Optimal LQ Transient Air-to-Fuel Ratio Control of an Internal Combustion Engine

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Pace ◽  
Guoming G. Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Fuel Injector ◽  
Linear Quadratic ◽  
Fuel Ratio ◽  
Tracking Controller ◽  
Wetting Dynamics

Most modern spark ignited (SI) internal combustion engines maintain their air-to-fuel ratio (AFR) at a desired level to maximize the three-way catalyst conversion efficiency and to extend its life. However, maintaining the engine AFR during its transient operation is quite challenging due to rapid changes of driver demands. Conventional transient AFR control is based upon the inverse dynamics of the engine port-fuel-injection well-wetting dynamics and the measured mass air flow rate. This paper develops a dynamic linear quadratic (LQ) tracking controller to regulate the AFR using a control oriented model of the wall wetting dynamics of a port fuel injector (PFI) and estimated transport delays of the airflow travel and throttle dynamics. The LQ tracking controller is designed to optimally track the measured airflow through the throttle during engine transients over a given time interval. The performance of the optimal LQ tracking controller was compared with the conventional inverse fueling dynamics through simulations and showed improvement over the baseline controller.

Transient Air-to-Fuel Ratio Control of an Spark Ignited Engine Using Linear Quadratic Tracking

2013 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Pace ◽  
Guoming G. Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Linear Quadratic ◽  
Fuel Ratio ◽  
Tracking Controller ◽  
Wall Wetting ◽  
Quadratic Tracking ◽  
Wetting Dynamics

Modern spark ignited (SI) internal combustion engines maintain their air-to-fuel ratio (AFR) at a desired level to maximize the three-way catalyst conversion efficiency and durability. However, maintaining the engine AFR during its transient operation is quite challenging due to rapid changes of driver demand or engine throttle. Conventional transient AFR control is based upon the inverse dynamics of the engine fueling dynamics and the measured mass air flow (MAF) rate to obtain the desired AFR of the gas mixture trapped in the cylinder. This paper develops a linear quadratic (LQ) tracking controller to regulate the transient AFR based upon a control-oriented model of the engine port fuel injection (PFI) wall wetting dynamics and the air intake dynamics from the measured airflow to the manifold pressure. The LQ tracking controller is designed to optimally track the desired AFR by minimizing the error between the trapped in-cylinder air mass and the product of the desired AFR and fuel mass over a given time interval. The performance of the optimal LQ tracking controller was compared with the conventional transient fueling control based on the inverse fueling dynamics through simulations and showed improvement over the baseline conventional inverse fueling dynamics controller. To validate the control strategy on an actual engine, a 0.4 l single cylinder direct-injection (DI) engine was used. The PFI wall wetting dynamics were simulated in the engine controller after the DI injector control signal. Engine load transition tests for the simulated PFI case were conducted on an engine dynamometer, and the results showed improvement over the baseline transient fueling controller based on the inverse fueling dynamics.

A New Development of Internal Combustion Engine Air-Fuel Ratio Control With Second-Order Sliding Mode

2007 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 757-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiwei Wang ◽  
D. L. Yu
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Sliding Mode ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Radial Basis Function Network ◽  
Control Variable ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Lyapunov Theory ◽  
Fuel Ratio ◽  
Second Order Sliding Mode

A novel application of a second-order sliding mode control (SMC) scheme to the air-fuel ratio (AFR) control of automobile internal combustion engines is developed in this paper. In this scheme, the sliding surface S[x(t)] is steered to zero in finite time by using the discontinuous first-order derivative of a control variable u̇c(t), and the corresponding actual control variable uc(t) turns out to be continuous, which significantly reduces the undesired chattering. Its sliding gain is adjusted by a novel radial basis function network based adaptation method derived using the Lyapunov theory. It not only avoids handling the unavailable parameters and variables, but also saves the unnecessary manual adjusting time of the second-order SMC. The proposed method is applied to a widely used engine benchmark, the mean value engine model for evaluation. The simulation results show substantially improved AFR control performance compared with the conventional SMC.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FUEL EQUIPMENT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Г.Д. КОКОРЕВ ◽  
Е.А. ЖУРАВЛЕВА
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fourier Transforms ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Technical Diagnostics ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
The Relationship

В исследовании рассмотрены некоторые составляющие технической эксплуатации автомобильной техники (АТ), связанные с диагностированием топливной аппаратуры двигателей внутреннего сгорания (ДВС), причем с целью осуществления неразрушающего контроля предлагается применять ультразвуковую и акустико-эмиссионную системы технического диагностирования.Необходимо констатировать, что при рассмотрении соотношений, показывающих взаимосвязь акустических и физико-механических параметров материалов, в основном используется временной интервал, и при его некорректном измерении получаем низкую информативность и невысокую точность акустических методов определения механических характеристик. При разработке методики использованы принципы спектрального анализа импульсов, отраженных от исследуемых элементов АТ, на которых опирается также метод разработки как аппаратного так и программного обеспечения для обработки полученных сигналов. Результаты предыдущих исследований дают основание полагать, что применение преобразований Фурье обеспечивает получение достоверной информации, основанной на акустических сигналах, если последовательность измерений составляет около 10 секунд. Опыт разработчиков системы свидетельствует о высокой информативности параметров распространения рэлеевских волн. В связи с этим система была укомплектована специально разработанным малобазным датчиком рэлеевских волн. Регистрированные отраженные сигналы в последующем обрабатываются пакетом прикладных программ. Данный преобразователь может быть эффективно использован в задачах контроля накопления повреждений в материале элементов АТ, подвергаемых упруго-пластическим и усталостным воздействиям.Принцип действия системы основан на стробоскопическом эффекте восстановления отраженных импульсов, которые получаются в результате «облучения» материала обследуемого элемента АТ зондирующими импульсами в указанной полосе частот. The study considers some components of technical operation of automotive equipment (at) related to the diagnosis of fuel equipment of internal combustion engines, and for the purpose of non-destructive testing, it is proposed to use ultrasonic and acoustic emission systems for technical diagnostics. It should be noted that when considering the relations showing the relationship between acoustic and physical-mechanical parameters of materials, the time interval is mainly measured, and if the measurement is incorrect, the relationship between the acoustic and physical-mechanical parameters of the material often gives low information content and low accuracy of acoustic methods for determining mechanical characteristics. When developing the technique, the principles of spectral analysis of pulses refl ected from the studied at elements are used, which also support the method of developing both hardware and software for processing the received signals. The results of previous studies suggest that the use of Fourier transforms provides reliable information based on acoustic signals, if the measurement sequence is about 10 seconds. The experience of the system developers shows that the parameters of Rayleigh wave propagation are highly informative. In this regard, the system was equipped with a specially developed low-base relay wave sensor. The registration of refl ected signals is then processed by a package of application programs. This Converter can be effectively used in the tasks of monitoring the accumulation of damage in the material of at elements subjected to elastic-plastic and fatigue effects. The principle of operation of the system is based on the stroboscopic effect of recovery of refl ected pulses, which are obtained as a result of "irradiation" of the material being examined by the at element with probing pulses in the specifi ed frequency band.

scholarly journals Laminar Burning Velocity of Biogas-Containing Mixtures. A Literature Review

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 996
Author(s):  
Venera Giurcan ◽  
Codina Movileanu ◽  
Adina Magdalena Musuc ◽  
Maria Mitu
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Burning Velocity ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Laminar Burning Velocity ◽  
Waste Products

Currently, the use of fossil fuels is very high and existing nature reserves are rapidly depleted. Therefore, researchers are turning their attention to find renewable fuels that have a low impact on the environment, to replace these fossil fuels. Biogas is a low-cost alternative, sustainable, renewable fuel existing worldwide. It can be produced by decomposition of vegetation or waste products of human and animal biological activity. This process is performed by microorganisms (such as methanogens and sulfate-reducing bacteria) by anaerobic digestion. Biogas can serve as a basis for heat and electricity production used for domestic heating and cooking. It can be also used to feed internal combustion engines, gas turbines, fuel cells, or cogeneration systems. In this paper, a comprehensive literature study regarding the laminar burning velocity of biogas-containing mixtures is presented. This study aims to characterize the use of biogas as IC (internal combustion) engine fuel, and to develop efficient safety recommendations and to predict and reduce the risk of fires and accidental explosions caused by biogas.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF A HOLISTIC APPROACH OF HYDROGEN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE (HICE) BUSSES

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 477-486
Author(s):  
Vahid Douzloo Salehi
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Driving Mode ◽  
Cell Technology ◽  
Fuel Cell Technology ◽  
Hydrogen Supply

AbstractHydrogen is a promising fuel to fulfil climate goals and future legislation requirements due to its carbon-free property. Especially hydrogen fueled buses and heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) strongly move into the foreground. In contrast to the hydrogen-based fuel cell technology, which is already in commercial use, vehicles with hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2-ICE) are also a currently pursued field of research, representing a potentially holistic carbon-free drive train. Real applications of H2-ICE vehicles are currently not known but can be expected, since their suitability is put to test in a few insolated projects at this time. This paper provides a literature survey to reflect the current state of H2-ICEs focused on city buses. An extended view to HDVs and fuel cell technology allows to recognize trends in hydrogen transport sector, to identify further research potential and to derive useful conclusion. In addition, within this paper we apply green MAGIC as a holistic approach and discuss Well-to-Tank green hydrogen supply in relation to a H2-ICE city bus. Building on that, we introduce the upcoming Hydrogen-bus project, where tests of H2-ICE buses in real driving mode are foreseen to investigate Tank-to-Wheel.

Effect of Engine Operating Parameters on Combustion and Emission Characteristics

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang Lu ◽  
Ashwani K. Gupta ◽  
Eugene L. Keating
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Pressure Rise ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Emission Characteristics ◽  
Pollutants Emission

Abstract Numerical simulation of flow, combustion, heat release rate and pollutants emission characteristics have been obtained using a single cylinder internal combustion engine operating with propane as the fuel. The data are compared with experimental results and show excellent agreement for peak pressure and the rate of pressure rise as a function of crank angle. The results obtained for NO and CO are also found to be in good agreement and are similar to those reported in the literature for the chosen combustion chamber geometry. The results have shown that both the combustion chamber geometry and engine operating parameters affects the flame growth within the combustion chamber which subsequently affects the pollutants emission levels. The code employed the time marching procedure and solves the governing partial differential equations of multi-component chemically reacting fluid flow by finite difference method. The numerical results provide a cost effective means of developing advanced internal combustion engine chamber geometry design that provides high efficiency and low pollution levels. It is expected that increased computational tools will be used in the future for enhancing our understanding of the detailed combustion process in internal combustion engines and all other energy conversion systems. Such detailed information is critical for the development of advanced methods for energy conservation and environmental pollution control.

Computationally Efficient Simulation of Multi-Component Fuel Combustion Using a Sparse Analytical Jacobian Chemistry Solver and High-Dimensional Clustering

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Perini ◽  
Anand Krishnasamy ◽  
Youngchul Ra ◽  
Rolf D. Reitz
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Chemical Kinetics ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
High Dimensional ◽  
Computational Point ◽  
Fuel Surrogates

The need for more efficient and environmentally sustainable internal combustion engines is driving research towards the need to consider more realistic models for both fuel physics and chemistry. As far as compression ignition engines are concerned, phenomenological or lumped fuel models are unreliable to capture spray and combustion strategies outside of their validation domains — typically, high-pressure injection and high-temperature combustion. Furthermore, the development of variable-reactivity combustion strategies also creates the need to model comprehensively different hydrocarbon families even in single fuel surrogates. From the computational point of view, challenges to achieving practical simulation times arise from the dimensions of the reaction mechanism, that can be of hundreds species even if hydrocarbon families are lumped into representative compounds, and thus modeled with non-elementary, skeletal reaction pathways. In this case, it is also impossible to pursue further mechanism reductions to lower dimensions. CPU times for integrating chemical kinetics in internal combustion engine simulations ultimately scale with the number of cells in the grid, and with the cube number of species in the reaction mechanism. In the present work, two approaches to reduce the demands of engine simulations with detailed chemistry are presented. The first one addresses the demands due to the solution of the chemistry ODE system, and features the adoption of SpeedCHEM, a newly developed chemistry package that solves chemical kinetics using sparse analytical Jacobians. The second one aims to reduce the number of chemistry calculations by binning the CFD cells of the engine grid into a subset of clusters, where chemistry is solved and then mapped back to the original domain. In particular, a high-dimensional representation of the chemical state space is adopted for keeping track of the different fuel components, and a newly developed bounding-box-constrained k-means algorithm is used to subdivide the cells into reactively homogeneous clusters. The approaches have been tested on a number of simulations featuring multi-component diesel fuel surrogates, and different engine grids. The results show that significant CPU time reductions, of about one order of magnitude, can be achieved without loss of accuracy in both engine performance and emissions predictions, prompting for their applicability to more refined or full-sized engine grids.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Heat Transfer Process in Internal Combustion Engine Cylinders

2020 ◽  
pp. 266-274
Author(s):  
Volodumur Suvolapov ◽  
◽  
Andriy Novitskiy ◽  
Vasul Khmelevski ◽  
Oleksandr Bustruy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Contact Layer ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Temperature Fields ◽  
Cylinder Surface ◽  
Stationary Mode ◽  
Cylinder Wall ◽  
Engine Cylinder

The article analyzes scientific publications and literary studies of heat transfer processes in cylinders of internal combustion engines. The research of temperature fields in engines during their operation at different modes with the use of a software package and calculation module is presented. The results of modeling and thermo-metering in homogeneous and laminated engine cylinder liners are analyzed. Graphic dependencies and temperature distribution by cylinder wall thickness at maximum and minimum temperature on cylinder surface are given. On the basis of researches it is established that at laminating and pressing of inserts temperature fields in the engine cylinder change, temperature on an internal surface of the cylinder increases at laminating on 6,5 °С, and at pressing - on 4,5 °С. This is explained by the fact that the contact layer during plastification is in the zone of non-stationary mode, and when pressing the contact layer is in the zone of stationary mode and thus increases the thickness of the cylinder by 2 millimeters. It is established that the difference of minimum and maximum temperatures on the inner surface of the cylinder practically remains the same as that of a homogeneous cylinder. Thus, modeling becomes the most effective scientific tool in the development and implementation of long-term evaluation of options for improving ICE.

scholarly journals Individual drive of internal combustion engine lubrication system based on switched reluctance motor

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-151
Author(s):  
Ihor Holovach ◽  
◽  
Lidiia Kasha ◽  
Ivan Hudzii
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Switched Reluctance Motor ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Hydrodynamic Resistance ◽  
Lubrication System ◽  
Resistance Characteristic ◽  
Switched Reluctance ◽  
Reluctance Motor

The article analyses the modern lubrication systems for internal combustion engines. Systems with mechanical drive components that contain mechanical and electronic components have been found to have a number of disadvantages. In particular, when the internal combustion engine is started cold, when the viscosity of the oil is high, the hydrodynamic resistance characteristic rises sharply, which leads to high pressure at low speeds and the drive requires low pump speeds. Again, the increase in oil temperature causes a decrease in viscosity, the hydrodynamic resistance characteristic becomes flatter. This, in turn, reduces the pressure in the lubrication system and requires an increase in pump speed in order to keep the pressure constant. Based on the analysis, the requirements for lubrication systems are formulated and a separate lubrication system with forced oil supply is proposed in this paper. For the drive of pump lubrication system of the internal combustion engine, a switched reluctance motor is proposed and calculated. Such motor by its qualities is one of the most useful in this type of systems.

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