Analysis of Sports Related mTBI Injuries Caused by Elastic Wave Propagation Through Brain Tissue

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Case ◽  
Edmond Richer
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Pressure Gradients ◽  
Young Athletes ◽  
The World ◽  
Propagation Of Waves ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

Repetitive concussions and sub-concussions suffered by athletes have been linked to a series of sequelae ranging from traumatic encephalopathy to dementia pugilistica. We developed a detailed finite element model of the human head based on standard libraries of medical imaging. The model includes realistic material properties of the brain tissue, bone, soft tissue, and cerebral spinal fluid, as well as a helmet. The strains/stresses and pressure gradients and concentrations created in the brain tissue due to propagation of waves produced by the impact through the complex internal structure of the human head for various impact scenarios were studied. This approach has the potential to expand our understanding of the mechanism of brain injury, and to better assessment of risk of delayed neurological disorders for tens of thousands of young athletes throughout the world.

scholarly journals Study on Behind Helmet Blunt Trauma Caused by High-Speed Bullet

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Zhihua Cai ◽  
Xingyuan Huang ◽  
Yun Xia ◽  
Guibing Li ◽  
Zhuangqing Fan
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Blunt Trauma ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Optimization Design ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Impact Speed ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

The mechanism of Behind Helmet Blunt Trauma (BHBT) caused by a high-speed bullet is difficult to understand. At present, there is still a lack of corresponding parameters and test methods to evaluate this damage effectively. The purpose of the current study is therefore to investigate the response of the human skull and brain tissue under the loading of a bullet impacting a bullet-proof helmet, with the effects of impact direction, impact speed, and impactor structure being considered. A human brain finite element model which can accurately reconstruct the anatomical structures of the scalp, skull, brain tissue, etc., and can realistically reflect the biomechanical response of the brain under high impact speed was employed in this study. The responses of Back Face Deformation (BFD), brain displacement, skull stress, and dura mater pressure were extracted from simulations as the parameters reflecting BHBT risk, and the relationships between BHBT and bullet-proof equipment structure and performance were also investigated. The simulation results show that the frontal impact of the skull produces the largest amount of BFD, and when the impact directions are from the side, the skull stress is about twice higher than other directions. As the impact velocity increases, BFD, brain displacement, skull stress, and dura mater pressure increase. The brain damage caused by different structural bullet bodies is different under the condition of the same kinetic energy. The skull stress caused by the handgun bullet is the largest. The findings indicate that when a bullet impacts on the bullet-proof helmet, it has a higher probability of causing brain displacement and intracranial high pressure. The research results can provide a reference value for helmet optimization design and antielasticity evaluation and provide the theoretical basis for protection and rescue.

Neuroscience20 (BRAIN20, SPINE20, and MENTAL20) Health Initiative: A Global Consortium Addressing the Human and Economic Burden of Brain, Spine, and Mental Disorders Through Neurotech Innovations and Policies

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-39
Author(s):  
Kevin Morris ◽  
Mohammad Nami ◽  
Joe F. Bolanos ◽  
Maria A. Lobo ◽  
Melody Sadri-Naini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fast Tracking ◽  
The World ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Neurological disorders significantly impact the world’s economy due to their often chronic and life-threatening nature afflicting individuals which, in turn, creates a global disease burden. The Group of Twenty (G20) member nations, which represent the largest economies globally, should come together to formulate a plan on how to overcome this burden. The Neuroscience-20 (N20) initiative of the Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT) is at the vanguard of this global collaboration to comprehensively raise awareness about brain, spine, and mental disorders worldwide. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the various brain initiatives worldwide and highlight the need for cooperation and recommend ways to bring down costs associated with the discovery and treatment of neurological disorders. Our systematic search revealed that the cost of neurological and psychiatric disorders to the world economy by 2030 is roughly $16T. The cost to the economy of the United States is $1.5T annually and growing given the impact of COVID-19. We also discovered there is a shortfall of effective collaboration between nations and a lack of resources in developing countries. Current statistical analyses on the cost of neurological disorders to the world economy strongly suggest that there is a great need for investment in neurotechnology and innovation or fast-tracking therapeutics and diagnostics to curb these costs. During the current COVID-19 pandemic, SBMT, through this paper, intends to showcase the importance of worldwide collaborations to reduce the population’s economic and health burden, specifically regarding neurological/brain, spine, and mental disorders.

Effects of CSF Properties on Brain Response Under Impact Loading

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Chafi ◽  
V. Dirisala ◽  
G. Karami ◽  
M. Ziejewski
Keyword(s):  
Human Head ◽  
Brain Response ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Mechanical Shocks ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Simultaneous Loading ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Impact Experiments ◽  
The Brain

In the central nervous system, the subarachnoid space is the interval between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater. It is filled with a clear, watery liquid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The CSF buffers the brain against mechanical shocks and creates buoyancy to protect it from the forces of gravity. The relative motion of the brain due to a simultaneous loading is caused because the skull and brain have different densities and the CSF surrounds the brain. The impact experiments are usually carried out on cadavers with no CSF included because of the autolysis. Even in the cadaveric head impact experiments by Hardy et al. [1], where the specimens are repressurized using artificial CSF, this is not known how far this can replicate the real functionality of CSF. With such motivation, a special interest lies on how to model this feature in a finite element (FE) modeling of the human head because it is questionable if one uses in vivo CSF properties (i.e. bulk modulus of 2.19 GPa) to validate a FE human head against cadaveric experimental data.

scholarly journals A Review on Epilepsy and its Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-279
Author(s):  
V.V. Potnis ◽  
Ketan G. Albhar ◽  
Pritamsinh Arjun Nanaware ◽  
Vishal S. Pote
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Brain Infection ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Patients With Epilepsy ◽  
The Brain

Today, people face various types of stress in everyday fast life and most people in the world suffer from various neurological disorder. Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders of the brain, affecting about 50 million people around the world, and 90% of them are coming from developing countries. Genetic factors and brain infection, stroke, tumors and epilepsy cause high fever. It imposes a great economic burden on the health systems of countries associated with stigma and discrimination against the patient and also his family in the community, in the workplace, school and home. Many patients with epilepsy suffer from severe emotional stress, behavioral disorders and extreme social isolation. There are many different types of seizure and mechanisms by which the brain generates seizures. The two features of generating seizures are hyperexcitability of neurons and a hyper synchronousneural circuits. A variety of mechanisms alters the balance between excitation and inhibition in predisposing brain local or generalized hyperexcitability region and a hypersynchronia. Purpose of the review is to discuss the history, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, classification of epilepsy, symtomps, diagnosis, management of epilepsy and future trends. Keywords: Anti-epileptic drugs, pathophysiology, seizures, epidemiology, hypersynchrony

scholarly journals Mechanical Strength Study of a Cranial Implant Using Computational Tools

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 878
Author(s):  
Pedro O. Santos ◽  
Gustavo P. Carmo ◽  
Ricardo J. Alves de Sousa ◽  
Fábio A. O. Fernandes ◽  
Mariusz Ptak
Keyword(s):  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Skull Fracture ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Von Mises Stress ◽  
Cranial Implant ◽  
Von Mises ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
The Brain

The human head is sometimes subjected to impact loads that lead to skull fracture or other injuries that require the removal of part of the skull, which is called craniectomy. Consequently, the removed portion is replaced using autologous bone or alloplastic material. The aim of this work is to develop a cranial implant to fulfil a defect created on the skull and then study its mechanical performance by integrating it on a human head finite element model. The material chosen for the implant was PEEK, a thermoplastic polymer that has been recently used in cranioplasty. A6 numerical model head coupled with an implant was subjected to analysis to evaluate two parameters: the number of fixation screws that enhance the performance and ensure the structural integrity of the implant, and the implant’s capacity to protect the brain compared to the integral skull. The main findings point to the fact that, among all tested configurations of screws, the model with eight screws presents better performance when considering the von Mises stress field and the displacement field on the interface between the implant and the skull. Additionally, under the specific analyzed conditions, it is observable that the model with the implant offers more efficient brain protection when compared with the model with the integral skull.

The Strain Rates of the Brain and Skull Under Dynamic Loading

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hosseini Farid ◽  
Ashkan Eslaminejad ◽  
Mohammadreza Ramzanpour ◽  
Mariusz Ziejewski ◽  
Ghodrat Karami
Keyword(s):  
Material Properties ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Blast Waves ◽  
Cranial Bone ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Head Acceleration ◽  
Blunt Impact ◽  
The Brain

Accurate material properties of the brain and skull are needed to examine the biomechanics of head injury during highly dynamic loads such as blunt impact or blast. In this paper, a validated Finite Element Model (FEM) of a human head is used to study the biomechanics of the head in impact and blast leading to traumatic brain injuries (TBI). We simulate the head under various direction and velocity of impacts, as well as helmeted and un-helmeted head under blast waves. It is shown that the strain rates for the brain at impacts and blast scenarios are usually in the range of 36 to 241 s−1. The skull was found to experience a rate in the range of 14 to 182 s−1 under typical impact and blast cases. Results show for impact incidents the strain rates of brain and skull are approximately 1.9 and 0.7 times of the head acceleration. Also, this ratio of strain rate to head acceleration for the brain and skull was found to be 0.86 and 0.43 under blast loadings. These findings provide a good insight into measuring the brain tissue and cranial bone, and selecting material properties in advance for FEM of TBI.

Biomechanical Comparison of Real World Concussive Impacts in Children, Adolescents, and Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Dawson ◽  
David Koncan ◽  
Andrew Post ◽  
Roger Zemek ◽  
Michael D. Gilchrist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Finite Element Model ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Tissue Response ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Child Group ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Accidental falls occur to people of all ages, with some resulting in concussive injury. At present, it is unknown whether children and adolescents are at a comparable risk of sustaining a concussion compared to adults. This study reconstructed the impact kinematics of concussive falls for children, adolescents, and adults and simulated the associated brain tissue deformations. Patients included in this study were diagnosed with a concussion as defined by the Zurich Consensus guidelines. Eleven child, 10 adolescent, and 11 adult falls were simulated using mathematical dynamic models(MADYMO), with three ellipsoid pedestrian models sized to each age group. Laboratory impact reconstruction was conducted using Hybrid III head forms, with finite element model simulations of the brain tissue response using recorded impact kinematics from the reconstructions. The results of the child group showed lower responses than the adolescent group for impact variables of impact velocity, peak linear acceleration, and peak rotational acceleration but no statistical differences existed for any other groups. Finite element model simulations showed the child group to have lower strain values than both the adolescent and adult groups. There were no statistical differences between the adolescent and adult groups for any variables examined in this study. With the cases included in this study, young children sustained concussive injuries at lower modeled brain strains than adolescents and adults, supporting the theory that children may be more susceptible to concussive impacts than adolescents or adults.

scholarly journals Chemerin-induced macrophages pyroptosis in fetal brain tissue leads to cognitive disorder in offspring of diabetic dams

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaoxia Liang ◽  
Luyang Han ◽  
Dianjianyi Sun ◽  
Yanmin Chen ◽  
Qi Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Diabetes In Pregnancy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain ◽  
In Pregnancy ◽  
Brain Tissues

Abstract Background Chemerin is highly expressed in the serum, placenta tissue, and umbilical cord blood of diabetic mother; however, the impact of chemerin on cognitive disorders of offspring from mothers with diabetes in pregnancy remains unclear. Methods A diabetic phenotype in pregnant mice dams was induced by streptozocin (STZ) injection or intraperitoneal injection of chemerin. Behavioral changes in offspring of diabetic dams and nondiabetic controls were assessed, and changes in chemerin, two receptors of chemerin [chemerin receptor 23 (ChemR23) and chemokine (C-C motif) receptor-like 2 (CCRL2)], macrophages, and neurons in the brain tissue were studied to reveal the underlying mechanism of the behavioral changes. Results Chemerin treatment mimicked the STZ-induced symptom of maternal diabetes in mice along with the altered behavior of offspring in the open field test (OFT) assay. In the exploring process for potential mechanism, the brain tissues of offspring from chemerin-treated dams were observed with an increase level of macrophage infiltration and a decrease number of neuron cells. Moreover, an increased level of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and apoptosis-associated speck-like (Asc) protein as well as pyroptosis [characterized by increased active caspase-1 content and secretion of cytokines such as interleukin (IL) 1 beta (IL-1β) and IL-18] more activated in macrophages is also observed in the brain of these diabetic dam’s offspring, in the presence of ChemR23. In vitro, it was found that pyroptosis activation was increased in macrophages separated from the abdominal cavity of normal mice, after chemerin treatment. However, depletion of CCRL2 decreased the level of chemerin in the brain tissues of diabetic dams’ offspring; depletion of ChemR23 decreased macrophage pyroptosis, and depletion of either receptor reversed chemerin-mediated neurodevelopmental deficits and cognitive impairment of offspring of diabetic pregnant dams. Conclusions Chemerin induced diabetic pregnant disease and CCRL2 were required to enrich chemerin in the brain of offspring. Aggregation of chemerin could lead to macrophage recruitment, activation of pyroptosis, the release of inflammatory cytokines, a decrease in the number of neurons, and cognitive impairment in offspring in a ChemR23-dependent manner. Targeting CCRL2 and/or ChemR23 could be useful for treating neuropsychological deficits in offspring of dams with diabetes in pregnancy.

On the Brain Drain of Africans to America: Some Methodological Observations

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Nii-Amoo Dodoo ◽  
Baffour Takyi ◽  
Jesse Mann
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Relative Comparisons ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

AbstractRecurring debates about the impact of the brain drain— the developing world's loss of human capital to more developed countries—has motivated estimation of the magnitude of the phenomenon, most recently by the World Bank. Although frequently cited as a key contributor to Africa's wanting development record, what constitutes the "brain-drain" is not always clearly defined. Today, in the absence of an accounting system, resolution of the definitional and measurement question depends on relative comparisons of measurement variants, which will identify definitional shortcomings by clarifying the merits and demerits of these variants, and thereby suggest corrective imputations. This paper compares the World Bank's approach to a chronological precedent (Dodoo 1997) to clarify the value of variant comparisons. The resultant implications for corrections are also discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of hemostasis and electrosurgery on the development and evolution of brain tumor surgery in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Vender ◽  
Jason Miller ◽  
Andy Rekito ◽  
Dennis E. McDonnell
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Surgical Management ◽  
Tumor Surgery ◽  
Brain Tumor Surgery ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Neurological Surgeon ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Development And Evolution ◽  
Type Of Surgery

Hemostatic options available to the surgeon in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were limited. The surgical ligature was limited in value to the neurological surgeon because of the unique structural composition of brain tissue as well as the approaches and operating angles used in this type of surgery. In this manuscript the authors review the options available and the evolution of surgical hemostatic techniques and electrosurgery in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and the impact of these methods on the surgical management of tumors of the brain and its coverings.

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