Precision Evaluation for Cycloidal Gears

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Pei Shih ◽  
Shih-Hung Lo ◽  
Bor-Tyng Sheen ◽  
Yi-Hung Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Machine Tools ◽  
Coordinate Measuring Machine ◽  
Industrial Robots ◽  
Measuring Devices ◽  
Output Torque ◽  
Precision Evaluation ◽  
Measuring Machine ◽  
Gear Drives ◽  
Large Output

Abstract Cycloidal gear drives have advantages of compact sizes, large reduction ratios, and low backlash. They are particularly suitable for applications in precise positioning and large output torque, such as industrial robots and machine tools. Up to now, the effective precision evaluation of cycloidal gears is lacked in commercial measuring devices. The main goal of this paper is to propose precision evaluation for cycloidal gears. The research focuses on (1) establishing a mathematical model of cycloidal gear and (2) developing a method for precision evaluation of cycloidal gear. The evaluation items cover the following areas of tooth profile and thickness errors, pitch errors, accumulation pitch errors and runout. The profile points measured by a coordinate measuring machine are divided into tooth groups and then formulated as curves using a B-spline curve fitting technique. The precision of cycloidal gear can be further evaluated. A case study on Nabtesco RV-25N is displayed to verified the correctness of the proposed method.

A Case Study- Monitoring and Inspection Based on IoT for STEP-NC Data Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maznah Iliyas Ahmad ◽  
Yazid Saif ◽  
Yusri Yusof ◽  
Md Elias Daud ◽  
Kamran Latif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Model ◽  
Machine Tools ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Process Condition ◽  
Coordinate Measuring Machine ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Measuring Machine ◽  
Part Inspection ◽  
Nc Data

Abstract Cyber-Physical Machine Tools (CPMT) is currently recognized as a new generation of machine tools that align with Industry 4.0 needs as a smart, well connected, advanced accessibility, more adaptive and autonomous solution. It can be achieved through standardized design method and communication protocols. This article presents a case study on monitoring and inspection based on Internet of Things (IoT) for STEP-NC data model toward a CPMT. More specifically, the monitoring approach utilizing an IoT based monitoring architecture for machining process monitoring, while the inspection approach using a coordinate measuring machine for machined part inspection. The monitoring and inspection approaches can achieve high accuracy of machining process condition detection and enable measurement of machined parts to fulfil CPMT needs and I4.0. The case study validated that the developed monitoring approach performed well and was highly sensitive to any changes during the machining process, specifically on the tool condition. As per the inspection approach, the reliability of the machined model was 99.97%. Based on the results of both the approaches, it is confirmed that both tasks can be designed and support digital factory and other manufacturing process stages in the future such as preventive maintenance, inspecting, sizing, assembling, and others.

scholarly journals Study of Machining of Gears with Regular and Modified Outline Using CNC Machine Tools

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2913
Author(s):  
Rafał Gołębski ◽  
Piotr Boral
Keyword(s):  
Machine Tools ◽  
Coordinate Measuring Machine ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Numerical Control ◽  
Cnc Machine Tools ◽  
Cnc Milling ◽  
Cnc Machine ◽  
Cylindrical Gears ◽  
Measuring Machine ◽  
Five Axis

Classic methods of machining cylindrical gears, such as hobbing or circumferential chiseling, require the use of expensive special machine tools and dedicated tools, which makes production unprofitable, especially in small and medium series. Today, special attention is paid to the technology of making gears using universal CNC (computer numerical control) machine tools with standard cheap tools. On the basis of the presented mathematical model, a software was developed to generate a code that controls a machine tool for machining cylindrical gears with straight and modified tooth line using the multipass method. Made of steel 16MnCr5, gear wheels with a straight tooth line and with a longitudinally modified convex-convex tooth line were machined on a five-axis CNC milling machine DMG MORI CMX50U, using solid carbide milling cutters (cylindrical and ball end) for processing. The manufactured gears were inspected on a ZEISS coordinate measuring machine, using the software Gear Pro Involute. The conformity of the outline, the tooth line, and the gear pitch were assessed. The side surfaces of the teeth after machining according to the planned strategy were also assessed; the tests were carried out using the optical microscope Alicona Infinite Focus G5 and the contact profilographometer Taylor Hobson, Talysurf 120. The presented method is able to provide a very good quality of machined gears in relation to competing methods. The great advantage of this method is the use of a tool that is not geometrically related to the shape of the machined gear profile, which allows the production of cylindrical gears with a tooth and profile line other than the standard.

A new approach of kinematic geometry for error identification and compensation of industrial robots

2018 ◽  
Vol 233 (5) ◽  
pp. 1783-1794
Author(s):  
Zhi Wang ◽  
Huimin Dong ◽  
Shaoping Bai ◽  
Delun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Curve Fitting ◽  
Kinematic Model ◽  
Coordinate Measuring Machine ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Industrial Robots ◽  
Kinematic Calibration ◽  
Kinematic Pair ◽  
Good Efficiency ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Measuring Machine

A new approach for kinematic calibration of industrial robots, including the kinematic pair errors and the link errors, is developed in this paper based on the kinematic invariants. In most methods of kinematic calibration, the geometric errors of the robots are considered in forms of variations of the link parameters, while the kinematic pairs are assumed ideal. Due to the errors of mating surfaces in kinematic pairs, the fixed and moving axes of revolute pairs, or the fixed and moving guidelines of prismatic pairs, are separated, which can be concisely identified as the kinematic pair errors and the link errors by means of the kinematic pair errors model, including the self-adaption fitting of a ruled surface, or the spherical image curve fitting and the striction curve fitting. The approach is applied to the kinematic calibration of a SCARA robot. The discrete motion of each kinematic pair in the robot is completely measured by a coordinate measuring machine. Based on the global kinematic properties of the measured motion, the fixed and moving axes, or guidelines, of the kinematic pairs are identified, which are invariants unrelated to the positions of the measured reference points. The kinematic model of the robot is set up using the identified axes and guidelines. The results validate the approach developed has good efficiency and accuracy.

A Technique for Enhancing Machine Tool Accuracy by Transferring the Metrology Reference From the Machine Tool to the Workpiece

2006 ◽  
Vol 129 (3) ◽  
pp. 636-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany A. Woody ◽  
K. Scott Smith ◽  
Robert J. Hocken ◽  
Jimmie A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Machine Tool ◽  
Machine Tools ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Coordinate Measuring Machine ◽  
Shop Floor ◽  
Finished Part ◽  
Measuring Machine ◽  
Monolithic Components

High-speed machining (HSM) has had a large impact on the design and fabrication of aerospace parts and HSM techniques have been used to improve the quality of conventionally machined parts as well. Initially, the trend toward HSM of monolithic parts was focused on small parts, where existing machine tools have sufficient precision to machine the required features. But, as the technology continues to progress, the scale of monolithic parts has continued to grow. However, the growth of such parts has become limited by the inability of existing machines to achieve the tolerances required for assembly due to the long-range accuracy and the thermal environment of most machine tools. Increasing part size without decreasing the tolerances using existing technology requires very large and very accurate machines in a tightly controlled thermal environment. As a result, new techniques are needed to precisely and accurately manufacture large scale monolithic components. Previous work has established the fiducial calibration system (FCS), a technique, which, for the first time provides a method that allows for the accuracy of a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) to be transferred to the shop floor. This paper addresses the range of applicability of the FCS, and provides a method to answer two fundamental questions. First, given a set of machines and fiducials, how much improvement in precision of the finished part can be expected? And second, given a desired precision of the finished part, what machines and fiducials are required? The achievable improvement in precision using the FCS depends on a number of factors including, but not limited to: the type of fiducial, the probing system on the machine and CMM, the time required to make a measurement, and the frequency of measurement. In this paper, the sensitivity of the method to such items is evaluated through an uncertainty analysis, and examples are given indicating how this analysis can be used in a variety of cases.

Design of a Universal Software System for Controlling Geometric Measuring Devices

2006 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Lübke ◽  
C. Pieper ◽  
G. Goch ◽  
K. Kammers
Keyword(s):  
User Interface ◽  
Coordinate Measuring Machine ◽  
Specific Form ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Measuring Devices ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Broad Variety ◽  
Measuring Machine ◽  
And Control

The research project UP-Prosa, a German acronym for universal and unified platform for planning, programming, controlling and evaluating processes, of measuring, aims at realizing a platform to design and control processes of geometry measurements, which supports a broad variety of measuring devices via one user interface. Based on Windows Operating System (OS) a software was developed able to control inspection devices for different types of geometry measurements (coordinate measuring machine, form, roughness, gear) and manufacturers by one defined communication protocol. This uniform user interface contains the programming of measurement processes, evaluation algorithms with standardized methods, as well as abilities to generate record pages at the users expectations. At the level of geometric measuring devices a universal controlling software called Prosa InterCommunicator (Prosa-ICom) was designed. Prosa-ICom communicates via network with the user interface and translates the defined protocol into a measuring device specific form. The internal structure is extendable and so it seems to be appropriate for both new developments and upgrades (retrofit) for all kinds of geometric measuring devices.

CMM Measurement Uncertainty Reduction via Sampling Strategy Optimization

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Moroni ◽  
Stefano Petro`
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Uncertainty ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Coordinate Measuring Machine ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Uncertainty Reduction ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Geometrical Error ◽  
Measuring Machine

Uncertainty is a key concept in any environment which involves measurements to ensure process quality: a trade-off has to be found between measurement costs, which increase as uncertainty lowers, and costs related to measurement errors. In mechanics, geometrical conformance is a common requirement. Two similar standards series deal with the problem of uncertainty in geometrical error estimate: ASME B89.7.3 and ISO 14253. Geometrical inspection is often performed by means of a “Coordinate Measuring Machine” (CMM). For a CMM, a trade off between measurement and errors costs may be found by optimizing the sampling strategy. In this work a cost function will be proposed as support for finding a trade-off between measurement uncertainty and costs. This function may be optimized by means of an heuristic algorithm. The method will involve repeated measurements of calibrated parts to evaluate uncertainty (like in ISO/TS 15330-3). A case study will be proposed.

scholarly journals ROBUST ENGINEERING CASE STUDY FOR SIMULTANEOUS PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION OF A DEEP DRILLING PROCESS

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Laurentiu A Mihail
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Coordinate Measuring Machine ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Deep Drilling ◽  
Flexible System ◽  
Machined Parts ◽  
Measuring Machine ◽  
Peck Drilling

The paper reflects de overall results of an experiment developed for optimising a deep peck drilling process, using an extra-long flute drill. The problem stated was the dimensional, geometrical and orientation accuracy of the holes machined by the previously mentioned machining method. The target was to improve the quality of the machined parts and to reach the maximum productivity in the same time. The optimisation method used was the Taguchi Method, with a L423 fractionated factorial array. Another important issue was to optimise several quality characteristics, simultaneously. After machining the test part on a high-speed machining flexible system, the parts were measured on a coordinate measuring machine. Finally, the data was computed assisted by an advanced quality software. The simultaneous optimisation was achieved by validated method, through several iterations based on advanced process and design of experiments knowledge. Finally, the conclusions were compared with another results, from the same research program, validating it.

3D Scanning and Simulation of a Hybrid Refrigerator Using Photovoltaic Energy

2018 ◽  
pp. 1277-1296
Author(s):  
Edith Obregón Morales ◽  
José de Jesús Pérez Bueno ◽  
Juan Carlos Moctezuma Esparza ◽  
Diego Marroquín García ◽  
Arturo Trejo Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Coordinate Measuring Machine ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Small Complex ◽  
Thermographic Camera ◽  
3D Photogrammetry ◽  
Measuring Machine ◽  
Solar Powered ◽  
Comsol Simulation

In this chapter, a methodology that starts from the measurement and recording of real prototype geometries up to simulations to evaluate parameters, improvements or performance under various conditions is proposed. Here it is presented a case study of a solar powered refrigerator with storage capacity for 50 kg of fruit. The refrigerator comprises two systems, vapor-compression and Peltier. The methodology consisted in acquiring by a 3D laser scanner or Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) and in some small complex items using a 3D photogrammetry scanner. These data were transferred first as a CAD or SolidWorks® geometry and subsequently transferred to domains geometry useful for ANSYS or COMSOL simulation software. These models with high-resolution brings the simulations closer to real prototypes. As a source of direct information from the prototypes, thermal images obtained using a thermographic camera were taken. Also, wireless sensors were installed for temperature and humidity monitoring. The analyses of the energy efficiencies of both prototypes were performed.

Calibration of Positional Errors in Coordinate Measuring Machines and Machine Tools Using a Laser Interferometer System

2015 ◽  
Vol 798 ◽  
pp. 303-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedito di Giacomo ◽  
César Augusto Galvão de Morais
Keyword(s):  
Machine Tools ◽  
Coordinate Measuring Machine ◽  
Laser Interferometry ◽  
Dynamic Mode ◽  
Coordinate Measuring Machines ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Volumetric Errors ◽  
Bridge Type ◽  
Measuring Machine

Dimensional inspections in manufactured workpieces allow assess the quality of the manufacturing process, in this context the quality and development of measurement systems are issues addressed by many researchers. The coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) are versatile systems, can measure complex geometries quickly and accurately. Positional errors are parts of volumetric error and affect the correct positioning of probe in CMMs or of the tool in machine tools. Faced with this, the purpose this investigation is show a method to calibrate the positional errors in a bridge-type coordinate measuring machine, this method collects data in dynamic mode and reduces cyclic errors. The calibration of positional errors was performed using laser interferometry in the “on-the-fly” mode and a method to reduce cyclic errors was applied. The highest value of position error occurred in x axis with value positive of 10μm in the position of 220mm, while in the y and z axis the higher absolute values were 2μm and 6μm respectively. From calibration and compensating of positional errors it is possible to reduce the effects of the volumetric errors in machines with axis of linear displacements as the CMMs and machine tools.

Integration of Multi-View Data Based on Auxiliary Reference Plane

2010 ◽  
Vol 139-141 ◽  
pp. 1361-1364
Author(s):  
Ke Wei Lin ◽  
Xin Liu ◽  
Ming De Duan
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Engineering ◽  
Coordinate Measuring Machine ◽  
Complex Surface ◽  
Reference Plane ◽  
Scanning System ◽  
Practical Result ◽  
Laser Tracking ◽  
System A ◽  
Measuring Devices ◽  
Measuring Machine

The integration of multi-view data in the acquisition of complex surface is researched by using the CMM (coordinate measuring machine) and the laser tracking scanning system. A multi-view data integration method based on the auxiliary reference plane is presented. With the precise auxiliary reference plane, the data measured by the different measuring devices and measuring views are aligned and the accuracy is analyzed. If the error is controlled in a certain range, this method can satisfy the demands of the model and assembly. The problems of low-efficient and low-accuracy in the data fusion of complex surface during the reverse engineering are solved. Meanwhile, the advantages of the different measuring devices and measuring methods are developed. This method has been applied to the reverse engineering development for a motorcycle cover model. The practical result shows that this new method is feasible and efficient.

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