulation of a typical power distribution grid to study the dynamic behavior of the real power components in connection with the simulated grid. The application of hybrid simulation in a single software environment is realized to model the power grid which obviates the need to simulate the complete grid with a lower discretized sample-time. As an outcome, an environment is established interconnecting the virtual model to the real-world devices. The inaccuracies linked to the power components are examined at length and consequently a suitable compensation strategy is devised to improve the performance of the hardware under test (HUT). Finally, the compensation strategy is also validated through a simulation scenario.

scholarly journals Implementation and intelligent gain tuning feedback–based optimal torque control of a rotary parallel robot

2021 ◽  
pp. 107754632110191
Author(s):  
Farzam Tajdari ◽  
Naeim Ebrahimi Toulkani
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Tracking Error ◽  
Parallel Robot ◽  
Torque Control ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Linear Quadratic ◽  
Control Effort ◽  
The Real ◽  
Unknown Disturbances ◽  
Quadratic Integral

Aiming at operating optimally minimizing error of tracking and designing control effort, this study presents a novel generalizable methodology of an optimal torque control for a 6-degree-of-freedom Stewart platform with rotary actuators. In the proposed approach, a linear quadratic integral regulator with the least sensitivity to controller parameter choices is designed, associated with an online artificial neural network gain tuning. The nonlinear system is implemented in ADAMS, and the controller is formulated in MATLAB to minimize the real-time tracking error robustly. To validate the controller performance, MATLAB and ADAMS are linked together and the performance of the controller on the simulated system is validated as real time. Practically, the Stewart robot is fabricated and the proposed controller is implemented. The method is assessed by simulation experiments, exhibiting the viability of the developed methodology and highlighting an improvement of 45% averagely, from the optimum and zero-error convergence points of view. Consequently, the experiment results allow demonstrating the robustness of the controller method, in the presence of the motor torque saturation, the uncertainties, and unknown disturbances such as intrinsic properties of the real test bed.

scholarly journals Ambient measurements of biological aerosol particles near Killarney, Ireland: a comparison between real-time fluorescence and microscopy techniques

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 8055-8069 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Healy ◽  
J. A. Huffman ◽  
D. J. O'Connor ◽  
C. Pöhlker ◽  
U. Pöschl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Cascade Impactor ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
The Real ◽  
Biological Aerosol Particles

Abstract. Primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs) can contribute significantly to the coarse particle burden in many environments. PBAPs can thus influence climate and precipitation systems as cloud nuclei and can spread disease to humans, animals, and plants. Measurement data and techniques for PBAPs in natural environments at high time- and size resolution are, however, sparse, and so large uncertainties remain in the role that biological particles play in the Earth system. In this study two commercial real-time fluorescence particle sensors and a Sporewatch single-stage particle impactor were operated continuously from 2 August to 2 September 2010 at a rural sampling location in Killarney National Park in southwestern Ireland. A cascade impactor was operated periodically to collect size-resolved particles during exemplary periods. Here we report the first ambient comparison of a waveband integrated bioaerosol sensor (WIBS-4) with a ultraviolet aerodynamic particle sizer (UV-APS) and also compare these real-time fluorescence techniques with results of fluorescence and optical microscopy of impacted samples. Both real-time instruments showed qualitatively similar behavior, with increased fluorescent bioparticle concentrations at night, when relative humidity was highest and temperature was lowest. The fluorescent particle number from the FL3 channel of the WIBS-4 and from the UV-APS were strongly correlated and dominated by a 3 μm mode in the particle size distribution. The WIBS FL2 channel exhibited particle modes at approx. 1 and 3 μm, and each was correlated with the concentration of fungal spores commonly observed in air samples collected at the site (ascospores, basidiospores, Ganoderma spp.). The WIBS FL1 channel exhibited variable multimodal distributions turning into a broad featureless single mode after averaging, and exhibited poor correlation with fungal spore concentrations, which may be due to the detection of bacterial and non-biological fluorescent particles. Cladosporium spp., which are among the most abundant fungal spores in many terrestrial environments, were not correlated with any of the real-time fluorescence channels, suggesting that the real-time fluorescence instruments are relatively insensitive to PBAP classes with dark, highly absorptive cell walls. Fluorescence microscopy images of cascade impactor plates showed large numbers of coarse-mode particles consistent with the morphology and weak fluorescence expected of sea salt. Some of these particles were attached to biological cells, suggesting that a marine source influenced the PBAPs observed at the site and that the ocean may be an important contributor to PBAP loadings in coastal environments.

scholarly journals Development of a test-bed to implement and validate real-time control strategies for aerial vehicles*

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 7660-7665
Author(s):  
A. Berna ◽  
P. Castillo ◽  
G. Sanahuja ◽  
F. González ◽  
P. García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
Time Control ◽  
Aerial Vehicles

scholarly journals Hardware-in-the-Loop Operations With an Emulator Rig for SOFC Hybrid Systems

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario L. Ferrari ◽  
Alessandro Sorce ◽  
Aristide F. Massardo
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Hybrid Systems ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Outlet Temperature ◽  
Hardware In The Loop ◽  
Set Point ◽  
The Real ◽  
System Components

This paper shows the Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) technique developed for the complete emulation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) based hybrid systems. This approach is based on the coupling of an emulator test rig with a real-time software for components which are not included in the plant. The experimental facility is composed of a T100 microturbine (100 kW electrical power size) modified for the connection to an SOFC emulator device. This component is composed of both anodic and cathodic vessels including also the anodic recirculation system which is carried out with a single stage ejector, driven by an air flow in the primary duct. However, no real stack material was installed in the plant. For this reason, a real-time dynamic software was developed in the Matlab-Simulink environment including all the SOFC system components (the fuel cell stack with the calculation of the electrochemical aspects considering also the real losses, the reformer, and a cathodic recirculation based on a blower, etc.). This tool was coupled with the real system utilizing a User Datagram Protocol (UDP) data exchange approach (the model receives flow data from the plant at the inlet duct of the cathodic vessel, while it is able to operate on the turbine changing its set-point of electrical load or turbine outlet temperature). So, the software is operated to control plant properties to generate the effect of a real SOFC in the rig. In stand-alone mode the turbine load is changed with the objective of matching the measured Turbine Outlet Temperature (TOT) value with the calculated one by the model. In grid-connected mode the software/hardware matching is obtained through a direct manipulation of the TOT set-point. This approach was essential to analyze the matching issues between the SOFC and the micro gas turbine devoting several tests on critical operations, such as start-up, shutdown and load changes. Special attention was focused on tests carried out to solve the control system issues for the entire real hybrid plant emulated with this HIL approach. Hence, the innovative control strategies were developed and successfully tested considering both the Proportional Integral Derivative and advanced approaches. Thanks to the experimental tests carried out with this HIL system, a comparison between different control strategies was performed including a statistic analysis on the results The positive performance obtainable with a Model Predictive Control based technique was shown and discussed. So, the HIL system presented in this paper was essential to perform the experimental tests successfully (for real hybrid system development) without the risks of destroying the stack in case of failures. Mainly surge (especially during transient operations, such as load changes) and other critical conditions (e.g. carbon deposition, high pressure difference between the fuel cell sides, high thermal gradients in the stack, excessive thermal stress in the SOFC system components, etc.) have to be carefully avoided in complete plants.

scholarly journals Relevance of hydraulic modelling in planning and operating real-time pressure control: case of Oppegård municipality

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Berardi ◽  
Antonietta Simone ◽  
Daniele B. Laucelli ◽  
Rita M. Ugarelli ◽  
Orazio Giustolisi
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Support Pressure ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
The Real ◽  
Time Operation

Abstract Technical best practices recommend pressure control as an effective countermeasure to reduce leakages in water distribution networks (WDNs). Information and communication technologies allow driving pressure reducing valves (PRVs) in real-time based on pressure observed at remote control nodes (remote real-time control – RRTC), going beyond the limitations of classic PRV control (i.e. with target pressure node just downstream of the device). Nowadays, advanced hydraulic models are able to simulate both RRTC-PRVs and classic PRVs accounting for unreported and background leakages as diffused pressure-dependent outflows along pipes. This paper studies how such models are relevant to support pressure control strategies at both planning and operation stages on the real WDN of Oppegård (Norway). The advanced hydraulic model permits demonstration that RRTC-PRVs in place of existing classic PRVs might reduce unreported and background leakages by up to 40%. The same analysis unveils that advanced models provide reliable evaluation of leakage reduction efforts, overcoming the inconsistencies of lumped indexes like the Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI). Thereafter, the model allows comparison of three strategies for the real-time electric regulation of PRVs in some of the planned scenarios, thus supporting real-time operation of RRTC-PRVs.

Real-time control strategies for predenitrification - nitrification activated sludge plants biodegradation control

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Suescun ◽  
X. Ostolaza ◽  
M. Garcia-Sanz ◽  
E. Ayesa
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
Dynamic Simulations ◽  
Set Point ◽  
The Real ◽  
Time Dynamic ◽  
Time Control

This paper presents the real-time control strategies developed to regulate both the ammonia and nitrate concentration in the effluent of the new Vitoria WWTP (Spain). Nitrate control aims at the optimal use of the denitrification potential at any moment. For this purpose, the proposed control algorithm continuously adapts the internal recycle flow in order to maintain a desired nitrate set-point in the anoxic zone. Ammonia control aims at maintaining the required average concentration of ammonia in the effluent by manipulating the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) set-point. The control strategies have been based on a hierarchical structure where a high-level or supervisory control selects the set-point of the low-level or conventional controllers. The design of the controllers was carried out using the Quantitative Feedback Theory QFT for the design of robust control systems. Moving average values of some variables have been introduced in order to eliminate the perturbations associated with the daily 24-hour profiles. The controllers have been verified using long-time dynamic simulations based on a mathematical model previously calibrated in pilot plant. Influent load and temperature used in the simulations correspond to the real values measured in the full-scale WWTP during 12 months. The results obtained in the simulations show the good performance and stability of the control strategies independently from external disturbances. A short-time experimental verification of the controllers in pilot plant with real wastewater is also presented.

Research of Surrounding Rock Classification Correction Method

2015 ◽  
Vol 777 ◽  
pp. 74-84
Author(s):  
Hong Liang Deng ◽  
Si Miao Wang ◽  
Ge Chen ◽  
Yang Guo
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Correction Method ◽  
Surrounding Rock ◽  
Design Phase ◽  
Rock Classification ◽  
The Real ◽  
Tunnel Convergence

At present, both at home and abroad of tunnel surrounding rock classification methods and standards are all aimed at tunnel survey and design phase. It is the cause of that surrounding rock classification are very different between design phase and tunnel construction because of the limits of investigation techniques and geological data. It is the key to the real-time construction design problem that Sentenced to a stable state of surrounding rock based on the monitoring data. This paper determines the influence factors of tunnel convergence value clearance and obtained the tunnel convergence value clearance of principal component factor and power based on the statistical analysis of a lot of tunnel monitoring measurement data. It is put forward correction formula of dynamic classification of surrounding rock according to the theory of probability and statistics. The results show that based on the real-time monitoring of tunnel surrounding rock classification method is quite coincident with the actual situation of tunnel excavation in engineering applications.

Active traffic management on road networks: a macroscopic approach

2010 ◽  
Vol 368 (1928) ◽  
pp. 4607-4626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex A. Kurzhanskiy ◽  
Pravin Varaiya
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Road Networks ◽  
Operations Planning ◽  
Traffic Measurement ◽  
Traffic State ◽  
Real Time Traffic

Active traffic management (ATM) is the ability to dynamically manage recurrent and non-recurrent congestion based on prevailing traffic conditions in order to maximize the effectiveness and efficiency of road networks. It is a continuous process of (i) obtaining and analysing traffic measurement data, (ii) operations planning, i.e. simulating various scenarios and control strategies, (iii) implementing the most promising control strategies in the field, and (iv) maintaining a real-time decision support system that filters current traffic measurements to predict the traffic state in the near future, and to suggest the best available control strategy for the predicted situation. ATM relies on a fast and trusted traffic simulator for the rapid quantitative assessment of a large number of control strategies for the road network under various scenarios, in a matter of minutes. The open-source macrosimulation tool A urora R OAD N ETWORK M ODELER is a good candidate for this purpose. The paper describes the underlying dynamical traffic model and what it takes to prepare the model for simulation; covers the traffic performance measures and evaluation of scenarios as part of operations planning; introduces the framework within which the control strategies are modelled and evaluated; and presents the algorithm for real-time traffic state estimation and short-term prediction.

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