scholarly journals Transition to Sustainability With Natural Gas From Fracking

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kangqian Wu ◽  
Frank Kreith
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Excess Energy ◽  
Energy Information Administration ◽  
Sustainable System ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Energy Information ◽  
Generation Technology

This paper is an analysis of the energy and money needed to construct a renewable energy system with the excess energy available from natural gas obtained by hydraulic fracturing or “fracking”. Using data from the Energy Information Administration regarding the future availability of natural gas obtained by fracking and the energy required to build a sustainable system consisting of wind power, photo-voltaic energy generation and hydraulic storage, a scenario for the construction of a sustainable system is generated. Finally, a preliminary financial analysis of the cost of the renewable system is made. The analysis demonstrates that it is possible to build a sustainable system from the excess natural gas obtained by fracking in less than 30 years. After that time the energy produced from the renewable system is sufficient to replace those parts of the system that have reached their expected life and construct new sustainable generation technology as required by population growth.

scholarly journals Pennsylvania

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-453
Author(s):  
Michael K. Reer ◽  
Valerie Antonette
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Energy Information Administration ◽  
Energy Information ◽  
The U.S

According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, Pennsylvania ranked second among states in production of natural gas in 2018, contributing nearly seven trillion cubic feet. Although the number of unconventional permit applications received by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (“PADEP”) remains relatively robust, the number of unconventional well applications continues to decline from the peak of 3,182 received in 2014.3 In 2019, PADEP received 1,475 unconventional permit applications, as compared to 1,868 in 2018 and 2,028 in 2017.

Investigation of Multi-Functional Energy System (MES) for CO2 Removal

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Han ◽  
Hongguang Jin ◽  
Guoqiang Zhang ◽  
Hu Lin
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Methane Steam Reforming ◽  
Co2 Removal ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Methane Steam ◽  
Energy Penalty ◽  
Hydrogen Plant ◽  
The Cost

This paper proposes a new approach to mitigate CO2 with low energy penalty through integrating the process of CO2 removal and the processes of synthetical use of different fuels. Then an example system for CO2 removal with synthetic use of coal and natural gas (multi-functional energy system, MES) is discussed to reveal the mechanism of the new approach. The thermodynamic and economic performance of the system is investigated. The natural gas and coal are synthetically used by a novel method named as coal-fired methane/steam reforming (CMR), in which coal combustion will provide thermal energy for methane/steam reforming reaction instead of combustion of natural gas. Some important parameters of reforming temperature, steam-to-methane ratio and hydrogen separation ratio are selected to clarify their impacts on the system thermodynamic performances. Comparing with the single systems including hydrogen plant based on natural gas with CO2 removal (NHPR) and coal-fired steam cycle with CO2 removal (CSCR), the MES can generate about 22% more hydrogen or about 70% more power with the same fossil fuel consumption and the same amount of CO2 removal. The economic performances of the MES system and the single systems are also investigated and compared. As a result, the cost of the avoided CO2 emission of the MES is only 17.5 $/tonneCO2, which is about 60% lower than that of the single systems. The results obtained here provide a feasible approach for CO2 removal efficiently and economically.

scholarly journals A techno-economic and financial analysis of a Gulf-India undersea electricity interconnector

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Shivakumar ◽  
Lucas Kruitwagen ◽  
Miles Weinstein ◽  
Sebastian Spiteri ◽  
Christopher Arderne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Power System ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Energy System ◽  
System Modelling ◽  
Total System ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Financial Model ◽  
The Cost

Abstract As part of efforts to decarbonise, power systems around the world will need to cope with increasing shares of intermittent renewable generation from technologies such as wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) in the coming decades. One promising solution to this challenge is cross-border electricity interconnectors. This study is an independent combined techno-economic and financial analysis of an electricity interconnector between Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and India. A techno-economic model of a combined India-GCC power system was developed using OSeMOSYS, an open-source energy system modelling tool and combined with a financial model. The models were applied across 75 scenarios covering a range of cost variables and solar PV locations in the GCC. We find that a techno-economic case for a GCC-India interconnector is clear: an interconnector is part of the least-cost ‘optimal’ power system in 64 of the 75 scenarios studied. The trend of electricity flows gradually shifts from the India->GCC direction in 2030 to the other way around by 2050. The overall trade volumes are influenced by the location of the solar PV farm; locations further to the west contribute towards higher trade volumes in the GCC->India direction. Of the cost variables considered in the study the overall (social) discount rate is most strongly correlated with the interconnector trade volumes. The financial case for the CCG-India interconnector is less clear. Of the projections developed for the scenarios from the technoeconomic model, only a small number are immediately investible. It is also expected that a smaller interconnector will be a more attractive investment opportunity, for a trade-off in total system cost reductions.

scholarly journals Natural Gas vs. Electricity for Solvent-Based Direct Air Capture

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah McQueen ◽  
Michael J. Desmond ◽  
Robert H. Socolow ◽  
Peter Psarras ◽  
Jennifer Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Levelized Cost Of Electricity ◽  
Electricity Cost ◽  
Direct Air Capture ◽  
Air Capture ◽  
Total Capture ◽  
Continuous Power ◽  
The Cost

Removing CO2 from the air with chemicals (Direct Air Capture, DAC) requires a significant amount of energy. Here, we evaluate the cost of co-constructing a solvent DAC process with its energy system. We compare eight energy systems paired with two alternative designs for a liquid-solvent DAC system capturing 1 MtCO2/year, which requires roughly 240 to 300 megawatts of steady power equivalent, 80% thermal and 20% electric. Two energy systems burn natural gas onsite for heat and electricity, capturing nearly all the CO2 released during combustion, and six are all-electric non-fossil systems. The cost of the DAC facility alone contributes $310/tCO2 for a conventional process-based design and $150/tCO2 for a more novel design. When the decomposition of calcium carbonate occurs within a natural-gas-heated calciner, the energy system adds only $80/tCO2 to these costs, assuming $3.25/GJ ($3.43/MMBtu) gas. However, leakage in the natural gas supply chain increases the cost of net capture dramatically: with 2.3% leakage (U.S. national average) and a 20-year Global Warming Potential of 86, costs are about 50% higher. For the all-electric systems, the total capture cost depends on the electricity cost: for each $/MWh of levelized cost of electricity, the total capture cost increases by roughly $2/tCO2. Continuous power is required, because the high-temperature calciner cannot be cycled on and off, so solar and wind power must be supplemented with storage. Our representative capture costs are $250–$440/tCO2 for geothermal energy, $370–$620/tCO2 for nuclear energy (two variants–a light water reactor and small modular nuclear), $360–$570/tCO2 for wind, $430–$690/tCO2 for solar photovoltaics (two variants assuming different daily solar capacities), and $300–$490/tCO2 for a hybrid system with a natural-gas-powered electric calciner.

scholarly journals A techno-economic and financial analysis of a Gulf-India undersea electricity interconnector

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Shivakumar ◽  
Lucas Kruitwagen ◽  
Miles Weinstein ◽  
Sebastian Spiteri ◽  
Christopher Arderne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Power System ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Energy System ◽  
System Modelling ◽  
Total System ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Financial Model ◽  
The Cost

Abstract As part of efforts to decarbonise, power systems around the world will need to cope with increasing shares of intermittent renewable generation from technologies such as wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) in the coming decades. One promising solution to this challenge is cross-border electricity interconnectors. This study is an independent combined techno-economic and financial analysis of an electricity interconnector between Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and India. A techno-economic model of a combined India-GCC power system was developed using OSeMOSYS, an open-source energy system modelling tool and combined with a financial model. The models were applied across 75 scenarios covering a range of cost variables and solar PV locations in the GCC. We find that a techno-economic case for a GCC-India interconnector is clear: an interconnector is part of the least-cost ‘optimal’ power system in 64 of the 75 scenarios studied. The trend of electricity flows gradually shifts from the India->GCC direction in 2030 to the other way around by 2050. The overall trade volumes are influenced by the location of the solar PV farm; locations further to the west contribute towards higher trade volumes in the GCC->India direction. Of the cost variables considered in the study the overall (social) discount rate is most strongly correlated with the interconnector trade volumes. The financial case for the CCG-India interconnector is less clear. Of the projections developed for the scenarios from the technoeconomic model, only a small number are immediately investible. It is also expected that a smaller interconnector will be a more attractive investment opportunity, for a trade-off in total system cost reductions.

scholarly journals Study on the Implementation of a Solar Photovoltaic System with Self-Consumption in an Educational Building

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2214
Author(s):  
Carolina dos Santos Castilho ◽  
João Paulo N. Torres ◽  
Carlos A. Ferreira Fernandes ◽  
Ricardo A. Marques Lameirinhas
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Photovoltaic System ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
Electricity Grid ◽  
System Versus ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic System ◽  
The Cost

In this work, the study of different remuneration schemes for the implementation of a solar energy system on a building was performed. The photovoltaic system was implemented on a public educational building, and four different schemes are compared to understand the economic feasibility of self-consuming solar energy with and without a battery system, versus selling to the electricity grid. The system performance is compared to the building’s needs, and the different consumption and grid-injection shares are analyzed. Three of the schemes are applied according to the conditions and requirements of the Portuguese Law, while the remaining one is not yet allowed, and so the legislation from another chosen country is considered. Lastly, a financial analysis was performed to evaluate and compare the feasibility of each project implementation. The results of this analysis show that both the non-legislated and legislated self-consumption schemes make for an attractive investment, and that savings resulting from the consumption of solar energy are much higher than the revenues from selling to the grid, which presents as the least attractive scheme. Finally, the battery implementation also does not show feasibility because the cost of technology is still too high, despite the reduction witnessed in recent years.

scholarly journals West Virginia

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 456-471
Author(s):  
Michael K. Reer ◽  
Valerie Antonette
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
West Virginia ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Horizontal Well ◽  
Energy Information Administration ◽  
The West ◽  
Permit Application ◽  
Virginia Department ◽  
Energy Information ◽  
The U.S

West Virginia is one of the most prolific energy-producing states in the country. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, West Virginia ranked seventh among states in production of natural gas in 2018, contributing 1.8 trillion cubic feet. Further, the consistency in permit application appears to support the proposition that West Virginia operators will continue producing significant volumes well in the future. The West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection (“WVDEP”) issued 582 horizontal well permits in 2015, 223 in 2016, 509 in 2017, 433 in 2018, and 467 in 2019.

scholarly journals Punishment Strategies across Societies: Conventional Wisdoms Reconsidered

Games ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Ramzi Suleiman ◽  
Yuval Samid
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Public Goods Game ◽  
The Public ◽  
Free Riders ◽  
The World ◽  
Emergence Of Cooperation ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Cost

Experiments using the public goods game have repeatedly shown that in cooperative social environments, punishment makes cooperation flourish, and withholding punishment makes cooperation collapse. In less cooperative social environments, where antisocial punishment has been detected, punishment was detrimental to cooperation. The success of punishment in enhancing cooperation was explained as deterrence of free riders by cooperative strong reciprocators, who were willing to pay the cost of punishing them, whereas in environments in which punishment diminished cooperation, antisocial punishment was explained as revenge by low cooperators against high cooperators suspected of punishing them in previous rounds. The present paper reconsiders the generality of both explanations. Using data from a public goods experiment with punishment, conducted by the authors on Israeli subjects (Study 1), and from a study published in Science using sixteen participant pools from cities around the world (Study 2), we found that: 1. The effect of punishment on the emergence of cooperation was mainly due to contributors increasing their cooperation, rather than from free riders being deterred. 2. Participants adhered to different contribution and punishment strategies. Some cooperated and did not punish (‘cooperators’); others cooperated and punished free riders (‘strong reciprocators’); a third subgroup punished upward and downward relative to their own contribution (‘norm-keepers’); and a small sub-group punished only cooperators (‘antisocial punishers’). 3. Clear societal differences emerged in the mix of the four participant types, with high-contributing pools characterized by higher ratios of ‘strong reciprocators’, and ‘cooperators’, and low-contributing pools characterized by a higher ratio of ‘norm keepers’. 4. The fraction of ‘strong reciprocators’ out of the total punishers emerged as a strong predictor of the groups’ level of cooperation and success in providing the public goods.

scholarly journals Exergy Assessment and Thermo-Economic Analysis of Hybrid Solar Systems with Seasonal Storage and Heat Pump Coupling in the Social Housing Sector in Zaragoza

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1279
Author(s):  
Amaya Martínez-Gracia ◽  
Sergio Usón ◽  
Mª Teresa Pintanel ◽  
Javier Uche ◽  
Ángel A. Bayod-Rújula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pump ◽  
Social Housing ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Solar Systems ◽  
Under Construction ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Solar Resource ◽  
Solar Field

A real case study of an energy system based on a Solar Assisted Heat Pump (SAHP) fed by hybrid photovoltaic-thermal solar panels (PVT) and seasonal storage (SS) is presented in this paper. Exergy and exergy cost analyses are proposed as complementary methods for the assessment and better understanding of the efficiency of this cogeneration solar configuration. The system performance takes advantage of storage heat in summer, when the solar resource is high in Spain, and is then later consumed during the cold winter (heating season). The building is devoted to social housing, and it is currently under construction. The assessment is based on simulations developed using TRNSYS, a dynamic simulation software for energy systems. Results show that the unit exergy cost of the solar field is around 6. The cost of the seasonal storage is higher, about 13, and its formation is affected both by its own irreversibility and by the irreversibility of the PVT solar field. The cost of the heat delivered by the heat pump is around 15, being affected by all the upstream units and even by the grid. Besides, the analysis points out strategies for improving the system efficiency, such as increasing the size of the storage tank or improving the control strategy of the boiler.

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