Application of X-Ray Micro-CT Method to Assess Damage/Flaw Presence and Progression in Tire Rubber Materials

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruofan Liu ◽  
Erol Sancaktar
Keyword(s):  
Fast Rate ◽  
Fatigue Loading ◽  
Cyclic Fatigue ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Rubber Tire ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

We have demonstrated that the X-ray Micro-CT (Computed Tomography – 3D) method can be used to progressively assess damage/flaw presence and progression in SBR-based (styrene butadiene rubber) tire rubber materials. Our experimental results reveal that progression of flaws due to cyclic (fatigue) loading may not occur at a fast rate until a catastrophic failure occurs in the tire material.

Dual-Stiffness Behavior of Fatigued Tire Rubber

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruofan Liu ◽  
Erol Sancaktar
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Loading ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Particle Distributions ◽  
Damage Initiation ◽  
Strain Behavior ◽  
Rubber Tire ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

We report on duality in stiffness values for both carbon black and silica-filled SBR-based (styrene butadiene rubber) tire rubber materials after cyclic loading (and not with no-cycle, neat samples). We believe, this behavior is due to morphological changes occurring due to cycling and not necessarily due to larger scale void/crack initiation. Causes may be chain breakage, reduced crosslinking in all samples, and agglomerate break-up/particle redistribution in silica systems, which represent early damage initiation and morphological changes in these systems. Therefore, we get a dual stiffness vs. strain behavior which is essentially superposition of two separate stiffness vs. strain curves, each being similar to the stiffness-strain curves for the neat (no fatigue) samples. We believe that the second superposed portion represents the sections deteriorated/rearranged due to cyclic loading (lower crosslinking/rearranged particle distributions) coming in-line during the straining process, and when the non-deteriorated/non-rearranged sections weaken.

scholarly journals Best Practice for De-Vulcanization of Waste Passenger Car Tire Rubber Granulate Using 2-2′-dibenzamidodiphenyldisulfide as De-Vulcanization Agent in a Twin-Screw Extruder

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1139
Author(s):  
Hans van Hoek ◽  
Jacques Noordermeer ◽  
Geert Heideman ◽  
Anke Blume ◽  
Wilma Dierkes
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Chain Scission ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Twin Screw Extruder ◽  
Screw Extruder ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

De-vulcanization of rubber has been shown to be a viable process to reuse this valuable material. The purpose of the de-vulcanization is to release the crosslinked nature of the highly elastic tire rubber granulate. For present day passenger car tires containing the synthetic rubbers Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) and Butadiene Rubber (BR) and a high amount of silica as reinforcing filler, producing high quality devulcanizate is a major challenge. In previous research a thermo-chemical mechanical approach was developed, using a twin-screw extruder and diphenyldisulfide (DPDS) as de-vulcanization agent.The screw configuration was designed for low shear in order to protect the polymers from chain scission, or uncontrolled spontaneuous recombination which is the largest problem involved in de-vulcanization of passenger car tire rubber. Because of disadvantages of DPDS for commercial use, 2-2′-dibenzamidodiphenyldisulfide (DBD) was used in the present study. Due to its high melting point of 140 °C the twin-screw extruder process needed to be redesigned. Subsequent milling of the devulcanizate at 60 °C with a narrow gap-width between the mill rolls greatly improved the quality of the devulcanizate in terms of coherence and tensile properties after renewed vulcanization. As the composition of passenger car tire granulate is very complex, the usefulness of the Horikx-Verbruggen analysis as optimization parameter for the de-vulcanization process was limited. Instead, stress-strain properties of re-vulcanized de-vulcanizates were used. The capacity of the twin-screw extruder was limited by the required residence time, implying a low screw speed. A best tensile strength of 8 MPa at a strain at break of 160% of the unblended renewed vulcanizate was found under optimal conditions.

Enhancement of styrene-butadiene rubber composites using kaolin covered with metal oxide pigments

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salwa H El-Sabbagh ◽  
Nivin M. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Core Shell ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Content Type ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

Purpose – This paper aims to express in detail the rheological, morphological and thermal properties of unpigmented and pigmented styrene-butadiene rubber composites with new prepared inorganic pigment based on kaolin covered with a thin layer of calcium and magnesium oxides or mixed oxide of both together. These new pigments combine the properties of both their constituents (kaolin and metal oxides), which are a new trend in inorganic pigments called core-shell pigments. The pigments used for comparison are kaolin (K), CaO/kaolin (CaO/K), MgO/kaolin (MgO/K) and CaO.MgO/kaolin (CaO.MgO/K). Design/methodology/approach – The different pigments were characterized using different analytical and spectrophotometric techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray and transmission electron microscopy, while rubber vulcanizates' rheological, morphological, swelling and thermal properties were examined using different standard and instrumental testing and methods. Findings – The study revealed that there is a significant effect of the new prepared pigments on SBR properties, where the optimum pigment loading was 40 phr for CaO/kaolin, while it was 2.5 phr for MgO/kaolin. Studying the effect of different ratios of oxides on kaolin (5, 10 and 20 per cent), different loadings of these pigments ranging between 2.5 and 40 phr were done for each pigment. These modified kaolin or core-shell metal oxide/kaolin pigments imparted new and improved reinforcing properties to SBR vulcanizates. Research limitations/implications – No research limitations were found. Practical implications – Core-shell MgO/kaolin pigments are eco-friendly and can replace other expensive pigments that are usually used as fillers in the rubber industry with less expenses and comparable efficiency. Originality/value – These new pigments are cheap and efficient and can be used in different fields other than rubber.

scholarly journals Nanocavitation in Carbon Black Filled Styrene–Butadiene Rubber under Tension Detected by Real Time Small Angle X-ray Scattering

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 1529-1543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan Zhang ◽  
Arthur K. Scholz ◽  
Jordan de Crevoisier ◽  
Fabien Vion-Loisel ◽  
Gilles Besnard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Small Angle ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Ray Scattering

Combined measurement of X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy and diffracted X-ray tracking using pink beam X-rays

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 801-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuya Shinohara ◽  
Akira Watanabe ◽  
Hiroyuki Kishimoto ◽  
Yoshiyuki Amemiya
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Photon Correlation Spectroscopy ◽  
Translational Motion ◽  
Correlation Spectroscopy ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Photon Correlation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

Combined X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) and diffracted X-ray tracking (DXT) measurements of carbon-black nanocrystals embedded in styrene–butadiene rubber were performed. From the intensity fluctuation of speckle patterns in a small-angle scattering region (XPCS), dynamical information relating to the translational motion can be obtained, and the rotational motion is observed through the changes in the positions of DXT diffraction spots. Graphitized carbon-black nanocrystals in unvulcanized styrene–butadiene rubber showed an apparent discrepancy between their translational and rotational motions; this result seems to support a stress-relaxation model for the origin of super-diffusive particle motion that is widely observed in nanocolloidal systems. Combined measurements using these two techniques will give new insights into nanoscopic dynamics, and will be useful as a microrheology technique.

Distribution of sulfur in styrene-butadiene rubber studied with anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering at sulfur K-edge

Polymer ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 368-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuya Shinohara ◽  
Haruka Seike ◽  
Hiroyuki Kishimoto ◽  
Yusuke Tamenori ◽  
Yoshiyuki Amemiya
Keyword(s):  
Small Angle ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Ray Scattering

Innovative γ rays irradiated styrene butadiene rubber/reclaimed waste tire rubber blends: a comparative study using mechano-chemical and microwave devulcanizing methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-277
Author(s):  
Khaled F. El-Nemr ◽  
Heba A. Raslan ◽  
Magdy A.M. Ali ◽  
Medhat M. Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Tetramethylthiuram Disulfide ◽  
Rubber Blends ◽  
Waste Tire ◽  
Γ Rays ◽  
Waste Tire Rubber ◽  
Microwave Techniques ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

AbstractWaste tire rubber was comparatively devulcanized by using two-roll mill mechano-chemical and microwave techniques at room temperature. The former technique was performed utilizing tetramethylthiuram disulfide and mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide. The developed devulcanized elastomer was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, chemical soluble fraction indication, and cross-link density determination. The blend was mixed in two roll mills by replacing a portion of virgin styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) in a common formulation with the devulcanized waste rubber (DWR) product at various ratios, namely 10, 20 and 50 wt%. The morphological micrographs confirmed marked improvement in compatibility between both rubbery materials. The tensile strength and elastic modulus examinations of the fabricated blends ensured successful substitution of the virgin SBR with DWR. The abrasion resistance of SBR proved unaffected by blending with DWR. The compounded blends were subjected to γ rays at different radiation doses elevated up to 200 kGy and comparatively mechanically investigated.

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