Effect of Driver and Work Cycle on Losses of a Loader

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seppo Tikkanen ◽  
Ville Ahola ◽  
Elias Koskela
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Design Work ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Work Cycle ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

Improving the energy efficiency of mobile machines requires information about the initial state of the machine. This information includes knowledge of the systems and their components and of course, measurement data that is acquired during typical operation. Machine manufacturers and research institutes have carried out extensive measurement programs during the last decade. Usually, the published studies concentrated on one work cycle, the machines studied were operated by humans, and it is shown that productivity and fuel consumption are dependent on the machine design, work cycle and operator. This study concentrates on a detailed analysis of the energy consumption of a municipal loader during measured work tasks. The goal was to find out how much the driver and work cycle affect the machine’s energy consumption and energy distribution. To evaluate the real fuel consumption and energy distribution, the measurements consisted of two different work cycles that were driven by two drivers with different skill levels. The first cycle was the classic short wheel loader loading cycle, the Y-cycle. In this task, the loader was equipped with a bucket, and a pile of gravel was moved from pile A to pile B in a Y-pattern. The second cycle was the load and carry cycle in which the driver picked up a load with the forklift attachment and carried the load over a predefined distance. The major finding was that the impact of the driver and the work cycle is considerable in fuel consumption. The difference is also seen in the energy distribution in the hydraulic system and in losses and how the losses are divided. Therefore, it can be stated that test results with one driver or one cycle should not be generalized without concern and judgement of novel concepts requires several tests with different drivers and work cycles.

User Interfaces and Markup Language Programming

2003 ◽  
pp. 78-109
Author(s):  
Jeffery Hsu
Keyword(s):  
User Interfaces ◽  
Electronic Publishing ◽  
Interactive Systems ◽  
Web Page ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Interaction Mode ◽  
Site Design ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

The role of the user interface (interaction mode) is of considerable importance, since the method of interaction can have an impact on both performance and satisfaction with regards to using a programming language. While markup languages are now widely used for Web page and site design and electronic publishing applications, they have not been studied adequately compared with other kinds of languages. The impact of interaction mode, in this case command-based coding, versus using a form-fill-in wizard, is examined, with respect to performance and satisfaction while performing a survey-oriented task. Skill level, which classified users as being either a novice or experienced, was another factor, which was taken into account in this study. The results showed the use of wizards brought about better performance than using the command language, and the difference between modes was far greater for novices rather than experienced users. In addition, using the wizard tended to equalize performance across skill levels. With regards to system satisfaction, there were significant differences between interaction modes, however no differences were reported between skill levels. These differences in performance and satisfaction should be noted and considered when designing interactive systems for programming-related applications.

scholarly journals Does change of industrial structure affect energy consumption structure: A study based on the perspective of energy grade calculation

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 579-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Hong ◽  
Peng Can ◽  
Yang Xiaona ◽  
Li Ruixue
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Structure ◽  
Consumption Structure ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

In this article, the grades of different kinds of energy sources are distinguished. Thus, we put forward an equivalent electric calculation method, which is compliant with the calculation of various energy resources that have different grades. Based on this aspect, we empirically analyzed the influence of industrial structure changing on energy consumption structure by analyzing panel data in 30 provinces of China from 2003 to 2013. Results showed that the calculated results of equivalent electric calculation method were more accurate because it considered the difference in grades between various energy sources. Industrial structure changing had a significant impact on energy consumption structure. The upgrading and rationalization of the industrial structure had a significant promotion on energy structure cleaning. In addition, technological progress was conducive to the clean development of energy structure, the decrease in energy price boosted energy structure cleaning, and the impact of economic level on energy consumption structure was not significant.

Simulation Analysis of Building Energy Consumption with Different Surface-Volume-Ratio and Envelop Performance of Rural Dwellings

2014 ◽  
Vol 953-954 ◽  
pp. 1578-1583
Author(s):  
Tian Yu Xiong ◽  
Xiu Zhang Fu ◽  
Jian Dong
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Detached House ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Saving Effect ◽  
The Impact

Rural dwellings have a big difference in the appearance and envelope. Living form is changing a lot from detached house to the apartment in multi-story apartments. These changes affect building’s energy consumption consisting of heating and cooling. This paper focuses on the impact of the energy consumption affected by different surface volume ratios, simulation analysis showed a general argument of the difference. And for the same house type, this paper also compares the energy-saving effect of different envelop performances, Specific contents are the heat transfer coefficient and shading ways. Simulation results identified that SVR has influence on different types of houses, the energy consumption of row houses can be saved more than 30% compared with detached houses. Envelope performance also affects energy consumption and the national standard is recommended for the energy saving and the comfort.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Impact of the Covid-19 Lockdown Measures on Nitrogen Dioxide Levels throughout Europe

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Sverre Solberg ◽  
Sam-Erik Walker ◽  
Philipp Schneider ◽  
Cristina Guerreiro
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Generalised Additive Model ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Good Agreement ◽  
Model Approach

In this paper, the effect of the lockdown measures on nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in Europe is analysed by a statistical model approach based on a generalised additive model (GAM). The GAM is designed to find relationships between various meteorological parameters and temporal metrics (day of week, season, etc.) on the one hand and the level of pollutants on the other. The model is first trained on measurement data from almost 2000 monitoring stations during 2015–2019 and then applied to the same stations in 2020, providing predictions of expected concentrations in the absence of a lockdown. The difference between the modelled levels and the actual measurements from 2020 is used to calculate the impact of the lockdown measures adjusted for confounding effects, such as meteorology and temporal trends. The study is focused on April 2020, the month with the strongest reductions in NO2, as well as on the gradual recovery until the end of July. Significant differences between the countries are identified, with the largest NO2 reductions in Spain, France, Italy, Great Britain and Portugal and the smallest in eastern countries (Poland and Hungary). The model is found to perform best for urban and suburban sites. A comparison between the found relative changes in urban surface NO2 data during the lockdown and the corresponding changes in tropospheric vertical NO2 column density as observed by the TROPOMI instrument on Sentinel-5P revealed good agreement despite substantial differences in the observing method.

scholarly journals Urban and rural income, residents’ consumption structure and energy consumption

2020 ◽  
Vol 218 ◽  
pp. 01034
Author(s):  
Yan Li ◽  
Zhi-wei Liu ◽  
Nan-nan Li ◽  
Jia-li Zhang ◽  
Ya-chen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Consumption Structure ◽  
Urban And Rural Residents ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

As an internal driving force to promote economic growth, residents’ consumption also has an important impact on energy consumption. Based on the difference of consumption structure between urban and rural residents, this paper introduces the income gap variable of urban and rural residents, analyzes the impact of urban and rural residents’ consumption on energy consumption, and provides reference for the implementation of energy conservation and emission reduction policies. On this basis, the author believes that the government should take flexible measures to control energy consumption according to the differences between urban and rural areas, make accurate efforts, and steadily promote the implementation of energy conservation and emission reduction.

scholarly journals Did I make a mistake? Finding the impact of code change on energy regression

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaiful Alam Chowdhury ◽  
Stephanie Gil ◽  
Stephen Romansky ◽  
Abram Hindle
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Model Building ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Energy Measurement ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
End User ◽  
Energy Models ◽  
Software Energy Consumption ◽  
The Impact

Software energy consumption is a performance related non-functional requirement that complicates building software on mobile devices today. Energy hogging applications are a liability to both the end-user and software developer. Measuring software energy consumption is non-trivial, requiring both equipment and expertise, yet many researchers have found that software energy consumption can be modelled. Prior works have hinted that with more energy measurement data one can make more accurate energy models but this data was expensive to extract because it required energy measurement of running test cases (rare) or time consuming manually written tests. We address these concerns by automatically generating test cases to drive applications undergoing energy measurement. Automatic test generation allows a model to be continuously improved in a model building process whereby applications are extracted, tests are generated, energy is measured and combined with instrumentation to train a grander big-data model of software energy consumption. This continuous process has allowed the authors to generate and extract measurements from hundreds of applications in order to build accurate energy models capable of predicting the energy consumption of applications without end-user energy measurement. We clearly show that models built from more applications reduce energy modelling error.

scholarly journals Did I make a mistake? Finding the impact of code change on energy regression

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaiful Alam Chowdhury ◽  
Stephanie Gil ◽  
Stephen Romansky ◽  
Abram Hindle
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Model Building ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Energy Measurement ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
End User ◽  
Energy Models ◽  
Software Energy Consumption ◽  
The Impact

Software energy consumption is a performance related non-functional requirement that complicates building software on mobile devices today. Energy hogging applications are a liability to both the end-user and software developer. Measuring software energy consumption is non-trivial, requiring both equipment and expertise, yet many researchers have found that software energy consumption can be modelled. Prior works have hinted that with more energy measurement data one can make more accurate energy models but this data was expensive to extract because it required energy measurement of running test cases (rare) or time consuming manually written tests. We address these concerns by automatically generating test cases to drive applications undergoing energy measurement. Automatic test generation allows a model to be continuously improved in a model building process whereby applications are extracted, tests are generated, energy is measured and combined with instrumentation to train a grander big-data model of software energy consumption. This continuous process has allowed the authors to generate and extract measurements from hundreds of applications in order to build accurate energy models capable of predicting the energy consumption of applications without end-user energy measurement. We clearly show that models built from more applications reduce energy modelling error.

scholarly journals Impact of Road Geometry on Vehicle Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions: An Energy-Efficiency Rating Methodology

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo Ferreira ◽  
Carlos Manuel Rodrigues ◽  
Carlos Pinho
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Geometry ◽  
Fuel Models ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Microsimulation Models ◽  
The Impact

This study presents a methodology for classifying road traffic energy efficiency. The indicators defined discriminate the impact of the road vertical and horizontal alignments upon energy consumption, disclosing the improvement potential of the road as a function of the traffic origin–destination matrix. The methodologic approach is based on basic physical principals, thus guarantying its generality, as opposed to the usual empirical mesoscale approaches. A simplified algebraic procedure is also proposed, resorting to simplified driving cycles and a constant speed assumption (CSA), thus avoiding the intricacy of microscale/microsimulation models. The simplified methodology was validated against field data acquired on the Portuguese highway A25. A microscale vehicle specific power analysis combined with detailed fuel models is compared against CSA results. The findings demonstrate its adequacy for free-flow traffic conditions and the importance of classifying road traffic energy-efficiency. For the case studied, it was found that 49.5% of the round trip propulsive energy expended by a 37-ton truck on the A25, a modern road, was degraded as heat through braking. The difference found between the microscale analysis and CSA approach is 0.8%, despite the speed unevenness, varying between 32 and 96 km/h, with a standard deviation of 24% of the average speed.

scholarly journals Energy efficiency of a hybrid cable yarding system: A case study in the North-Eastern Italian Alps under real working conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Cadei ◽  
Omar Mologni ◽  
Luca Marchi ◽  
Francesco Sforza ◽  
Dominik Röser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Electric Propulsion ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Line System ◽  
Work Cycle ◽  
Cable Yarding ◽  
Cable Lines

In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, low emission or zero-emission technologies have been applied to light and heavyduty vehicles by adopting electric propulsion systems and battery energy storage. Hybrid cable yarders and electrical slack-pulling carriages could represent an opportunity to increase the energy efficiency of forestry operations leading to lower impact timber harvesting and economic savings thanks to reduced fuel consumption. However, given the limited experience with hybrid-electric systems applied to cable yarding operations, these assumptions remain uncertain. This study assessed an uphill cable yarding operation using a hybrid cable yarder and an active slack-pulling electric power carriage over thirty working days. A total of 915 work cycles on four different cable lines were analysed. Longterm monitoring using Can-BUS data and direct field observations were used to evaluate the total energy efficiency, total energy efficiency (%), and fuel consumption per unit of timber extracted (L/m3). The use of the electric-hybrid system with a 700 V supercapacitor to store the recovered energy made it possible to reduce the running time of the engine by about 38% of the total working time. However, only 35% to 41% of the Diesel-based mechanical energy was consumed by the mainline and haulback winches. Indeed, the remaining energy was consumed by the other winches of the cable line system (skyline, strawline winches and carriage recharging or breaking during outhaul) or dissipated by the system (e.g., by the haulback blocks). With reference to all work cycles, the highest net energy consumption occurred during the inhaulunload work element with a maximum of 1.15 kWh, consuming 70% of total net energy consumption to complete a work cycle. In contrast, lower energy consumption was recorded for lateral skid and outhaul, recording a maximum of 23% and 32% of the total net energy consumption, respectively. The estimated recovered energy, on average between the four cable lines, was 2.56 kWh. Therefore, the reduced fuel need was assessed to be approximately 730 L of fuel in the 212.5 PMH15 of observation, for a total emissions reduction of 1907 kg CO2 eq, 2.08 kg CO2 eq for each work cycle.

scholarly journals The impact of speciated VOCs on regional ozone increment derived from measurements at the UK EMEP supersites between 1999 and 2012

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 7267-7308
Author(s):  
C. S. Malley ◽  
C. F. Braban ◽  
P. Dumitrean ◽  
J. N. Cape ◽  
M. R. Heal
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Data ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Mixing Depth ◽  
Voc Emissions ◽  
Back Trajectories ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Modelling Studies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The impact of 27 volatile organic compounds (VOC) on the regional O3 increment was investigated using measurements made at the UK EMEP supersites Harwell (1999–2001 and 2010–2012) and Auchencorth (2012). Ozone at these sites is representative of rural O3 in south-east England and northern UK, respectively. Monthly-diurnal regional O3 increment was defined as the difference between the regional and hemispheric background O3 concentrations, respectively derived from oxidant vs. NOx correlation plots, and cluster analysis of back trajectories arriving at Mace Head, Ireland. At Harwell, which had substantially greater regional ozone increments than at Auchencorth, variation in the regional O3 increment mirrored afternoon depletion of VOCs due to photochemistry (after accounting for diurnal changes in boundary layer mixing depth, and weighting VOC concentrations according to their photochemical ozone creation potential). A positive regional O3 increment occurred consistently during the summer, during which time afternoon photochemical depletion was calculated for the majority of measured VOCs, and to the greatest extent for ethene and m + p-xylene. This indicates that, of the measured VOCs, ethene and m + p-xylene emissions reduction would be most effective in reducing the regional O3 increment, but that reductions in a larger number of VOCs would be required for further improvement. The VOC diurnal photochemical depletion was linked to the sources of the VOC emissions through the integration of gridded VOC emissions estimates over 96 h air-mass back trajectories. This demonstrated that the effectiveness of VOC gridded emissions for use in measurement and modelling studies is limited by the highly aggregated nature of the 11 SNAP source sectors in which they are reported, as monthly variation in speciated VOC trajectory emissions did not reflect monthly changes in individual VOC diurnal photochemical depletion. Additionally, the major VOC emission source sectors during elevated regional O3 increment at Harwell were more narrowly defined through disaggregation of the SNAP emissions to 91 NFR codes (i.e. sectors 3D2 (domestic solvent use), 3D3 (other product use) and 2D2 (food and drink)). However, spatial variation in the contribution of NFR sectors to parent SNAP emissions could only be accounted for at the country level. Hence, the future reporting of gridded VOC emissions in source sectors more highly disaggregated than currently (e.g. to NFR codes) would facilitate a more precise identification of those VOC sources most important for mitigation of the impact of VOCs on O3 formation. In summary, this work presents a clear methodology for achieving a coherent VOC regional-O3-impact chemical climate using measurement data and explores the effect of limited emission and measurement species on the understanding of the regional VOC contribution to O3 concentrations.

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