Detailed Flow Investigation Using PIV in a Rotating Square-Sectioned Two-Pass Cooling System With Ribbed Walls

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Elfert ◽  
M. Voges ◽  
J. Klinner
Keyword(s):  
Cooling System ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Fluid Motion ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Turbulent Channel Flow ◽  
Light Sheet ◽  
Generic Model ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Complex Flow ◽  
Flow Maps

In a 2-pass cooling system the pressure driven air flow distribution is investigated experimentally using the non-intrusive PIV Technique. The generic model as part of a complex and sophisticated cooling system consists of two square-sectioned ducts with a length of 20 diameters and an inherent 180 degree bend. The system has been investigated basically with smooth walls (case 0) and, later on, with two different kinds of ribbed walls in both legs. Ribs are applied to enhance the cooling performance; they are placed on two opposite walls of both legs in a symmetric (case A) and an asymmetric manner (case B), respectively. The ribs are inclined with an angle of 45 degrees versus the duct axis (i.e. main flow direction). The applied rib lay-out is well-proved and optimized with respect to heat transfer improvement and the inherent pressure drop increase. The system rotates about an axis orthogonal to the centreline of the straight passes. The configuration was analyzed with the planar the two-component Particle Image Velocimetry (2C PIV), which is capable of obtaining complete maps of the instantaneous as well as the averaged flow field even at high turbulence levels, which are typically present within duct turns, near ribs and, above all, during rotation. The presented investigations were conducted in stationary and rotating mode. Especially in the bend region separation phenomena and vortices with high local turbulence are apparent. The presence of ribs changes the fluid motion by generating additional vortices impinging the side walls. Flow visualization with injected oil smoke using the laser light sheet visualization technique was helpful to detect vortex structures and separations. Especially in the bend area separation regions and vortices with high local turbulence are apparent. The results shown in this paper demonstrate the effect of the 180 degree bend in combination with the two rib turbulator geometries for isothermal flow conditions excluding any buoyancy with and without rotation. Turbulent channel flow was investigated at a Reynolds number of 50,000, derived with the hydraulic diameter of the pass, non-rotating and at a rotation number of 0.02 which was chosen still moderate. Engine relevant rotation numbers are in order of .1 or higher. A reconstruction of model mountings will allow higher values for the next tests. Future work will expand to higher rotational speed and, also, will include buoyancy effects. This investigation shall help to clarify the complex flow phenomena due to the interaction of several vortices, present in two-pass cooling systems. The flow maps obtained with PIV are of good quality and high spatial resolution and therefore provide a test case for the development and validation of numerical simulation tools like the DLR flow solver TRACE which is not a topic of this paper.

Detailed Flow Investigation Using PIV in a Typical Turbine Cooling Geometry With Ribbed Walls

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Elfert ◽  
M. P. Jarius ◽  
B. Weigand
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Fluid Motion ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Turbulent Channel Flow ◽  
Visualization Technique ◽  
Complex Flow ◽  
Scaled Model ◽  
Pass System

In a stationary two-pass coolant channel system the fluid flow is investigated experimentally using the PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry). The cooling system consists of a trapezoidal leading edge channel, a 180 deg. bend and an almost rectangular second channel. The cross sections of the channels were adapted to the shape of a typical turbine blade. It has ribbed walls in both channels to enhance heat transfer performance. Ribs are placed at the top and bottom walls of the channels. The system was analyzed at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) with a small scaled model and at the Institute of Aerospace Thermodynamics (ITLR) of the Stuttgart University with a large scaled model to ease near rib flow analysis. Heat transfer results are not the objective of this paper, they are investigation topics of the ITLR which is in close cooperation [SCHUBERT (2003)]. At DLR presently rotation effects are studied. As a first step to understand the existing flow phenomena, the system is analyzed in non-rotating mode. During future work it will rotate about an axis orthogonal to the centreline of the straight passes. The results shown in this paper demonstrate the effect of the 180° bend with isothermal flow condition excluding any buoyancy. Turbulent channel flow with a REYNOLDS number of 40,000, derived with the hydraulic diameter of the second pass, was investigated. Two models either with smooth or ribbed walls were investigated. Some kinds of flow visualizations were conducted such as oil flow visualization technique for obtaining wall streamlines and laser light sheet visualization technique to detect vortex structures and separations. The results presented in this paper clarify the complex flow situation given by the two-pass system with the inherent turn. Especially in the bend area separation regions and vortices with high local turbulence are apparent. The presence of ribs changes the fluid motion by generating additional vortices impinging the leading and trailing wall. This very demanding measuring task represents a benchmark test case for the application of PIV and later of Stereo PIV, respectively.

PIV Measurement of Secondary Flow in a Rotating Two-Pass Cooling System With an Improved Sequencer Technique

2011 ◽  
Vol 134 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Elfert ◽  
Michael Schroll ◽  
Wolfgang Förster
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Secondary Flow ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Rotational Flow ◽  
Complex Flow ◽  
Reference Length ◽  
Rotation Numbers ◽  
Piv Measurement ◽  
Image Position

The flow field characteristics of a two-pass cooling system with an engine-similar layout have been investigated experimentally using the nonintrusive particle image velocimetry (PIV). It consists of a trapezoidal inlet duct, a nearly rectangular outlet duct, and a sharp 180 deg turn. The system has been investigated with smooth and ribbed walls. Ribs are applied on two opposite walls in a symmetric orientation inclined with an angle of 45 deg to the main flow direction. The applied rib layout is well proven and optimized with respect to heat transfer improvement versus pressure drop penalty. The system rotates about an axis orthogonal to its centerline. The configuration was analyzed with the planar two-component PIV technique, which is capable of obtaining complete maps of the instantaneous as well as the averaged flow field even at high levels of turbulence, which are typically found in sharp turns, in ribbed ducts, and, especially, in rotating ducts. In the past, a slip between motor and channel rotation causes additional non-negligible uncertainties during PIV measurements due to an unstable image position. These were caused by the working principle of the standard programmable sequencer unit used in combination with unsteady variations in the rotation speed. Therefore, a new sequencer was developed using FPGA-based hardware and software components from National Instruments (NI), which revealed a significant increase in the stability of the image position. Furthermore, general enhancements of the operability of the PIV system were achieved. The presented investigations of the secondary flow were conducted in stationary and, with the new sequencer technique applied, in rotating mode. Especially in the bend region, vortices with high local turbulence were found. The ribs also change the fluid motion as desired by generating additional vortices impinging the leading edge of the first pass. The flow is turbulent and isothermal; no buoyancy forces are active. The flow was investigated at a Reynolds number of Re=50,000, based on the reference length d (see Fig. 3). The rotation numbers are Ro=0.0 (nonrotating) and 0.1. Engine relevant rotation numbers are in order of 0.1 and higher. A reconstruction of some test rig components, especially the model mounting, has become necessary to reach higher values of the rotational speed compared with previous investigations such as the work of Elfert et al. (2008, “Detailed Flow Investigation Using PIV in a Rotating Square-Sectioned Two-Pass Cooling System With Ribbed Walls,” ASME Turbo Expo, Berlin, Germany, Jun. 9–13, Paper No. GT-2008-51183). This investigation is aimed to analyze the complex flow phenomena caused by the interaction of several vortices, generated by rotation, flow turning, or inclined wall ribs. The flow maps obtained with PIV are of good quality and high spatial resolution and therefore provide a test case for the development and validation of numerical flow simulation tools with special regard to the prediction of flow turbulence under the rotational flow regime, which is typical of turbomachinery. Future work will include the investigation of buoyancy effects to the rotational flow. This implicates wall heating, which results from the heater glass in order to provide transparent models.

PIV-Measurement of Secondary Flow in a Rotating Two-Pass Cooling System With an Improved Sequencer Technique

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Elfert ◽  
M. Schroll ◽  
W. Fo¨rster
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Secondary Flow ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Rotational Flow ◽  
Complex Flow ◽  
Reference Length ◽  
Piv Measurement ◽  
Image Position

The flow field characteristics of a two-pass cooling system with an engine-similar lay-out have been investigated experimentally using the non-intrusive Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). It consists of a trapezoidal inlet duct, a nearly rectangular outlet duct, and a sharp 180 degree turn. The system has been investigated with smooth and ribbed walls. Ribs are applied on two opposite walls in a symmetric orientation inclined with an angle of 45 degrees to the main flow direction. The applied rib lay-out is well-proved and optimized with respect to heat transfer improvement versus pressure drop penalty. The system rotates about an axis orthogonal to its centreline. The configuration was analyzed with the planar two-component PIV technique (2C PIV), which is capable of obtaining complete maps of the instantaneous as well as the averaged flow field even at high levels of turbulence, which are typically found in sharp turns, in ribbed ducts and, especially, in rotating ducts. In the past, slip between motor and channel rotation causes additional not negligible uncertainties during PIV measurements due to unstable image position. These were caused by the working principle of the standard programmable sequencer unit used in combination with unsteady variations of the rotation speed. Therefore, a new sequencer was developed using FPGA-based hardware and software components from National Instruments which revealed a significant increase of the stability of the image position. Furthermore, general enhancements of the operability of the PIV system were achieved. The presented investigations of the secondary flow were conducted in stationary and, with the new sequencer technique applied, in rotating mode. Especially in the bend region vortices with high local turbulence were found. The ribs also change the fluid motion as desired by generating additional vortices impinging the leading edge of the first pass. The flow is turbulent and isothermal, no buoyancy forces are active. The flow was investigated at Reynolds number of Re = 50,000, based on the reference length d (see Fig. 3). The rotation number is Ro = 0 (non-rotating) and 0.1. Engine relevant rotation numbers are in order of 0.1 and higher. A reconstruction of some test rig components, especially the model mounting, has become necessary to reach higher values of the rotational speed compared to previous investigations like in Elfert [2008]. This investigation is aimed to analyze the complex flow phenomena caused by the interaction of several vortices, generated by rotation, flow turning or inclined wall ribs. The flow maps obtained with PIV are of good quality and high spatial resolution and therefore provide a test case for the development and validation of numerical flow simulation tools with special regard to prediction of flow turbulence under rotational flow regime as typical for turbomachinery. Future work will include the investigation of buoyancy effects to the rotational flow. This implicates wall heating which result from the heater glass in order to provide transparent models.

Turbine Nozzle Endwall Phantom Cooling With Compound Angled Pressure Side Injection

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Liu ◽  
Hongzhou Xu ◽  
Michael Fox
Keyword(s):  
Film Cooling ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Axial Direction ◽  
Secondary Flows ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Pressure Side ◽  
Complex Flow ◽  
Trailing Edge ◽  
Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Extended Area

Cooling of the turbine nozzle endwall is challenging due to its complex flow field involving strong secondary flows. Increasingly-effective cooling schemes are required to meet the higher turbine inlet temperatures required by today’s gas turbine applications. Therefore, in order to cool the endwall surface near the pressure side of the airfoil and the trailing edge extended area, the spent cooling air from the airfoil film cooling and pressure side discharge slots, referred to as “phantom cooling” is utilized. This paper studies the effect of compound angled pressure side injection on nozzle endwall surface. The measurements were conducted in a high speed linear cascade, which consists of three nozzle vanes and four flow passages. Two nozzle test models with a similar film cooling design were investigated, one with an axial pressure side film cooling row and trailing edge slots; the other with the same cooling features but with compound angled injection, aiming at the test endwall. Phantom cooling effectiveness on the endwall was measured using a Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP) technique through the mass transfer analogy. Two-dimensional phantom cooling effectiveness distributions on the endwall surface are presented for four MFR (Mass Flow Ratio) values in each test case. Then the phantom cooling effectiveness distributions are pitchwise-averaged along the axial direction and comparisons were made to show the effect of the compound angled injection. The results indicated that the endwall phantom cooling effectiveness increases with the MFR significantly. A compound angle of the pressure side slots also enhanced the endwall phantom cooling significantly. For combined injections, the phantom cooling effectiveness is much higher than the pressure side slots injection only in the endwall downstream extended area.

Large Eddy Simulation of the Heat Transfer Due to Swirling and Non-Swirling Jet Impingement

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naseem Uddin ◽  
S. O. Neumann ◽  
B. Weigand
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Turbulence Models ◽  
Jet Impingement ◽  
Impinging Jet ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Complex Flow ◽  
Free Jet ◽  
Eddy Simulation ◽  
Large Eddy ◽  
Target Wall

Turbulent impinging jet is a complex flow phenomenon involving free jet, impingement and subsequent wall jet development zones; this makes it a difficult test case for the evaluation of new turbulence models. The complexity of the jet impingement can be further amplified by the addition of the swirl. In this paper, results of Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of swirling and non-swirling impinging jet are presented. The Reynolds number of the jet based on bulk axial velocity is 23000 and target-to-wall distance (H/D) is two. The Swirl numbers (S) of the jet are 0,0.2, 0.47. In swirling jets, the heat transfer at the geometric stagnation zone deteriorates due to the formation of conical recirculation zone. It is found numerically that the addition of swirl does not give any improvement for the over all heat transfer at the target wall. The LES predictions are validated by available experimental data.

scholarly journals Stochastic cycle selection in active flow networks

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (29) ◽  
pp. 8200-8205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis G. Woodhouse ◽  
Aden Forrow ◽  
Joanna B. Fawcett ◽  
Jörn Dunkel
Keyword(s):  
Broad Class ◽  
Generic Model ◽  
Rate Theory ◽  
Flow Networks ◽  
Complex Flow ◽  
Slime Molds ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Theoretical And Numerical Analysis ◽  
Active Flow

Active biological flow networks pervade nature and span a wide range of scales, from arterial blood vessels and bronchial mucus transport in humans to bacterial flow through porous media or plasmodial shuttle streaming in slime molds. Despite their ubiquity, little is known about the self-organization principles that govern flow statistics in such nonequilibrium networks. Here we connect concepts from lattice field theory, graph theory, and transition rate theory to understand how topology controls dynamics in a generic model for actively driven flow on a network. Our combined theoretical and numerical analysis identifies symmetry-based rules that make it possible to classify and predict the selection statistics of complex flow cycles from the network topology. The conceptual framework developed here is applicable to a broad class of biological and nonbiological far-from-equilibrium networks, including actively controlled information flows, and establishes a correspondence between active flow networks and generalized ice-type models.

Highly resolved experimental results of the separated flow in a channel with streamwise periodic constrictions

2016 ◽  
Vol 796 ◽  
pp. 257-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian J. Kähler ◽  
Sven Scharnowski ◽  
Christian Cierpka
Keyword(s):  
Turbulent Flow ◽  
Flow Separation ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Separated Flow ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
Complex Flow ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Flow Features ◽  
Wall Flow ◽  
Near Wall

The understanding and accurate prediction of turbulent flow separation on smooth surfaces is still a challenging task because the separation and the reattachment locations are not fixed in space and time. Consequently, reliable experimental data are essential for the validation of numerical flow simulations and the characterization and analysis of the complex flow physics. However, the uncertainty of the existing near-wall flow measurements make a precise analysis of the near-wall flow features, such as separation/reattachment locations and other predicted near-wall flow features which are under debate, often impossible. Therefore, the periodic hill experiment at TU Munich (ERCOFTAC test case 81) was repeated using high resolution particle image velocimetry and particle tracking velocimetry. The results confirm the strong effect of the spatial resolution on the near-wall flow statistics. Furthermore, it is shown that statistically stable values of the turbulent flow variables can only be obtained for averaging times which are challenging to realize with highly resolved large eddy simulation and direct numerical simulation techniques. Additionally, the analysis implies that regions of correlated velocity fluctuations with rather uniform streamwise momentum exist in the flow. Their size in the mean flow direction can be larger than the hill spacing. The possible impact of the correlated turbulent motion on the wake region is discussed, as this interaction might be important for the understanding and control of the flow separation dynamics on smooth bodies.

Control of Dielectric Fluid Flow Distribution in Micro-Tubes With EHD Conduction Pumping: Numerical Study

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miad Yazdani ◽  
Jamal Seyed-Yagoobi
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Conduction Mechanism ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Fluid Motion ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Dielectric Fluid ◽  
Total Flow ◽  
Flow Through

The control of fluid flow distribution in micro-scale tubes is numerically investigated. The flow distribution control is achieved via electric conduction mechanism. In electrohydrodynamic (EHD) conduction pumping, when an electric field is applied to a fluid, dissociation and recombination of electrolytic species produces heterocharge layers in the vicinity of electrodes. Attraction between electrodes and heterocharge layers induces a fluid motion and a net flow is generated if the electrodes are asymmetric. The numerical domain comprises a 2-D manifold attached to two bifurcated tubes with one of the tubes equipped with a bank of uniquely designed EHD-conduction electrodes. In the absence of electric field, the total flow supplied at the manifold’s inlet is equally distributed among the tubes. The EHD-conduction, however, operates as a mechanism to manipulate the flow distribution to allow the flow through one branch surpasses the counterpart of the other branch. Its performance is evaluated under various operating conditions.

scholarly journals Pressure and Gas Flow Distribution Inside the Filter of a Non-Filter Ventilated Lit Cigarette During Puffing

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 113-124
Author(s):  
Bin Li ◽  
Xiaomeng Cui ◽  
Lucan Zhao ◽  
Le Wang ◽  
Guoyong Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Mainstream Smoke ◽  
Cigarette Filter ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Dynamic Filtration ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Burning Coal

SummaryEstablishing a realistic gas flow velocity distribution inside a cigarette filter during smoking is important to understand filtration mechanisms of different mainstream smoke species and the overall effect of filter designs on mainstream smoke composition. In this paper, an experimental method is described which directly measures the gas pressure field inside a cellulose acetate filter during cigarette smoking. This was demonstrated by using 3R4F research reference cigarettes smoked under a 35 mL puff of 6 s duration. In addition, filter temperature measurements were also carried out at multiple locations within the filter. Both the temperature and pressure sensing locations were selected to match the radial and longitudinal directions of the cigarette filter. The temperature and pressure measurements were then used to calculate the velocity according to Darcy’s Law along the mainstream flow direction in the cigarette filter at each puff. The spatially resolved maps of temperature, pressure and flow velocity on a puff-by-puff basis provide useful insights into the dynamic filtration of smoke aerosol under the influence of the approaching burning coal and progressive accumulation of smoke particulate matter.

Numerical Investigation on the Characteristic of the Reverse Flow Phenomenon in a Z-Type Parallel Compact Heat Exchanger With Large Number of Tubes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Zhou ◽  
Ming Ding ◽  
Haozhi Bian ◽  
Yinxing Zhang ◽  
Zhongning Sun
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Coming Out ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Reverse Flow ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Flow Phenomenon ◽  
Compact Heat Exchangers ◽  
Geometry Design

The parallel compact heat exchangers have been widely applied in the various fields such as heat exchangers in chemical engineering, the solar collector, fuel cells and the passive removal heat exchanger in passive containment cooling system (PCCS), etc. The heat exchangers in the PCCS removes out the heat brought by the steam coming out from the broken reactor or primary cooling system. Therefore, the performance of the passive containment cooling system heat exchanger (PCCS HX) will greatly influence the safety and integrity of the containment. In previous investigations on the parallel compact heat exchangers, attentions are focused on the pressure distribution and flow distribution in the heat exchangers. A bad flow distribution in the heat exchanger will reduce the heat performance. More seriously, the coolant in some tubes may boils and the tubes will be overheated, resulting in explosion of tubes. Therefore, the characteristic of pressure distribution and the flow distribution should be investigated for a uniform flow distribution. In the past studies of the compact heat exchangers, the numbers of tube are almost under 72 which is relatively small, while the number of tubes PCCS HX is usually over than 100. And the pressure distribution in compact heat exchangers is assumed that the pressure recovery plays a leading role. However, the more numbers of tube will bring more flow maldistribution, if the geometry design is selected inappropriately. The reverse flow may occur in the heat exchanger, which means that in some tubes, the coolant flows from the tube outlet to the inlet. This phenomenon of reverse flow have never been mentioned in previous studies. The occurrence of the reverse flow will significantly decrease the performance of the heat exchanger and cause a bad influence on the safety of the containment. In the PCCS, the Z-type heat exchanger is one of the choice of PCCS HX (heat exchanger) design. Therefore, the present study focus on the characteristic of reverse flow phenomenon in Z-type heat exchangers. The pressure distribution and the flow distribution have been separately investigated deeply. The conclusion of this study will provide a guide to the geometry design of the PCCS HX with large number of tubes.

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