A Survey: Towards Understanding Emergent Behavior in Complex Engineered Systems

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolás F. Soria Zurita ◽  
Irem Y. Tumer
Keyword(s):  
Research Literature ◽  
Emergent Behavior ◽  
Causal Process ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Complex Engineered Systems ◽  
Current State ◽  
Distinctive Aspect ◽  
Early Design Stages ◽  
Engineered Systems ◽  
The Individual

The design of complex engineered systems is challenging, especially in early design stages due to the complex emergent behavior that often results in unforeseen failures. Emergent behavior is a distinctive aspect of systems in which the exhibited behavior of the system is more complex than the behavior of the individual components that shape the system. Understanding the emergent behavior is critical to perform an accurate assessment of the designed system. The objective of this paper is to explore the different existing concepts, methods, and approaches used by researchers to understand and manage emergent behavior in complex systems. We provide a critical review of the emergence concept to discern what characteristics about the causal process it reflects, so it can be used or implemented in further research in complex engineered systems. Specifically, this research explores the current state of-the-art on emergence, and identifies possible gaps in the research literature. We present different approaches used by engineers to deal with emergent behavior in different research areas such as Multiagent Systems (MAS), System of Systems (SOS), and Emergence Engineering.

Correlative Nanomechanical Measurements for Complex Engineered Systems

MRS Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. 799-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric D. Hintsala ◽  
Syed Asif ◽  
Douglas D. Stauffer
Keyword(s):  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Metallic Oxide ◽  
Complex Engineered Systems ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Important Input ◽  
Engineered Systems ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Disc Drive

ABSTRACTMultilayered film stacks, with length scales less than 10 nm are commonly used in a variety of devices, but present significant challenges to mechanical testing and evaluation. This is due to property convolution of the different layers. Both the properties of the individual layers and the combined response of the film stack are important input for design optimization. Here, we present ex-situ nanoindentation of a film stack representative of a perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR) hard disc drive (HDD), with more than 10 layers. We then compare this with in-situ transmission electron microscopy indentation to visualize deformation of individual layers of the stack. The ex-situ testing reveals early plastic deformation, with an initially high contact pressure (13 GPa) and modulus ( >160 GPa), followed by significant softening (8 GPa contact pressure and 140 GPa modulus), then slight hardening to 9 GPa. From in-situ testing, it is revealed that the metallic layer directly under the diamond like carbon (DLC) contributes the majority of the deformation and plastic flow, which is in turn constrained by a metallic oxide.

scholarly journals Automated Generation of Fault Scenarios to Assess Potential Human Errors and Functional Failures in Early Design Stages

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukman Irshad ◽  
H. Onan Demirel ◽  
Irem Y. Tumer
Keyword(s):  
Human Error ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Critical Function ◽  
Human Errors ◽  
Early Design ◽  
Complex Engineered Systems ◽  
Early Design Stages ◽  
Engineered Systems ◽  
Improved Performance

Abstract Human errors are attributed to a majority of accidents and malfunctions in complex engineered systems. The human error and functional failure reasoning (HEFFR) framework was developed to assess potential functional failures, human errors, and their propagation paths during early design stages so that more reliable systems with improved performance and safety can be designed. In order to perform a comprehensive analysis using this framework, a wide array of potential failure scenarios need to be tested. Coming up with such use cases that can cover a majority of faults can be challenging for engineers. This research aims overcome this limitation by creating a use case generation technique that covers both component- and human-related fault scenarios. The proposed technique is a time-based simulation that employs a modified depth first search (DFS) to simulate events as the event propagation is analyzed using HEFFR at each time-step. The results show that the proposed approach is capable of generating a wide variety of fault scenarios involving humans and components. Out of the 15.4 million scenarios that were found to violate the critical function, two had purely human-induced faults, 163,204 had purely non-human-induced faults, and the rest had a combination of both. The results also show that the framework was able to uncover hard-to-detect scenarios such as scenarios with human errors that do not propagate to affect the system. In fact, 86% of all human action combinations with nominal human-induced component behaviors had underlying human errors.

scholarly journals The World is More Than Complicated

2011 ◽  
Vol 133 (11) ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
Ahmed K. Noor
Keyword(s):  
Complex Systems ◽  
Complex Adaptive Systems ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Emergent Behavior ◽  
Global Response ◽  
Emergent Complexity ◽  
Engineering Designs ◽  
Complex Adaptive ◽  
Engineered Systems ◽  
The Individual

This article discusses the need of complex systems to be adaptive, and various innovative technologies that are required to engineer these systems. Complex adaptive systems consist of several simultaneously interacting parts or components, which are expected to function in an uncertain, complex environment, and to adapt to unforeseeable contingencies. The defining characteristics of complex adaptive systems are that the components are continually changing, the systems involve many interactions among components, and configurations cannot be fully determined in advance. Studies have shown that complex systems of the future will require a multidisciplinary framework—an approach that has been called emergent (complexity) engineering. Emergent engineering designs a system from the bottom-up by designing the individual components and their interactions that can lead to a desired global response. Although significant effort has been devoted to understanding complexity in natural and engineered systems, the research into complex adaptive systems is fragmented and is largely focused on specific examples. In order to accelerate the development of future diverse complex systems, there is a profound need for developing the new multidisciplinary framework of emergent engineering, along with associated systematic approaches, and generally valid methods and tools for high-fidelity simulations of the collective emergent behavior of these systems.

Academic Freedom

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Lackey
Keyword(s):  
Academic Freedom ◽  
Free Speech ◽  
Civil Disobedience ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
The Individual

This chapter provides an introduction to the volume and to each of the individual chapters, and it is divided into three sections. In the first section, the rationale for academic freedom is discussed, focusing particularly on truth-based and justice-based arguments, as well as on the connection between academic freedom and free speech. The parameters of academic freedom are taken up in the second section, where three issues are addressed: the scope of outside threats to academic freedom, whether academic freedom protects extramural speech, and the extent to which academic freedom permits a change to research areas. In the last section, academic freedom is discussed in connection with specific issues, including silencing, microaggressions, content warnings, campus protests, civil disobedience, and no platforming.

Temporal Focus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbie J. Shipp
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Psychology Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
The Future ◽  
Behavior Based ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Temporal Focus

Temporal focus is the individual tendency to characteristically think more or less about the past, present, and future. Although originally rooted in early work from psychology, research on temporal focus has been steadily growing in a number of research areas, particularly since Zimbardo and Boyd’s (1999) influential article on the topic. This chapter will review temporal focus research from the past to the present, including how temporal focus has been conceptualized and measured, and which correlates and outcomes have been tested in terms of well-being and behavior. Based on this review, an agenda for research is created to direct temporal focus research in the future.

scholarly journals A Systematic Survey of ML Datasets for Prime CV Research Areas—Media and Metadata

Data ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Helder F. Castro ◽  
Jaime S. Cardoso ◽  
Maria T. Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Computer Vision ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Scientific Databases ◽  
Extensive Survey ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Current State ◽  
Global View ◽  
Cooperative Production

The ever-growing capabilities of computers have enabled pursuing Computer Vision through Machine Learning (i.e., MLCV). ML tools require large amounts of information to learn from (ML datasets). These are costly to produce but have received reduced attention regarding standardization. This prevents the cooperative production and exploitation of these resources, impedes countless synergies, and hinders ML research. No global view exists of the MLCV dataset tissue. Acquiring it is fundamental to enable standardization. We provide an extensive survey of the evolution and current state of MLCV datasets (1994 to 2019) for a set of specific CV areas as well as a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the results. Data were gathered from online scientific databases (e.g., Google Scholar, CiteSeerX). We reveal the heterogeneous plethora that comprises the MLCV dataset tissue; their continuous growth in volume and complexity; the specificities of the evolution of their media and metadata components regarding a range of aspects; and that MLCV progress requires the construction of a global standardized (structuring, manipulating, and sharing) MLCV “library”. Accordingly, we formulate a novel interpretation of this dataset collective as a global tissue of synthetic cognitive visual memories and define the immediately necessary steps to advance its standardization and integration.

Neurotechnology as a factor of the educational process transformation

2021 ◽  
pp. 98-13
Author(s):  
Л.Д. Александрова ◽  
Р.А. Богачева ◽  
Т.А. Чекалина ◽  
М.В. Максимова ◽  
В.И. Тимонина
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Special Equipment ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Mental Abilities ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control

Изучение возможностей мозга для повышения качества обучения находится в центре внимания педагогической науки уже много лет. Развитие цифровизации позволило использовать в исследованиях специальное оборудование, с помощью которого можно оценивать и контролировать работу мозга, развивать умственные способности, познавательные функции и т. п. Нейротехнологии стали эффективным средством, позволяющим трансформировать образовательный процесс за счет подбора специального учебного контента с учетом индивидуальных особенностей обучающихся. Вместе с тем возникает необходимость в конкретизации терминологии и определении актуальных направлений исследований в данной области. For a long time, the study of the brain capabilities for the improvement of the quality of education has been an urgent direction in pedagogical science. Due to the development of digitalization, new areas of research have emerged related to the use of special equipment that makes it possible to assess and control brainwork, develop mental abilities, cognitive functions, etc. One of them is neurotechnology, which is an effective means of transforming the educational process: it offers educational content based on the individual characteristics of students. Thus, a need to concretize the terminology and determine the current research areas arises. The article aims to attempt to fill this gap with the help of a representative analysis of publications on neurotechnologies, as well as the essence of neuroeducation.

Perception of the lived experience of women with dyspareunia and vaginismus: qualitative study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Heydarian ◽  
Maryam Gholamzadehjefreh ◽  
Shahbazi Masoud
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Sexual Intimacy ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Purposeful Sampling ◽  
The Family ◽  
Data Saturation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Inferiority Feeling

Aim: Dyspareunia and vaginismus are important issues in the lives of women with these disorders and have adverse, damaging consequences for the individual, the family, and the couple's intimacy. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the lived experience of women with dyspareunia and vaginismus. Methods: The method of this study was descriptive-phenomenological psychological in which nine female participants suffering from dyspareunia and vaginismus were selected through purposeful sampling and data collection was continued through semi-structured interviews until data saturation was reached. After collecting the data and transcribing them, the researcher used Giorgi’s five-step phenomenological data analysis method. Results: Analyzing data led to 12 contributing components of the lived experience of women with dyspareunia and vaginismus which included: lack of awareness, experiencing the physical symptoms of anxiety, fear, predicting pain, feeling of inadequacy and inferiority, feeling of shame, hatred of sex and of spouse, a feeling of suffering, feeling of anger, feeling of guilt, decreased emotional and sexual intimacy, and regret about marriage. Conclusion: The results of this study also enrich the previous research literature on the lived experience of dyspareunia and vaginismus. Also, the structure of the lived experience of dyspareunia and vaginismus derived from this study is widely used to develop and apply preventive and therapeutic programs for this condition and its consequences.

Predicting Psycho-educational Problems in Childhood

1978 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard S. Adelman
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Assessment Procedures ◽  
Mass Identification ◽  
Ethical Perspectives

Presented are (1) a brief synthesis of several key conceptual and methodological concerns and some ethical perspectives related to identification of psycho-educational problems and (2) conclusions regarding the current state of the art. The conceptual discussion focuses on differentiating prediction from identification and screening from diagnosis; three models used in developing assessment procedures also are presented. Methodologically, the minimal requirements for satisfactory research are described and current problems are highlighted. Three ethical perspectives are discussed; cost-benefit for the individual, models-motives-goals underlying practices, and cost-benefit for the culture. The current state of the art is seen as not supporting the efficacy of the widespread use of currently available procedures for mass screening. Given this point and the methodological and ethical concerns discussed, it is suggested that policy makers reallocate limited resources away from mass identification and toward health maintenance and other approaches to prevention and early-age intervention.

scholarly journals The space "in-between": the relationship order-chaos and the creativity of senior students of Architecture

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-122
Author(s):  
Natalya Souza
Keyword(s):  
Rio Grande ◽  
Organizational Environments ◽  
Edge Of Chaos ◽  
Order And Disorder ◽  
Current State ◽  
Adaptive Solutions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Senior Students ◽  
Creative Environment

The edge of chaos has been constantly viewed as a metaphor for the current state our world: a constant coexistence of order and disorder. [...] Several authors working within education and organizational environments have highlighted that creators must perform at the ‘edge of chaos’ in order to produce creative and adaptive solutions. [...] This paper aims to discuss the dichotomy between order and disorder in the creative environment (socio- physics aspects) of architecture students from the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Particularly, this paper focuses on students who are working on their Final Graduation Work (FGW), because, unlike other tasks, this activity is completed away from the classroom, in a space 'in-between' – in-betweenwork and home spaces, in-between the collective and the individual, in-between order and chaos.

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