Atrium Smoke Exhaust and Technical Issues on Hot Smoke Tests

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. K. Chow
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Exhaust System ◽  
Shopping Mall ◽  
Practical Case ◽  
Design Fire ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Technical Issues ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Typical Scenario ◽  
Exhaust Systems

Atriums are commonly designed in big building complexes while developing big cities in the Far East. It is not clear what the fire safety provisions are; nor whether those installed systems would work as expected. Dynamic smoke exhaust systems used to be installed. Other fire protection systems such as drencher system and sprinkler systems might be required. If the design of the dynamic smoke exhaust systems does not comply with the prescriptive code, hot smoke tests are required to be carried out in site for evaluating their performance. The smoke layer interface height induced by an agreed design fire is commonly checked. Technical issues on the procedure of hot smoke tests will be discussed in this paper. Problems encountered in designing smoke exhaust systems in the Far East will be outlined. A practical case is taken as an example. Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in evaluating the performance of atrium smoke exhaust systems will also be discussed. CFD is now a common engineering tool for designing smoke management systems by investigating the potential fire and smoke hazard. A typical scenario of having a fire in an adjacent shopping mall is considered. Performance of the dynamic smoke exhaust system in the atrium will be simulated.

scholarly journals AN ANALYTICAL MODEL ON STATIC SMOKE EXHAUST IN ATRIA

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheuk Lun Chow ◽  
Junmei Li
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Far East ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Smoke Layer ◽  
Simple Flow ◽  
Exhaust Systems

Static smoke exhaust systems with natural vents are starting to be installed in big shopping complexes, ware‐houses and cargo terminals in the Far East. These systems are used for natural ventilation as well as for letting out smoke. This paper responds to concerns over the performance of static smoke exhaust systems, which remain less popular than dynamic smoke exhaust systems with mechanical fans. We propose a modification of a simple flow model found in the literature, adapting this to study smoke layer interface height with natural vents opened. We compare and justify our results, as generated by both Computational Fluid Dynamics and zone models, alongside reports of historical field tests. The model of smoke exhaust is applied in an illustrative example of a large hall, leading to the suggestion that a flow model could be used for designing natural vents. As the key driving force in removing smoke through natural vents is smoke's own buoyancy, the system might only be effective for bigger fires. Santrauka Tolimuosiuose Rytuose statines dūmu šalinimo sistemos su natūralios ventiliacijos angomis pradedamos irengti dideliuose prekybos kompleksuose, sandeliuose ir kroviniu terminaluose. Tokios sistemos naudojamos ir natūraliai ventiliacijai, ir dūmams šalinti. Šis straipsnis parengtas susirūpinus, kad statines dūmu išmetimo sistemos yra ne tokios populiarios nei dinamines dūmu išmetimo sistemos su mechaniniais ventiliatoriais. Autoriai siūlo literatūroje aprašomo paprasto srauto modelio modifikacija, pritaikant ši modeli dūmu sluoksnio salyčio su natūralios ventiliacijos angomis aukščiui tirti. Straipsnyje palyginti ir pagristi rezultatai, gauti taikant tiek skaičiuojamosios skysčiu dinamikos, tiek zonavimo modelius kartu su eksperimentiniais tyrimais vietoveje. Pateiktas dūmu šalinimo modelio taikymo pavyzdys dideleje saleje ir padaryta išvada, kad srauto modelis galetu būti taikomas irengiant natūralia ventiliacija. Kadangi pagrindine varomoji jega šalinant dūmus per natūralias ventiliacijos angas yra dūmu plūdrumas, sistema gali būti veiksminga tik esant didesniems gaisrams.

On Evaluating Static Smoke Exhaust System in an Atrium

Volume 4 ◽  
2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Yi ◽  
R. Huo ◽  
Y. Z. Li ◽  
W. K. Chow ◽  
N. K. Fong
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Exhaust System ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Zone Model ◽  
Entrainment Rate ◽  
System A ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Smoke Layer ◽  
Simplified Calculation ◽  
Atrium Fire

Many atria are built in the Far East. Fire Safety is a concern and providing smoke management systems in atria is essential. For tall atria having difficulties to allocate space for air ductwork and fans of a dynamic smoke exhaust system, a smoke exhaust system with a ceiling vent is provided. The performance of the system should be evaluated and a two-layer zone model has been designed for such propose. The smoke layer temperature and interface height for a static smoke exhaust system in a tall space will be predicted. Based on the empirical formula derived from the entrainment rate of an axisymmetric plume and flow rate at a vent, a simplified calculation procedure of a static smoke exhaust in an atrium fire is proposed. Experiments were carried out at a full-scale burning facility of 27 m high, the USTC/PolyU Atrium, for verifying the results. It is found that the predicted smoke layer temperature and interface height agreed well with the experimental results. Therefore, the procedure is recommended to the authority as a tool in evaluating the performance of static smoke exhaust systems.

scholarly journals On History, Issues, Objectives and Perspectives of Composition Analysis of the Orthodox Cross Pendants Metal Compounds Produced in the Late 16th – 19th Centuries in Siberia and the Far East

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 44-55
Author(s):  
S. V. Gorokhov
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
General Context ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Metal Compounds ◽  
Historical Reality ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Metal Composition ◽  
Technical Issues

Purpose. The article is aimed at a comprehensive description of progress in the studies of the metal compounds as the material for orthodox cross pendants found if Siberia and the Far East and produced in the late 16th – 19th centuries. To achieve the purpose, this article contains a historical survey of the studies devoted to the topic, outlines a set of relevant issues and objectives, and identifies most promising directions for further research. Results. There are few publications related to the composition analysis of the metal of staurographical collections, so the article reviews each of them. The historiographical analysis conducted allowed us to outline a set of relevant issues related to the study of cross pendants’ metal composition. All of the issues were divided into three stages determining the way of resolving them and three groups describing their relation to the task of the historical reality reconstruction: technical issues (e. g., forming a source base, inconsistency of the metal composition in the product body, comparability of results of the metal composition analysis performed with the use of different devices including those based on different physical principles), methodological issues (e. g., connection between the metal composition and phenomena, processes and events of the historical reality, integration of the metal composition analysis results into the general context of archaeological research, development of the chronological scale of alloys) and issues related to the historical reality reconstruction (e. g., determination of casting centers and workshops, classification of cross pendants by alloy composition while using non-ferrous scrap to manufacture cross pendants, identification of products manufactured from fully identical alloys, correlation between the metal composition of cross pendants and their morphological attributes, identification of vintage products, integration of the historical reality data obtained based on the composition analysis of the metal into other aspects of history and archaeology of the objects belonging to the period of the Russian development of Siberia and the Far East). Conclusion. Our summary of the history, issues and objectives of the composition analysis of the cross pendants metal compounds manufactured in Siberia and the Far East in the late 16th – 19th century has showed that there are conditions for full or partial resolving the issues listed above and subsequent enhancement of the information potential of the staurographical materials to reconstruct the historical reality of the period of the Russian development of the transUrals regions of Russia.

Is there a regional culture in Russia? Opportunities of using a sociocultural approach in economics

2020 ◽  
pp. 108-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Bryzgalin ◽  
Е. N. Nikishina
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Regional Culture ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Geographical Patterns ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Sociocultural Approach ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Russian Universities

The paper investigates cross-cultural differences across Russian regions using the methodology of G. Hofstede. First, it discusses the most common approaches in measuring culture and the application of the Hofstede methodology in subnational studies. It identifies the critical issues in measuring culture at the regional level and suggests several strategies to address them. Secondly, the paper introduces subregional data on individualism and uncertainty avoidance using a survey of students across 27 Russian universities. The data allow to establish geographical patterns of individualism in Russia. It is demonstrated that collectivism is most prevalent in the Volga region, while individualism characteristic becomes stronger towards the Far East. The findings are robust to the inclusion of various controls and different specifications of the regression model. Finally, the paper provides a discussion about the potential of applying the sociocultural approach in economics.

The Portuguese Possessions in the Far East

1937 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 45-47
Author(s):  
R. G. S.
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
The Far East

The Play of Petroleum Forces in the Far East

1938 ◽  
Vol 7 (18) ◽  
pp. 205-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter A. Radius
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
The Far East
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