Development and Commercialization of Large Stationary Engines Utilizing Low BTU Fuel Containing H2/CO

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Toombs ◽  
T. Stowell ◽  
N. Austin ◽  
P. Danyluk
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Early Experience ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Cabot Corporation ◽  
Development Cycle

In 1996 Cabot Corporation begun development of engines capable of burning the off-gas from a pyrolysis process used to make carbon black. The fuel gas comes off the process at near atmospheric pressure, high temperature, and saturated with water. After de-watering the gas composition was approximately 16–20% Hydrogen, 16–20% Carbon Monoxide, 1–3% Sulfur compounds and the rest Nitrogen and water. Dewatered heating value of the fuel was around 3350–3720 kJ/nm3. Many engine configurations including both spark and oil ignited were evaluated to utilize this low energy fuel. The paper describes the development cycle and the early experience at commercialization at three sites.

Gas Turbine Gas Fuel Composition Performance Correction Using Wobbe Index

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Li ◽  
Mike J. Gross ◽  
Thomas P. Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Test Accuracy ◽  
Fuel Composition ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Performance Effects ◽  
Wobbe Index

Gas turbine thermal performance is dependent on many external conditions, including fuel gas composition. Variations in composition cause changes in output and heat consumption during operation. Measured performance must be corrected to specified reference conditions prior to comparison against performance specifications. The fuel composition is one such condition for which performance corrections are required. The methodology of fuel composition corrections can take various forms. One current method of correction commonly used is to characterize fuel composition effects as a function of heating value and hydrogen-to-carbon ratio. This method has been used in the past within a limited range of fuel composition variation around the expected composition, yielding relatively small correction factors on the order of +/− 0.1%. Industry trends suggest that gas turbines will continue to be exposed to broader ranges of gas constituents, and the corresponding performance effects will be much larger. For example, liquefied natural gas, synthesized low BTU fuel, and bio fuels are becoming more common, with associated performance effects of +/− 0.5% or greater. As a result of these trends, performance test results will bear a greater dependency on fuel composition corrections. Hence, a more comprehensive correction methodology is required to encompass a broader range of fuel constituents encountered. Combustion system behavior, specifically emissions and flame stability, is also influenced by variations in fuel gas composition. The power generation industry uses Wobbe Index as an indicator of fuel composition. Wobbe Index relates the heating value of the fuel to its density. High variations in Wobbe Index can cause operability issues including combustion dynamics and increased emissions. A new method for performance corrections using Wobbe Index as the correlating fuel parameter has been considered. Analytical studies have been completed with the aid of thermodynamic models to identify the extent to which the Wobbe Index can be used to correlate the response of the gas turbine performance parameters to fuel gas composition. Results of the study presented in this paper suggest that improved performance test accuracy can be achieved by using Wobbe Index as a performance correction parameter, instead of the aforementioned conventional fuel characteristics. Furthermore, a relationship between this method’s accuracy and CO2 content of fuel is established such that an additional correction yields results with even better accuracy. This proposed method remains compliant with intent of internationally accepted test codes such as ASME PTC-22, ASME PTC-46, and ISO 2314.

A Coal-Fueled Combustion Turbine Cogeneration System With Topping Combustion

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Bee´r ◽  
R. V. Garland
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Steam Turbines ◽  
Gas Turbine Combustor ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Cogeneration System

Cogeneration systems fired with coal or other solid fuels and containing conventional extracting-condensing or back pressure steam turbines can be found throughout the world. A potentially more economical plant of higher output per unit thermal energy is presented that employs a pressurized fluidized bed (PFB) and coal carbonizer. The carbonizer produces a char that is fed to the PFB and a low heating value fuel gas that is utilized in a topping combustion system. The topping combustor provides the means for achieving state-of-the-art turbine inlet temperatures and is the main contributor to enhancing the plant performance. An alternative to this fully coal-fired system is the partially coal, partially natural gas-fired air heater topping combustion cycle. In this cycle compressed air is preheated in an atmospheric pressure coal-fired boiler and its temperature raised further by burning natural gas in a topping gas turbine combustor. The coal fired boiler also generates steam for use in a cogeneration combined cycle. The conceptual design of the combustion turbine is presented with special emphasis on the low-emissions multiannular swirl burner topping combustion system and its special requirements and features.

scholarly journals Simulation of a Downdraft Gasifier for Production of Syngas from Different Biomass Feedstocks

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Mateus Paiva ◽  
Admilson Vieira ◽  
Helder T. Gomes ◽  
Paulo Brito
Keyword(s):  
Modeling And Simulation ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Downdraft Gasifier ◽  
Process Operation ◽  
Independent Parameters ◽  
Gasification Temperature ◽  
Main Operating

In the evaluation of gasification processes, estimating the composition of the fuel gas for different conditions is fundamental to identify the best operating conditions. In this way, modeling and simulation of gasification provide an analysis of the process performance, allowing for resource and time savings in pilot-scale process operation, as it predicts the behavior and analyzes the effects of different variables on the process. Thus, the focus of this work was the modeling and simulation of biomass gasification processes using the UniSim Design chemical process software, in order to satisfactorily reproduce the operation behavior of a downdraft gasifier. The study was performed for two residual biomasses (forest and agricultural) in order to predict the produced syngas composition. The reactors simulated gasification by minimizing the free energy of Gibbs. The main operating parameters considered were the equivalence ratio (ER), steam to biomass ratio (SBR), and gasification temperature (independent variables). In the simulations, a sensitivity analysis was carried out, where the effects of these parameters on the composition of syngas, flow of syngas, and heating value (dependent variables) were studied, in order to maximize these three variables in the process with the choice of the best parameters of operation. The model is able to predict the performance of the gasifier and it is qualified to analyze the behavior of the independent parameters in the gasification results. With a temperature between 850 and 950 °C, SBR up to 0.2, and ER between 0.3 and 0.5, the best operating conditions are obtained for maximizing the composition of the syngas in CO and H2.

Microwave Torch Plasmas for Decomposition of Gaseous Pollutants

2004 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariusz Jasiński ◽  
Jerzy Mizeraczyk ◽  
Zenon Zakrzewski
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Coaxial Line ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Gaseous Pollutants ◽  
Gas Flow Rate ◽  
Torch Discharge ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Moderate Power

AbstractResults of the study of decomposition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs including Freons) in their mixtures with either synthetic air or nitrogen, and nitrogen oxides NOx in their mixtures with N2 or Ar in low (~ 100 W) and moderate-power (200-400 W) microwave torch plasmas at atmospheric pressure are presented. Three types of microwave torch discharge (MTD) generators, i.e. the low-power coaxial-line-based MID, the moderate-power waveguide-based coaxial-line MTD and the moderate-power waveguide-based MTD generators were used. The gas flow rate and microwave power (2.45 GHz) delivered to the discharge were in the range of 1÷3 l/min and 100÷ 400 W, respectively. Concentrations of the processed gaseous pollutants usually were from several up to several tens percent. The energy efficiency of decomposition of several gaseous pollutants reached 1000 g/kWh. It was found that the microwave torch plasmas fully decomposed the pollutants at relatively low energy cost. This suggests that the MTD plasma can be a useful tool for decomposition of highly-concentrated gaseous pollutants.

scholarly journals Methanol Dissociative Intercooling in Gas Turbines

1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Bardon ◽  
J. A. C. Fortin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Unit Mass ◽  
Cycle Model ◽  
Optimum Pressure ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Compressor Work

This paper examines the possibility of injecting methanol into the compressor of a gas turbine, then dissociating it to carbon monoxide and hydrogen so as to cool the air and reduce the work of compression, while simultaneously increasing the fuel’s heating value. A theoretical analysis shows that there is a net reduction in compressor work resulting from this dissociative intercooling effect. Furthermore, by means of a computer cycle model, the effects of dissociation on efficiency and work per unit mass of airflow are predicted for both regenerated and unregenerated gas turbines. The effect on optimum pressure ratio is examined and practical difficulties likely to be encountered with such a system are discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of Fuel Gas Composition in Chemical-Looping Combustion with Ni-Based Oxygen Carriers. 1. Fate of Sulfur

2009 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 2499-2508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco García-Labiano ◽  
Luis F. de Diego ◽  
Pilar Gayán ◽  
Juan Adánez ◽  
Alberto Abad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Looping Combustion ◽  
Chemical Looping ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Oxygen Carriers ◽  
Fuel Gas

Plasma Resource Recovery Technology: Converting Waste to Energy and Valuable Products

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Carabin ◽  
Gillian Holcroft
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Resource Recovery ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cruise Ship ◽  
Plasma Flame ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Technology

Plasma Resource Recovery (PRR) is a revolutionary technology that can treat virtually any type of waste by combining gasification with vitrification. Vitrification produces inert slag that can be used as a construction material. Gasification produces a fuel gas containing carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2), used for cogeneration of electricity and steam. The plasma fired eductor which is the core technology of the PRR system is presently being used commercially on a cruise ship at a scale of 5 TPD. The capabilities of the PRR technology have been demonstrated in a pilot plant, at a rate of up to 2 TPD of various types of waste. Because of the high intensity of the plasma flame and the reduced amounts of gases produced in a gasification system, compared to traditional combustion systems, the PRR system is typically very compact. As such, the PRR technology opens the door for a decentralized, small scale approach to waste management.

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