scholarly journals Development of Standardized Domestic Hot Water Event Schedules for Residential Buildings

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Hendron ◽  
Jay Burch
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Software Tool ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Domestic Hot Water ◽  
High Level

The Building America Research Benchmark is a standard house definition created as a point of reference for tracking progress toward multi-year energy savings targets. As part of its development, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has established a set of domestic hot water events to be used in conjunction with sub-hourly analysis of advanced hot water systems. In certain applications (including analysis of recirculation loops, distribution losses, tankless gas water heaters, and solar hot water systems with load-side heat exchangers) energy use can be strongly affected by event flow rate, duration, frequency, clustering, and time of occurrence. High-level constraints on mains temperature and average daily hot water use, along with detailed event characteristics derived from past research and a software tool developed by Kassel University in Germany, were used to generate hot water events over one year for houses of different sizes in various locations. The events were established in 6-min increments for showers, baths, sinks, clothes washers, and dishwashers. Flow rates and times of occurrence varied randomly based on specified probability distributions. The final event schedules reflected the same daily variability as an actual household, thereby providing more realism to energy simulations involving advanced water heating systems.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Feasibility of Implementing Shower Heat Exchangers in Residential Buildings Based on Users’ Energy Saving Preferences

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 5547
Author(s):  
Sabina Kordana-Obuch ◽  
Mariusz Starzec ◽  
Daniel Słyś
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Domestic Hot Water ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Save Energy ◽  
Willingness To Use

In Poland, domestic hot water is heated mainly using fossil fuel energy sources. Such an approach results in the depletion of natural resources, pollution of the atmosphere and, consequently, irreversible changes to the climate. In response to this problem, this research identified the factors that most determine energy savings for heating water in residential buildings, as well as those that affect the choice of an alternative energy source. Additionally, the possibility of implementing shower heat exchangers in existing and newly built residential buildings was assessed, as well as society’s willingness to use such devices. The research was carried out on a sample of 462 inhabitants of the Podkarpackie Voivodeship (Poland). A questionnaire survey was used as a tool. The conducted research has shown that the perspective of environmental protection is not a sufficient motivator to save energy for heating domestic hot water. It is necessary to implement appropriate programs aimed at informing the public about the possibilities offered by the use of alternative energy sources and co-financing the purchase of appropriate devices. In the case of drain water heat recovery systems, a significant problem is also the need to develop new, highly effective designs of shower heat exchangers which can be installed under the floor linear shower drain or on the horizontal shower waste pipe.

scholarly journals Calculation and Analysis of Carbon Emissions for Green Buildings During Operation Period in Beijing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guojian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Domestic Hot Water ◽  
Full Life Cycle ◽  
Operation Period ◽  
Full Life

This study analyzed the carbon emissions for two-star green residential buildings in Beijing. During operation period, the carbon emissions were calculated for air-conditioning, heating, lighting, elevator, and domestic hot water systems. Furthermore, the carbon emissions for full life cycle are also given in this paper based on the statistical method of big data. The results show that the carbon emissions during operation and full life cycle periods were 17∼21 and 21∼27 kgCO2e/(m2·a), respectively. During operation period, the air-conditioning and heating systems accounted for 60%∼70% of the total carbon emissions, 26%∼30% and 4%∼9% for lighting and elevator systems, and the carbon emissions were lowest for domestic hot water systems.

scholarly journals Domestic hot water system in residential buildings: production, distribution and consumption energy loss. Monitoring campaign in two Danish detached houses

2021 ◽  
Vol 2069 (1) ◽  
pp. 012104
Author(s):  
Anna Marszal-Pomianowska ◽  
Rasmus Lund Jensen ◽  
Michal Pomianowski ◽  
Olena Kalyanova Larsen ◽  
Scharling Jacob Jørgensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Water System ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Domestic Hot Water ◽  
Building Typology

Abstract The share of the energy use for domestic hot water (DHW) in the total energy consumption of buildings is becoming more and more prominent. Depending on the building typology it varies between 20% to 50% of the total energy usage for old and new built single family house, respectively. The aim of this paper is to determine the energy losses in the DHW installation with division between: a) loss at the production point, b) loss in the distribution, and c) loss at the draw-off points using the results of the measurements of DHW consumption in two single family houses connected to district heating grid. The total Eloss for the two houses vary between 17% and 26%. For House 1, the production loss accounts for 8%, the pipe loss for 15% and loss at the draw off points for 3%. Moreover, the results shown that the layout of the house, in particular the placement of the bathrooms with showers or bath tubs has significant impact on the size of the distribution losses.

scholarly journals Towards Sustainable Energy Retrofitting, a Simulation for Potential Energy Use Reduction in Residential Buildings in Palestine

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3876
Author(s):  
Sameh Monna ◽  
Adel Juaidi ◽  
Ramez Abdallah ◽  
Aiman Albatayneh ◽  
Patrick Dutournie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Water Heating ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Space Cooling ◽  
Cooling Loads

Since buildings are one of the major contributors to global warming, efforts should be intensified to make them more energy-efficient, particularly existing buildings. This research intends to analyze the energy savings from a suggested retrofitting program using energy simulation for typical existing residential buildings. For the assessment of the energy retrofitting program using computer simulation, the most commonly utilized residential building types were selected. The energy consumption of those selected residential buildings was assessed, and a baseline for evaluating energy retrofitting was established. Three levels of retrofitting programs were implemented. These levels were ordered by cost, with the first level being the least costly and the third level is the most expensive. The simulation models were created for two different types of buildings in three different climatic zones in Palestine. The findings suggest that water heating, space heating, space cooling, and electric lighting are the highest energy consumers in ordinary houses. Level one measures resulted in a 19–24 percent decrease in energy consumption due to reduced heating and cooling loads. The use of a combination of levels one and two resulted in a decrease of energy consumption for heating, cooling, and lighting by 50–57%. The use of the three levels resulted in a decrease of 71–80% in total energy usage for heating, cooling, lighting, water heating, and air conditioning.

A Design Method for Thermosyphon Solar Domestic Hot Water Systems

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Malkin ◽  
S. A. Klein ◽  
J. A. Duffie ◽  
A. B. Copsey
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Average Flow Rate ◽  
Domestic Hot Water ◽  
Average Flow ◽  
Solar Fraction ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Flow Circuit

A modification to the f-Chart method has been developed to predict monthly and annual performance of thermosyphon solar domestic hot water systems. Stratification in the storage tank is accounted for through use of a modified collector loss coefficient. The varying flow rate throughout the day and year in a thermosyphon system is accounted for through use of a fixed monthly “equivalent average” flow rate. The “equivalent average” flow rate is that which balances the thermosyphon buoyancy driving force with the frictional losses in the flow circuit on a monthly average basis. Comparison between the annual solar fraction predited by the modified design method and TRNSYS simulations for a wide range of thermosyphon systems shows an RMS error of 2.6 percent.

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