Optimization of Equipment Control Parameters to Minimize HVAC Energy Consumption

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron P. Wemhoff
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Control Method ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lumped Parameter Model ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Household Energy ◽  
Lumped Parameter ◽  
Air Conditioning Systems

Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Systems (HVAC) consume nearly one-third of household energy in the United States. The optimization of the control parameters in HVAC equipment allows for a reduction in energy consumption. In this study, a supervisory control method is applied to a lumped parameter model of an HVAC system of interest containing a chiller and three dampers. The method determines the choice of control parameters that minimize the energy consumption for 1000 sampled steady-state loads. An energy savings of 39% was achieved using the method in this study compared to the base case.

HVAC System Energy Minimization via Optimization of Lumped System Models

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron P. Wemhoff
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Control Method ◽  
The United States ◽  
New Method ◽  
Hvac System ◽  
Household Energy ◽  
Variable Air Volume ◽  
Load Distributions ◽  
Lumped Parameter

Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems comprise nearly one third of annual household energy consumption in the United States. Energy savings can be gained by optimizing HVAC performance using a system of controls. This study applies a novel control method towards a system with an arbitrary steady-state load distribution. The new method applies multi-dimensional interpolation of optimized control configurations for various steady-state load distributions. These optimal configurations are derived using a lumped parameter simulation of the HVAC system. The new method is applied to a three-room HVAC system to demonstrate a power savings of 40% compared to an uncontrolled system. These savings compare favorably to predictions using the Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) method (37% power savings) and VAV with chiller control (33% power savings).

Investigation on the Effect of Different Channel Geometries of Thermal Wheel for Energy Transfer Efficiency

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M.C.K. Polgolla ◽  
◽  
H.M.D.P. Herath ◽  
M.D.A. Wickramasinghe ◽  
M.A. Wijewardane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Pressure Loss ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Final Energy Consumption ◽  
Air Conditioning Systems ◽  
Air Streams

Inside buildings, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems are utilized to provide a comfortable environment. However, they account for a significant percentage of overall total energy consumption: in the United States, they account for about 50% of building final energy consumption and 20% of total energy consumption. [1]. The installation of a heat exchanger between the exhaust and fresh air streams is critical, owing to the significant energy savings. [2], [3]. Thermal wheels have recently gotten a lot of attention because of their high efficiency and low-pressure loss when compared to other energy recovery solutions [4]. The goal of this research is to give a comprehensive study and optimization of Thermal wheel design, with the goal of enhancing sensible effectiveness while reducing pressure loss based on channel shape.

scholarly journals Lumped parameter modeling of hybrid magnetomotive force electromechanical valve actuator

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Adnan Alvi ◽  
Zhaohui Zhang ◽  
Jawad Aslam ◽  
Saad Ali ◽  
Emad Uddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Magnetic Force ◽  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
Lumped Parameter Model ◽  
Magnetomotive Force ◽  
Lumped Parameter ◽  
Low Energy Consumption ◽  
Camless Engines ◽  
Mathematical Equations ◽  
Variable Valve

Abstract In this study, an innovative hybrid permanent magnet (PM)/electromagnet (EM) magneto-motive force (MMF) actuator is proposed for variable valve timing camless engines. The proposed design provides a large magnetic force with low energy consumption (startup and valve holding), PM demagnetization isolation, and improved transient response. The modified hybrid valve actuator (MHVA) was designed in ANSYS Maxwell software and validated empirically by prototype. A lumped parameter model (LPM) based on mathematical equations is developed to approximate Finite Element Method (FEM) and experimental results. The LPM is divided into electrical, magnetic and mechanical subsystems that are developed and integrated in MATLAB software. The comparative analysis of LPM, FEM and empirical results confirmed improved dynamic performance and energy consumption.

scholarly journals Sensitivity Analysis of the Transmission Chain of a Horizontal Machining Tool Axis to Design and Control Parameters

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 169064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Mauro ◽  
Stefano Pastorelli ◽  
Tharek Mohtar
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Lumped Parameter Model ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Damping Coefficients ◽  
Transmission Chain ◽  
Lumped Parameter ◽  
Tool Axis ◽  
Optimal Value ◽  
Structural Parts ◽  
And Control

This paper reports how a numerical controlled machine axis was studied through a lumped parameter model. Firstly, a linear model was derived in order to apply a modal analysis, which estimated the first mechanical frequency of the system as well as its damping coefficients. Subsequently, a nonlinear system was developed by adding friction through experimentation. Results were validated through the comparison with a commercial servoaxis equipped with a Siemens controller. The model was then used to evaluate the effect of the stiffness of the structural parts of the axis on its first natural frequency. It was further used to analyse precision, energy consumption, and axis promptness. Finally a cost function was generated in order to find an optimal value for the main proportional gain of the position loop.

Effects of Container Geometry on Energy Consumption During Hardening in Ice Cream Manufacturing

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Cromer ◽  
Mark J. Miller ◽  
X. J. Xin ◽  
Z. J. Pei ◽  
Karen A. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Ice Cream ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dairy Food ◽  
Hardening Process ◽  
Container Shape ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Reducing Energy

Energy consumption by the dairy food industry in the United States constitutes 10% of all energy consumed by the U.S. food industry. Reducing energy consumption in cooling and refrigeration of foods plays an important role in meeting the challenge of the energy crisis. Hardening is an important and energy-intensive step in ice cream manufacturing. This work presents Finite Element Method (FEM) investigation of the ice cream hardening process, aiming to provide insight and guidance for energy savings in ice cream manufacturing. Effects of container shape and dimensions, container layers, and heat transfer boundary conditions on energy consumption for hardening of ice cream were investigated.

Energy Efficiency in K-12 Schools: A Case Study in Florida

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganesh Doiphode ◽  
Hamidreza Najafi ◽  
Mariana Migliori Favaretto
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
The United States ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Subtropical Climate ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
K 12

Abstract Buildings are one of the largest energy consumers in the United States. K-12 schools are responsible for nearly 8% of energy consumption by commercial buildings which is equivalent to 1.44% of total annual energy consumption in the country. Understanding the baseline energy consumption of the schools as well as identifying effective energy efficiency measures (EEMs) that result in significant energy savings without compromising occupant’s comfort in a given climate condition are essential factors in moving towards a sustainable future. In a collaboration between Florida Institute of Technology and Brevard Public Schools, three schools are identified for a test study in Melbourne, FL, representing the humid subtropical climate. Energy audit is conducted for these schools and monthly utility bill data as well as background information, end-user’s data and their associated operating schedules are obtained. A detailed analysis is performed on the utility bill data and energy consumption by each end-user is estimated. Several EEMs are considered and evaluated to achieve an improved energy efficiency for the schools. The implementation cost of each EEM and the associated simple payback period is also determined. A study is also conducted to explore possibility of using solar power to cover 50% of energy requirements of each school and the cost and payback period of the project are evaluated. The results of this paper provide insights regarding prioritizing energy efficiency projects in K-12 schools in humid subtropical climates and particularly the state of Florida and help with decision making regarding investment in on-site power generation using solar energy.

scholarly journals Daylight Saving Time Policy and Energy Consumption

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinan Küfeoğlu ◽  
Şahincan Üçler ◽  
Furkan Eskicioğlu ◽  
E. Büşra Öztürk ◽  
Hao Chen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
The United States ◽  
Daylight Saving Time ◽  
Daylight Saving ◽  
Measurable Amount ◽  
The Impact ◽  
North And South ◽  
Daily Load

Abstract Daylight Saving Time is argued to be effective in saving energy. Turkey is one of the few countries that annulled the clock changes and remained in the summertime zone in 2016. This paper uses Multiple Linear Regression and Interrupted Time Series methods to study the impact of clock changes on energy consumption and load shift. We use historical energy consumption, electricity prices, and relevant atmospheric essential climate variables data in Turkey between 2012-2020. This paper shows that the Daylight Saving Time policy does not lead to a measurable amount of energy savings. Furthermore, it does not cause a noticeable continuous daily load shift throughout the year. We also claim that our findings should be applicable to those countries such as the United States, India, Japan, Australia or China and as well as continents of Africa and South America, whose latitudes are in between 42.0° north and south of the equator.

scholarly journals Energy audit and base case simulation of Ryerson buildings using the "Carrier HAP" simulation program and prism analysis for energy consumption

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirza Sakhawat Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Modelling And Simulation ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Case Simulation ◽  
Prism Model

Modelling and simulation of energy consumption in 86% of the Ryerson campus was presented. Energy simulation models were developed with Carrier HAP for 16 Ryerson buildings. Carrier HAP, commercially available software, was used for the prediction of energy consumption and PRISM software was used for the energy consumption comparison in different locations using weather normal average temperature data. All of the possible sources and uses of energy in the building were accounted for in the modelling and simulation. From the simulation result, it showed that 26% of total energy was consumed by lighting and 19% of total energy used by plug load and 4% of total energy used by miscellaneous. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by reducing lighting schedule. As a result, annual energy savings of 10% for cooling load and 21% for hydro demand were achieved, but the heating load increased by 14%. The other part of the energy consumption was for the Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system, 53% of total energy was demanded in this sector for the 16 Ryerson buildings. PRISM model was developed for compared Ryerson energy consumption and also compared Ryerson campus in different locations. The base case simulation result was compared with the campus planning actual consumption bill for the hydro, steam and DLWC cooling demand for the Ryerson campus. The result was under predicted from the actual bill. Simulation was under predicted hydro consumption by 5.7% and steam consumption by 6.26%. The average energy intensity was determined 1.04 GJ/m² for the 86% of total area of Ryerson campus. Also energy intensity (GJ/students) compared with different provinces in Canada, shows that Ryerson University consumed less energy and this value is 10 GJ/student.

Field Evaluation of Hotel/Motel Through-the-Wall HVAC Systems Supervisory Controller

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyn Baskin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Test Period ◽  
Lodging Industry ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Supervisory Controller ◽  
Occupant Comfort ◽  
Air Conditioning Systems

Several potential energy-savings devices are available for through-the-wall HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning) systems but independent test data quantifying their savings are sparse. This field evaluation and demonstration study quantifies the potential energy savings and assesses the impacts on occupants and staff of using a supervisory HVAC controller in the lodging industry. The supervisory controller operates according to the occupancy status of each room in a hotel or motel. The controller is a plug-in device installed between a wall outlet and the room HVAC unit. Preliminary tests in laboratory simulated environmental conditions suggest that energy savings ranging from 50% to 80% are possible in unoccupied lodging rooms employing the controller (Fisher, 1999). The field study objective was to quantify and verify these estimates and to identify impacts on occupant comfort. The controller was developed as a tool for reducing energy consumption and lowering operating costs in the lodging industry. This paper describes results from a field evaluation of the performance of a supervisory HVAC controller. During the test period, the uncontrolled rooms HVAC energy consumption averaged 2632.2 kWh monthly while the controlled rooms HVACs consume an averaged 1684.6 kWh, which equates to the uncontrolled rooms HVAC consuming an averaged of 947.6 kWh (56.3%) more energy than the units in the controlled room monthly. Due to intermittent inoperability of the controllers and other energy loads (controllers controlled approximately 50% of the hotel’s conditioned space), comparison analysis of the energy cost over a three-year period for the entire hotel does not reveal any discrete savings during the test period over prior years.

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