Investigation of Different Solar Hybrid Gas Turbines and Exploitation of Rejected Sun Power

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kalathakis ◽  
N. Aretakis ◽  
I. Roumeliotis ◽  
A. Alexiou ◽  
K. Mathioudakis
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Fuel Saving ◽  
Power Penalty ◽  
Design Point ◽  
Turbine Performance ◽  
High Irradiation

Solar hybrid gas turbine performance is studied through consideration of four engine configurations: a) single shaft, b) recuperated single-shaft, c) twin-shaft and d) two-spool three-shaft, intercooled, recuperated. For each configuration and for the same design point, the performance is obtained for two hybridization schemes: Fuel only engines Retrofitted for Solar operation (FRS) and engines designed with Solar only operation at the Design Point (SDP). In an attempt to further improve the benefits of hybridization, the concept of a Dual Fluid Receiver for exploiting the rejected solar power, during sunny hours with high irradiation, is demonstrated. Steam is produced by focusing the defocused mirrors of the heliostat field to a second receiver and injected into the combustion chamber. For the cases examined, it can be concluded that FRS engines show better performance than SDP ones, since they exhibit higher thermal fuel efficiency and higher specific power. Concerning the configurations, an annual fuel saving of ∼35% and an annual output reduction, ranging from 4% for the recuperated single-shaft configuration to 9% for the twin shaft configuration compared to the corresponding fuel-only engines is demonstrated. The inclusion of a Dual Fluid Receiver in an FRS engine removes the power penalty while it maintains the fuel saving benefit.

scholarly journals A Study of the Feasibility of Steam-Augmented Gas Turbines for Surface Ships

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herman B. Urbach ◽  
Donald T. Knauss ◽  
David B. Patchett ◽  
John G. Purnell ◽  
Rolf K. Muench ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
High Specific Power ◽  
Burner Operation ◽  
Engine Systems

The steam-augmented gas turbine (SAGT) has attracted attention because of its increased fuel efficiency. It yields significant, cost-effective increments of output power, particularly when steam/water injection is increased to levels approaching 50% of air flow. Such high levels of steam/water consumption permit burner operation near stoichiometric combustion ratios with specific powers exceeding 580 hp-sec/lb anticipated. This paper examines steam-augmented gas turbines for their applicability in Navy DDG-class ship environments. SAGT engine concepts exhibit efficiencies approaching the Navy’s intercooled regenerative (ICR) engine, and an impressive compactness that arises from the high specific power of steam. Polished water consumption may be 425,000 gal/day for a 100,000-hp SAGT-engine ship plant. Nevertheless, SAGT engine systems impose little if any negative ship impact even after accounting for water purification systems. Moreover, because of their high specific power, SAGT systems are as affordable, on a first-acquisition-cost basis, as the current gas turbine systems in the fleet, and in the present supply pipeline.

Theoretical and Practical Aspects of the Application of Resonant Combustion Chambers in Gas Turbines

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Muller
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Combustion Chambers ◽  
Piston Cylinder ◽  
Turbine Performance ◽  
Specific Power Output ◽  
Pressure Gain Combustion ◽  
Further Development

This paper discusses theoretical and experimental work carried out to determine the feasibility of a pressure-gain combustion system for gas turbines. Fundamental principles involved in the design of resonant combustors are considered and potential improvements in gas turbine performance are calculated by means of a piston-cylinder analogy. The results indicate that significant improvements in overall thermal efficiency and specific power output can be expected at relatively low pressure ratios but that these improvements become less effective at higher pressure ratios due to the influence of increased compressor delivery temperatures. The results of experimental work on a multiple combustor configuration show that the theoretical performance appears to be attainable and that, subject to further development work, resonant combustion chambers could be utilized to improve gas turbine performance.

Introduction and Performance Prediction of a Nutating-Disk Engine

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 294-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Korakianitis ◽  
L. Meyer ◽  
M. Boruta ◽  
H. E. McCormick
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Thermodynamic Cycle ◽  
Simple Cycle ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Stroke Engine

A new type of internal combustion engine and its thermodynamic cycle are introduced. The core of the engine is a nutating nonrotating disk, with the center of its hub mounted in the middle of a Z-shaped shaft. The two ends of the shaft rotate, while the disk nutates. The motion of the disk circumference prescribes a portion of a sphere. A portion of the area of the disk is used for intake and compression, a portion is used to seal against a center casing, and the remaining portion is used for expansion and exhaust. The compressed air is admitted to an external accumulator, and then into an external combustion chamber before it is admitted to the power side of the disk. The accumulator and combustion chamber are kept at constant pressures. The engine has a few analogies with piston-engine operation, but like a gas turbine it has dedicated spaces and devices for compression, burning, and expansion. The thermal efficiency is similar to that of comparably sized simple-cycle gas turbines and piston engines. For the same engine volume and weight, this engine produces less specific power than a simple-cycle gas turbine, but approximately twice the power of a two-stroke engine and four times the power of a four-stroke engine. The engine has advantages in the 10 kW to 200 kW power range. This paper introduces the geometry and thermodynamic model for the engine, presents typical performance curves, and discusses the relative advantages of this engine over its competitors.

Introduction and Performance Prediction of a Nutating-Disk Engine

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Korakianitis ◽  
L. Meyer ◽  
M. Boruta ◽  
H. E. McCormick
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Thermodynamic Cycle ◽  
Rotating Disk ◽  
Simple Cycle ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Stroke Engine

A new type of internal combustion engine and its thermodynamic cycle are introduced. The core of the engine is a nutating non-rotating disk, with the center of its hub mounted in the middle of a Z-shaped shaft. The two ends of the shaft rotate, while the disk nutates. The motion of the disk circumference prescribes a portion of a sphere. A portion of the area of the disk is used for intake and compression, a portion is used to seal against a center casing, and the remaining portion is used for expansion and exhaust. The compressed air is admitted to an external accumulator, and then into an external combustion chamber before it is admitted to the power side of the disk. The accumulator and combustion chamber are kept at constant pressures. The engine has a few analogies with piston-engine operation, but like a gas turbine it has dedicated spaces and devices for compression, burning and expansion. The thermal efficiency is similar to that of comparably-sized simple-cycle gas turbines and piston engines. For the same engine volume and weight, this engine produces less specific power than a simple-cycle gas turbine, but approximately twice the power of a two-stroke engine and four times the power of a four-stroke engine. The engine has advantages in the 10 kW to 200 kW power range. This paper introduces the geometry and thermodynamic model for the engine, presents typical performance curves, and discusses the relative advantages of this engine over its competitors.

Development and Testing of a 10 kW Diffusive Micromix Combustor for Hydrogen-Fuelled µ-Scale Gas Turbines

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H.-W. Funke ◽  
A. E. Robinson ◽  
U. Ro¨nna
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Atmospheric Condition ◽  
Large Power ◽  
Design Point ◽  
Part Load ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inlet Conditions ◽  
Load Conditions

There is a growing need for devices with small weight and large power density as a substitute for today’s accumulators widely used for electrical tools or as thrust application in the aerospace industry e.g. for small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). Systems burning liquid or gaseous fuels and working after the principle of the Brayton cycle became more and more interesting as a new field of research (powermems devices). This ongoing miniaturization of power devices such as ultra micro gas turbines requires a reliable and safe combustion of fuels. A new test rig for micro scale combustion chambers has been realized and tested with a new hydrogen prototype burner for a 600 W μ-scale gas turbine. By preheating and pressurizing the flow realistic combustion chamber inlet conditions for the design point and for μ-scale gas turbine part load conditions can be realized. Furthermore the quartz glass prototype burner offers visual access to the flame region during operation at atmospheric condition. Detailed investigations on the burning characteristics for different chamber configurations were carried out for an optimization of the burner concept and gas turbine integration. By changing air mass flow and thermal energy the results allow a mapping of the combustion chamber for setting the control laws of the μ-scale gas turbine. The test results prove a very good flame stability and burning efficiency for the micromix principle covering a wide range of power settings including the design point. Even at extreme part load conditions it was possible to handle all the operating points of the proposed μ-scale gas turbine. Based on the prototype burner results a realistic combustion chamber design for μ-scale gas turbine integration will be presented.

Evolution of Gas Turbine Intake Air Filtration in a 420 MW Cogeneration Plant

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Ingistov ◽  
Michael Milos ◽  
Rakesh K. Bhargava
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Cogeneration Plant ◽  
Air Filtration ◽  
Air Filter ◽  
Filter System ◽  
Turbine Performance ◽  
Filtration System ◽  
Operational Data

A suitable inlet air filter system is required for a gas turbine, depending on installation site and its environmental conditions, to minimize contaminants entering the compressor section in order to maintain gas turbine performance. This paper describes evolution of inlet air filter systems utilized at the 420 MW Watson Cogeneration Plant consisting of four GE 7EA gas turbines since commissioning of the plant in November 1987. Changes to the inlet air filtration system became necessary due to system limitations, a desire to reduce operational and maintenance costs, and enhance overall plant performance. Based on approximately 2 years of operational data with the latest filtration system combined with other operational experiences of more than 25 years, it is shown that implementation of the high efficiency particulate air filter system provides reduced number of crank washes, gas turbine performance improvement and significant economic benefits compared to the traditional synthetic media type filters. Reasons for improved gas turbine performance and associated economic benefits, observed via actual operational data, with use of the latest filter system are discussed in this paper.

Assessment of Solar Steam Injection in Gas Turbines

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kalathakis ◽  
N. Aretakis ◽  
I. Roumeliotis ◽  
A. Alexiou ◽  
K. Mathioudakis
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Power Production ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Efficiency Increase ◽  
Solar Receiver ◽  
Steam Production

The concept of solar steam production for injection in a gas turbine combustion chamber is studied for both nominal and part load engine operation. First, a 5MW single shaft engine is considered which is then retrofitted for solar steam injection using either a tower receiver or a parabolic troughs scheme. Next, solar thermal power is used to augment steam production of an already steam injected single shaft engine without any modification of the existing HRSG by placing the solar receiver/evaporator in parallel with the conventional one. For the case examined in this paper, solar steam injection results to an increase of annual power production (∼15%) and annual fuel efficiency (∼6%) compared to the fuel-only engine. It is also shown that the tower receiver scheme has a more stable behavior throughout the year compared to the troughs scheme that has better performance at summer than at winter. In the case of doubling the steam-to-air ratio of an already steam injected gas turbine through the use of a solar evaporator, annual power production and fuel efficiency increase by 5% and 2% respectively.

Marine Gas Turbine Performance Model for More Electric Ships

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
George M. Koutsothanasis ◽  
Anestis I. Kalfas ◽  
Georgios Doulgeris
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Electric Propulsion ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Prime Mover ◽  
Creep Life ◽  
Hull Fouling ◽  
Turbine Performance

This paper presents the benefits of the more electric vessels powered by hybrid engines and investigates the suitability of a particular prime-mover for a specific ship type using a simulation environment which can approach the actual operating conditions. The performance of a mega yacht (70m), powered by two 4.5MW recuperated gas turbines is examined in different voyage scenarios. The analysis is accomplished for a variety of weather and hull fouling conditions using a marine gas turbine performance software which is constituted by six modules based on analytical methods. In the present study, the marine simulation model is used to predict the fuel consumption and emission levels for various conditions of sea state, ambient and sea temperatures and hull fouling profiles. In addition, using the aforementioned parameters, the variation of engine and propeller efficiency can be estimated. Finally, the software is coupled to a creep life prediction tool, able to calculate the consumption of creep life of the high pressure turbine blading for the predefined missions. The results of the performance analysis show that a mega yacht powered by gas turbines can have comparable fuel consumption with the same vessel powered by high speed Diesel engines in the range of 10MW. In such Integrated Full Electric Propulsion (IFEP) environment the gas turbine provides a comprehensive candidate as a prime mover, mainly due to its compactness being highly valued in such application and its eco-friendly operation. The simulation of different voyage cases shows that cleaning the hull of the vessel, the fuel consumption reduces up to 16%. The benefit of the clean hull becomes even greater when adverse weather condition is considered. Additionally, the specific mega yacht when powered by two 4.2MW Diesel engines has a cruising speed of 15 knots with an average fuel consumption of 10.5 [tonne/day]. The same ship powered by two 4.5MW gas turbines has a cruising speed of 22 knots which means that a journey can be completed 31.8% faster, which reduces impressively the total steaming time. However the gas turbine powered yacht consumes 9 [tonne/day] more fuel. Considering the above, Gas Turbine looks to be the only solution which fulfills the next generation sophisticated high powered ship engine requirements.

scholarly journals An Optimizing Design Point Program for Selection of a Gas Turbine Cycle

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. K. Conkol ◽  
T. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Ground Vehicle ◽  
Design Point ◽  
Optimizing Design ◽  
Volume Characteristics ◽  
Gas Turbine Cycle

As vehicles evolve through the concept phase, a wide variety of engines are usually considered. For long-life vehicles such as heavy armored tracked vehicles, gas turbines have been favored because of their weight and volume characteristics at high hp levels (1500 to 2000 hp). Many existing gas turbine engines, however, are undesirable for vehicular use because their original design philosophy was aircraft oriented. In a ground vehicle, mass flow and expense are only two areas in which these engines differ greatly. Because the designer generally is not given the freedom to design an engine from scratch, he must evaluate modifications of the basic Brayton cycle. In this study, various cycles are evaluated by using a design point program in order to optimize design parameters and to recommend a cycle for heavy vehicular use.

scholarly journals Comparison of Coriolis and Turbine Type Flow Meters for Fuel Measurement in Gas Turbine Testing

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. MacLeod ◽  
W. Grabe
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Gas Turbine Engine ◽  
Turbine Engine ◽  
Turbine Flowmeter ◽  
Turbine Performance ◽  
Coriolis Flowmeter ◽  
Project Objectives

The Machinery and Engine Technology (MET) Program of the National Research Council of Canada (NRCC) has established a program for the evaluation of sensors to measure gas turbine engine performance accurately. The precise measurement of fuel flow is an essential part of steady-state gas turbine performance assessment. Prompted by an international engine testing and information exchange program, and a mandate to improve all aspects of gas turbine performance evaluation, the MET Laboratory has critically examined two types of fuel flowmeters, Coriolis and turbine. The two flowmeter types are different in that the Coriolis flowmeter measures mass flow directly, while the turbine flowmeter measures volumetric flow, which must be converted to mass flow for conventional performance analysis. The direct measurement of mass flow, using a Coriolis flowmeter, has many advantages in field testing of gas turbines, because it reduces the risk of errors resulting from the conversion process. Turbine flowmeters, on the other hand, have been regarded as an industry standard because they are compact, rugged, reliable, and relatively inexpensive. This paper describes the project objectives, the experimental installation, and the results of the comparison of the Coriolis and turbine type flowmeters in steady-state performance testing. Discussed are variations between the two types of flowmeters due to fuel characteristics, fuel handling equipment, acoustic and vibration interference and installation effects. Also included in this paper are estimations of measurement uncertainties for both types of flowmeters. Results indicate that the agreement between Coriolis and turbine type flowmeters is good over the entire steady-state operating range of a typical gas turbine engine. In some cases the repeatability of the Coriolis flowmeter is better than the manufacturers specification. Even a significant variation in fuel density (10%), and viscosity (300%), did not appear to compromise the ability of the Coriolis flowmeter to match the performance of the turbine flowmeter.

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