Direct Determination of Cadmium Speciation in MSW and Biomass Single Fly Ash Particles Using SR Based µ-XR Spectroscopy Techniques

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Caterina Camerani Pinzani ◽  
Britt-Marie Steenari ◽  
Oliver Lindqvist
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Particle Surface ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Homogeneous Distribution ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Fluorescence Tomography ◽  
X Ray

Cadmium is a toxic metal causing environmental concern in connection with utilization and land filling of ash. Knowledge about the chemical associations of Cd in ash is fundamental in the understanding of its solubility and leachability from the ash. In the work presented here, the content, distribution and chemical forms of Cd on/in individual Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and biomass fly ash particles have been investigated in situ by Synchrotron Radiation induced μ-X-ray fluorescence, absorption spectrometry (XAS) and fluorescence tomography. These X-ray micro-beam techniques can be used to reveal spatially resolved information about structural and chemical properties of particles. The use of an excitation energy of 27 keV made it possible to detect trace metals, such as Cd at ppm levels, but also other elements, like Ca, K, Cl and Br. Absorption spectra of Cd in the energy range around the absorption edge of Cd (26.71 keV) were recorded for micron-sized spots of ash particles. Fluorescence tomography was then use to establish if Cd compounds are situated on the particle surface (i.e. most prone to leaching) or at some depth within the particle, where they might be more shielded from chemical attack by water. The measurements indicated Cd to be preferably concentrated in some small areas (“hot-spots”) with high concentration (up to 200 ppm) in MSW fly ash particles and in a homogeneous distribution over the whole particle surface in the case of biomass. Comparisons of XAS spectra of fly ashes and reference compounds showed Cd to be present in the oxidation state +2 and mainly as CdSO4, CdO and CdCl2. Although previous studies have indicated Cd to be enriched in the smaller-size ash particles, in this study Cd was found to be reasonably well distributed throughout all the particle sizes investigated. Based on the results obtained, possible reaction mechanisms involving Cd are suggested.

Monitoring of Fluctuations in the Physical and Chemical Properties of a High-Calcium Fly Ash

1987 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Schlorholtz ◽  
Ken Bergeson ◽  
Turgut Demirel
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

ABSTRACTThe physical and chemical properties of fly ash produced at Ottumwa Generating Station have been monitored since April, 1985. The fly ash is produced from burning a low sulfur, sub-bituminous coal obtained from the Powder River Basin near Gillette, Wyoming. One-hundred and sixty samples of fly ash were obtained during the two year period. All of the samples were subjected to physical testing as specified by ASTM C 311. About one-hundred of the samples were also subjected to a series of tests designed to monitor the self-cementing properties of the fly ash. Many of the fly ash samples were subjected to x-ray diffraction and fluorescence analysis to define the mineralogical and chemical composition of the bulk fly ash as a function of sampling date. Hydration products in selected hardened fly ash pastes, were studied by x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The studies indicated that power plant operating conditions influenced the compressive strength of the fly ash paste specimens. Mineralogical and morphological studies of the fly ash pastes indicated that stratlingite formation occurred in the highstrength specimens, while ettringite was the major hydration product evident in the low-strength specimens.

Fly ash analysis by complementary atomic absorption spectrometry and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (13) ◽  
pp. 2534-2537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Murphy ◽  
Phyllis A. Christensen ◽  
Roger J. Behrns ◽  
Douglas R. Jaquier
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
X Ray

scholarly journals Outstanding Nobility Observed in Cu5 Clusters Reveals the Key Role of Collective Quantum Effects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Buceta ◽  
Shahana Huseyinova ◽  
Miguel Cuerva ◽  
Héctor Lozano ◽  
Lisandro J. Giovanetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Metal Clusters ◽  
Bulk Material ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Quantum Effects ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
New Generation

Subnanometer-sized metal clusters often feature a molecule-like electronic structure, which makes their physical and chemical properties significantly different from those of nanoparticles and bulk material. Considering potential applications, there is a major concern about their thermal stability and susceptibility towards oxidation. Cu clusters of only 5 atoms (Cu<sub>5</sub> clusters) are first synthesized in high concentration using a new-generation wet chemical method. Next, it is shown that, contrary to what is currently assumed, Cu<sub>5</sub> clusters display nobility, beyond resistance to irreversible oxidation, at a broad range of temperatures and oxygen pressures. The outstanding nobility arises from an unusual reversible oxidation which is observed by <i>in situ</i> X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy on Cu<sub>5</sub> clusters deposited onto highly oriented pyrolitic graphite at different oxygen pressures and up to 773 K. This atypical property is explained by a theoretical approach combining different state-of-the-art first principles theories. It reveals the essential role of collective quantum effects in the physical mechanism responsible for the nobility of Cu<sub>5</sub> clusters, encompassing a structural ‘breathing’ through concerted Cu–Cu elongations/contractions upon O<sub>2</sub> uptake/release, and collective charge transfer as well. A predictive phase diagram of their reversible oxidation states is also delivered, agreeing with the experimental observations. The collective quantum effects responsible of the observed nobility are expected to be general in subnanometer-sized metal clusters, pushing this new generation of materials to an upper level.

Determination of Contaminated Heavy Metals in Lacquer Thinner

2018 ◽  
Vol 879 ◽  
pp. 144-148
Author(s):  
Woravith Chansuvarn ◽  
Kunawoot Jainae
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Trace Metals ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wet Digestion ◽  
Clear Solution ◽  
Cu And Zn

The aim of this work needed to discover the problem of lacquer thinner products claimed with dissatisfying the quality of coating and color appearance. The trace metals produced cans was focused on release to solvents. The contaminated trace metals including Fe, Sn, Cu, and Zn in lacquer thinner were also determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The lacquer thinner samples were simply carbonized to be ashes by furnace muffle at 550°C for 8 hours. The carbonized ashes were then also digested by conventional wet digestion with concentrated nitric acid until a clear solution was archived. Twenty samples of lacquer thinner were achieved from the paint manufacturer. The content of Fe, Sn, Cu, and Zn was found in the range of 0.0631-77.190 mg/kg, ND-12.613 mg/kg, ND-1.4679 mg/kg, and ND-0.4028 mg/kg, respectively. The result of high concentration of Fe related to the appearance of lacquer thinner color. The evidence of released heavy metals in the ashes of lacquer thinner samples was evaluated by X-ray fluorescence technique. The result of this work was concluded that the contaminated trace metals in the suspected lacquer thinner samples were leached from the metallic package.

scholarly journals Influence of Sintering Temperature of Kaolin, Slag, and Fly Ash Geopolymers on the Microstructure, Phase Analysis, and Electrical Conductivity

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2213
Author(s):  
Nur Nadiah Izzati Zulkifli ◽  
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah ◽  
Anna Przybył ◽  
Paweł Pietrusiewicz ◽  
Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Sintering Temperature ◽  
Element Distribution ◽  
Surface Microstructure ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Surface Densification ◽  
Microstructural Element

This paper clarified the microstructural element distribution and electrical conductivity changes of kaolin, fly ash, and slag geopolymer at 900 °C. The surface microstructure analysis showed the development in surface densification within the geopolymer when in contact with sintering temperature. It was found that the electrical conductivity was majorly influenced by the existence of the crystalline phase within the geopolymer sample. The highest electrical conductivity (8.3 × 10−4 Ωm−1) was delivered by slag geopolymer due to the crystalline mineral of gehlenite (3Ca2Al2SiO7). Using synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence, the high concentration Ca boundaries revealed the appearance of gehlenite crystallisation, which was believed to contribute to development of denser microstructure and electrical conductivity.

scholarly journals Characterization of Leachate from Municipal Open Solid Waste in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-27
Author(s):  
D. Nanev, James ◽  
S. Eneji, Ishaq ◽  
A. Wuana, Raymond ◽  
S. Eneji, Ishaq ◽  
U. Itodo, Anthony
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Volatile Solids ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The Government ◽  
Inorganic Constituents

The increase in the growth of population and urbanization in most state capitals has resulted in generation of large volumes of solid waste. Municipal solid waste is generated daily with an average of 0.5-1.5 Kg/daily per household. Municipal solid waste has become a health hazard in Nigeria, which is yet to be tackled properly by the government and local authority. The methods used for the analysis of leachate samples were adopted from American public health association (APHA, 2012). This study characterizes the physico-chemical properties of leachate from municipal open solid waste in Makurdi, Benue state, Nigeria. The results showed that the colour and smell were light brown and malodourous respectively while the mean pH, temperature, Total solids, Total volatile solids, Suspended solids, Total dissolved solids, COD, BOD5, BOD5/COD ratio, Pb, Ni, Co, Cr and Cd were 7.79±0.02, 35.28, 5993.0±33.0 mg/L, 228.0±8.5 mg/L, 887.0±6.5 mg/L, 12168.0±22.1 mg/L, 868.00±0.12 mg O2/L, 373.000±0.002 mg O2/L, 0.46, 0.461.000±0.0010, 0.0845.000±0.0004, 0.2045.000±0.0009, 0.5211.000±0.0011 and 0.1565.000±0.0010 respectively. The leachate sample contain high concentration of organic and inorganic constituents including toxic metal content higher than the NESREA standards limit for drinking water.

scholarly journals Review of constructive analytical methods for determining the amount of aluminum in environmental and human biological samples

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 15-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farnaz Hosseini ◽  
Sara Davari ◽  
Mojtaba Arjomandi
Keyword(s):  
Biological Samples ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Graphite Furnace ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Agricultural Product ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Agricultural Food

Aluminum is a toxic metal and causes pollution in soil, water, and air. Afterward, a lot of patients suffer renal failure due to the accumulation of aluminum in the tissues of kidneys. Also, a high concentration of aluminum in plants tissues makes agricultural food toxic. Therefore, measuring aluminum in water, soil, air, human organs, tissues of plants and each food (or agricultural product is so necessary for protecting human health. Also, the effect of some parameters such as pH and temperature on decrease or increase in the amount of aluminum in water and other samples are stated. In this review, the analytical methods such as fluorimetric, ICP-MS, colorimetric, graphite furnace/flame atomic absorption spectrometry, etc. which have been applied for measuring the amount of aluminum (especially   ) in environmental and human biological samples are assesse

Production and Characterization of Admixture Nano-Flux Welding Powder from Agro-Waste (Banana Peel)

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeniran Sunday Afolalu ◽  
Emetere Moses Eterigho ◽  
Sunny-Ekhalume Etse
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Manganese Oxide ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Banana Peel ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Nano Technology ◽  
X Ray ◽  
And Control ◽  
A Current

Background: Owing to the rising trend of agro wastes, efforts are being geared towards producing environmentally friendly welding flux. This project developed a nano-flux powder (MnO) from banana peel using nano-technology. For the first time, manganese was synthesized from banana peel ash. After that, the nano mixtures were centrifuged and calcinated to obtain nano flux powder. Methods: The surface morphology and physio-chemical properties of the nanopowder produced and control were determined using X-ray Powder Diffraction, Transmission Electron Microscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy along with Elemental Dispersive X-ray to analyze its composition. Also, the particle size was obtained using the Digmizer image. Results: The developed nano-flux powder has a mean area of 407.72nm2, a mean perimeter of 51.02nm, and a length of 3.89nm less than the commercial flux. The FTIR revealed the maximum peak of wave number 415z.00cm-1, which shows a broad high concentration than the control with wavenumber 3546cm-1. XRD result shows that manganese oxide is present in the powder with the highest intensity at MnO (110) with Quartz at 2Ɵ = 26o, having a current of 9.26A and hematite at 2Ɵ = 28% having a current 5.34A over the control. From the EDS of qualitative analysis of the powders, manganese and oxygen were present in high quantities in the developed flux with 29.45% and 38.70% than in control with 3.15% and 23.30%, which confirmed the nano-flux as manganese oxide (MnO). The results show that nano-flux powder can be produced from agro-waste with better properties and applications. Conclusion: From the results and discussion, banana peel was used to develop Manganese oxide flux powder, using nanotechnology, and it was characterized alongside commercial flux powder as a control.

X-ray Fluorescence Tomography of Individual Municipal Solid Waste and Biomass Fly Ash Particles

2004 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 1586-1595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Caterina Camerani ◽  
Bruno Golosio ◽  
Andrea Somogyi ◽  
Alexandre S. Simionovici ◽  
Britt-Marie Steenari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Fluorescence Tomography ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Biomass Fly Ash
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