Low-Cost Lightweight Thin Film Solar Concentrators

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gani B. Ganapathi ◽  
Art Palisoc ◽  
Bill Nesmith ◽  
Gyula Greschik ◽  
Koorosh Gidanian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Technology Development ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Rigid Foam ◽  
Bird Droppings ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Pointing Accuracy ◽  
The Cost

A low-cost rigid foam-based concentrator technology development program was funded by the DOE SunShot Initiative to meet installed cost goals of $75/m2 vs. current costs of $200–250/m2. The cost reduction in this approach focuses primarily on designing a mirror module with a rigid foam center with stainless steel facesheets and reflective film. The low mechanical strength of the foam is compensated by optimizing the densities and dimensions to meet pointing accuracy requirements of 4 milliradians (mrad) in 27mph winds. Two alpha concentrators were built to validate the mirror module manufacturing process and one of them was accurate to 0.15 mrad RMS vs. the design requirement of 1 mrad RMS. To understand the lifetime reliability of the panels, fifteen 4-inch square samples were exposed to various environmental conditions including acid rain, bird droppings, thermal cycling, and the final results indicated no loss in reflectivity of 95%. UV testing will be performed in the next phase. Three mechanical structure options covering the range of large multi-faceted heliostats with diagonal load carrying elements, small single facet heliostats low to the ground and optimized truss-based deep structure designs were analyzed with FEA and analytically; results indicated a significant cost benefit (>2×) for the truss-based design over the other options. Other elements such as the controls, actuators were also considered in th analysis with vendor data. Cost trades were performed for heliostats ranging from 10m2 to 250m2. The results indicated a broad installed cost minimum around $113/m2 for heliostat sizes ranging from 80 m2 to 130 m2. Additional cost saving approaches will be considered in Phase 2 of the project.

Development and Prototype Testing of Low-Cost Lightweight Thin Film Solar Concentrator

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gani Ganapathi ◽  
Arthur Palisoc ◽  
Armin Buchroithner ◽  
Sai Nataraj ◽  
Bill Nesmith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Technology Development ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Camera Tracking ◽  
Pointing Error ◽  
Rigid Foam ◽  
Specular Reflectance ◽  
The Individual

A low-cost rigid foam-based concentrator technology development program was funded by the DOE SunShot Initiative to meet installed cost goals of $75/m2 vs. current costs of ∼ $200–250/m2. Phase 1 of the project focused on design trades and cost analyses leading to a cost-optimized self-powered autonomous tracking heliostat concept with a mirror surface area in the 100m2 range. In Phase 2 30-year accelerated testing of the mirror modules based on ReflecTec film with 94% specular reflectivity bonded on composite foam substrate were initiated and completed in Phase 3. The tests with 15 coupons showed optical performance degradation of less than 5% in specular reflectance following 30-year equivalent UV testing and other abuse testing such as acid rain, bird dropping, thermal cycling, etc. A small scale prototype (3m×2m) heliostat design based on modular truss elements with removable mirror modules was developed in detail. In this phase components such as the dual-axis actuators were sized and selected based on wind load requirements and pointing accuracy demands were completed. Finite Element analyses for the mechanical structure with mirror modules were performed using three separate commercial codes — ANSYS, COMSOL and SolidWorks to validate the optical errors induced by wind loads on the structure up to 35 mph. Results indicated that the RMS deflections contributed to less than 0.4 mrad pointing error. Dynamic response of the heliostat indicated that the first 5 eigenmodes were in the 17–20 Hz range. The individual structure elements such as the trusses and c-rails were fabricated locally and assembled with the mirror facets in the lab for initial fit check and testing. The nine mirror facet surface errors were characterized using photogrammetry and verified using Reverse Hartmann techniques and showed to be in the order of 1 mrad or less. A three-level controller (main, gateway and heliostat) was architected and built. Tracking of the sun is done using NREL’s Sun Tracking Algorithm implemented in the gateway controller. Target-pointing vectors are calculated for each heliostat and conveyed wirelessly to the individual heliostat controllers for actuating the azimuth and elevation motors. The power subsystem consisting of solar panels and a battery provide 24V for the actuators and controller boards. The system was sized to provide adequate power for a period of 5hrs of operation when power is not available. Initial calibration will be performed with on-site camera tracking the sun’s image on a target located approximately 52m from the heliostat. Testing of the heliostat pointing under calm and windy conditions will be done to demonstrate overall performance that meet DOE targets of 4 mrad under 27mph winds. Commercialization efforts are underway to transition the design to the commercial sector. The project is well on its way to approaching overall cost targets and current estimates are approximately $90–110/m2 and lower costs can be achieved with alternates to the film we have identified.

Mid-Term Sealift Ship Technology Development Program: Design-for-Production R&D for Future Sealift Ship Applications

1997 ◽  
Vol 13 (01) ◽  
pp. 57-73
Author(s):  
Michael Wade ◽  
Philip C. Koenig ◽  
Zbigniew J. Karaszewski ◽  
John Gallagher ◽  
John Dougherty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Technology Development ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Major Area ◽  
Cost Estimating ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Work Breakdown Structure ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Engine Room ◽  
Global Standards ◽  
The Cost

The NAVSEA Mid-Term Sealift Ship Technology Development Program (MTSSTDP) has been tasked by the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations in charge of Strategic Sealift (N-42) to investigate technologies and design concepts that would improve performance and reduce the cost of future ships useful to the Navy for military sealift. A major area of concentration has been design-for-production or ship producibility. This area of the program required the Navy to obtain extensive industrial involvement from both domestic and international sources. A thorough description Is presented of the plans, objectives and accomplishments of the five producibility-related tasks. Topics covered are: generic build strategy, product work breakdown structure, production-oriented cost estimating, engine room arrangement modeling, and global standards development. In addition, other aspects of the program to be covered are the use of industry-led teams, the implementation of integrated product approaches, and the application of risk-based technologies.

scholarly journals AN OVERVIEW OF TREATMENT OF BRACKISH WATER USING SOLAR STILLS

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudhanshu S. Kamat ◽  
Dilip D. Sarode
Keyword(s):  
Brackish Water ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Solar Desalination ◽  
Working Principle ◽  
The Cost

Solar desalination technologies are becoming popular among the scientific community for the production of fresh water from the brackish water. Membrane technologies are expensive to be implemented on small scale. Solar stills have simple working principle and there is low cost associated with it. Varied configurations and modifications have been implemented to improve the performance of solar stills. Thermodynamic analysis has also been done for the same. However, it is important to also optimize various combinations of the operating parameters, including the cost-benefit analysis associated with it. This paper focuses on the review of the effects of various geometric and operating parameters, and also optimizing the thermodynamics to improve the performance of solar still.

Reducing the Construction Contract Cycle for Naval Auxiliary Ships

1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (02) ◽  
pp. 121-136
Author(s):  
Mark H. Spicknall ◽  
Michael Wade
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Systems ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Cost Driver ◽  
Medium Speed ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Of Construction

A Mid-Term Fast Sealift Technology Development Program producibility study was undertaken by the Manufacturing Systems Division (Code 125) of the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division for the Naval Sea Systems Command Computer Aided Engineering Division, Ship Design and Engineering Directorate, SEA 507. The producibility project team was initially tasked to identify and evaluate possible design improvements with regard to their potential impact upon the cost of construction for the Baseline 0a rough-order-of-magnitude geared-diesel option. This particular design variant is a 30-knot twin-screw, 289 m (948 ft) roll-on/roll-off vessel with four 18 PC4.2V medium-speed diesels producing 85 619 kW (114 817 hp) of installed power. The construction cost estimate developed by NAVSEA for the variant is $385 million per ship. In addition to the NAVSEA-assigned task, the team reviewed the producibility aspects of the Navy auxiliary ship procurement process with regard to finding methods that would facilitate major reductions in the construction contract cycle, as time is now recognized as a major cost driver in ship procurement. The construction contract cycle is defined as the amount of time from construction contract award to delivery, and was estimated by NAVSEA to be 42 months for the subject ship.

Solar Energy Development in Japan

1989 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-261
Author(s):  
Takashi Horigome ◽  
Hiroshi Sugimoto
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cell ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Energy Development ◽  
Photovoltaic System ◽  
Development Organization ◽  
New Energy ◽  
The Cost

Solar energy development at the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) is concerned with reducing the cost of photovoltaic (PV) systems by promoting low cost, high efficiency solar cell manufacturing technology and photovoltaic system demonstations. The first involves reducing the cost of solar cell modules by producing better silicon materials and improving fabrication techniques. A number of demonstration systems are in operation.

scholarly journals An Overview of Photovoltaic Power Systems

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Backus
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Solar Cell ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Development Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cell Arrays ◽  
Output Concentration ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Multiple Cells

The United States is supporting a very aggressive research and development program in the field of photovoltaics. The goals of this program are to reduce the cost of solar cell arrays to a capital cost of 50¢/peak watt by the year 1986. The long-term goals are to achieve 10 to 30¢/peak watt by 1990 or 2000. The photovoltaic community is optimistic that the 1986 goals will be met with the use of silicon solar cells. The longer term goal may require the development of new thin film photovoltaic devices. As the price of solar cell arrays continues to decrease; the number of applications that are economically justified increases. The present production rates of photovoltaic arrays are close to 1 MW of production per year. The maximum expected efficiencies of 20 to 25 percent have already been achieved. Thus, cost reduction must come about through producing cells per unit area more cheaply. A separate alternative for producing low cost electricity from solar cells is to concentrate sunlight onto the cell, thus reducing the area of the cell per unit electrical output. Concentration systems also make available the option of using multiple cells to increase the overall conversion of sunlight to electricity. One two-cell concentration system has already demonstrated 28.5 percent efficiency.

scholarly journals Analysis of the assembling phase of lattice slabs

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 623-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Sartorti ◽  
A. C. Fontes ◽  
L. M. Pinheiro
Keyword(s):  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Small Space ◽  
Benefit Ratio ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
The Cost

Lattice slabs are usual in Brazil. They are formed by precast joists with latticed bars on a base of concrete, and a cover of concrete placed at the jobsite. The assembly of the joists and the filling elements is simple and do not require manpower with great skill, presenting low cost-benefit ratio. However, it is precisely in assembling phase that arise questions related to the scaffold support distance. A mistake in the proper positioning can lead to two undesirable situations. In one of them, a small space between the support lines increases the cost of scaffold, and in other an excessive space can generate exaggerated displacements, and even the collapse of the slab in the stage of concreting. The objective of this work is to analyze the bearing capacity of lattice joists in assembling phase, looking for information that is useful in defining the scaffold support distance. Several joists were tested to define the failure modes and their load bearing capacities. The results allowed to determine equations for calculating the appropriate distance between the support lines of the joists.

Choosing low-cost institutions in global governance

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth W. Abbott ◽  
Benjamin Faude
Keyword(s):  
Global Governance ◽  
International System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Societal Actors ◽  
The Status ◽  
New Institutions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Political Governance

Abstract Contemporary global governance takes place not only through formal inter-governmental organizations and treaties, but increasingly through diverse institutional forms including informal inter-governmental organizations, trans-governmental networks, and transnational public–private partnerships. Although these forms differ in many ways, they are all what we call ‘low-cost institutions’ (LCIs): the costs of creating, operating, changing, and exiting them, and the sovereignty costs they impose, are substantially lower on average than those of treaty-based institutions. LCIs also provide substantive and political governance benefits based on their low costs, including reduced risk, malleability, and flexibility, as well as many of the general cooperation benefits provided by all types of institutions. LCIs are poorly-suited for creating and enforcing binding commitments, but can perform many other governance functions, alone and as complements to treaty-based institutions. We argue that the availability of LCIs changes the cost–benefit logic of institutional choice in a densely institutionalized international system, making the creation of new institutions, which existing research sees as the ‘last resort’, more likely. In addition, LCIs empower executive, bureaucratic, and societal actors, incentivizing those actors to favor creating LCIs rather than treaty-based institutions. The availability of LCIs affects global governance in multiple ways. It reduces the status quo bias of governance, changes its institutional and actor composition, enables (modest) cooperation in times of polarization and gridlock, creates beneficial institutional divisions of labor, and expands governance options. At the same time, the proliferation of LCIs reduces the focality of incumbent institutions, increasing the complexity of governance.

scholarly journals Application of reused material concept in the rusunawa planning

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24
Author(s):  
Shirleen Christiana Wibowo ◽  
Yohanes Basuki Dwisusanto
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Standard Guideline ◽  
Shipping Containers ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost

The need for adequate and affordable housing drives the government to implement the rusunawa (low-cost housing) development program in various regions. Futhermore, the government promotes utilization of different replacement materials to optimize the cost and duration of rusunawa development, including reused shipping container. This research discusses the feasibility study of reused shipping containers as substitute material in the design planning of the Rusunawa prototype unit construction. It is a qualitative research that uses case study and statistical data-sets through literature review, precedent study analysis and field surveys. The results provided the standard guideline for designing Rusunawa units made from reused shipping containers and prototype typology units based on the occupant’s type.

Hostile Takeovers and Anti-takeover Defenses in the Russian Corporate Market

2007 ◽  
pp. 70-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Demidova
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Hostile Takeovers ◽  
Russian Market ◽  
Takeover Defenses ◽  
The Cost ◽  
European Markets

This article analyzes definitions and the role of hostile takeovers at the Russian and European markets for corporate control. It develops the methodology of assessing the efficiency of anti-takeover defenses adapted to the conditions of the Russian market. The paper uses the cost-benefit analysis, where the costs and benefits of the pre-bid and post-bid defenses are compared.

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