The Importance of Contextual Factors in Determining the Greenhouse Gas Emission Impacts of Solar Photovoltaic Systems

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia M. O’Rourke ◽  
Carolyn C. Seepersad
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
The Many

Small-scale residential solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are becoming increasingly common. In some cases, governments or individual homeowners promote PV technology because of concerns about climate change and a desire to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). While solar PV directly emits no GHGs during use, the panels are associated with a significant amount of embedded GHG emissions, resulting from the manufacturing of the panels, for instance. A review of relevant literature reveals that the life cycle GHG emissions of solar PV panels are significantly influenced by contextual factors, such as the location of the panels during use. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the many ways context could affect the GHG emissions associated with solar PV systems and to demonstrate — via calculations from a simple analytical model — the potential magnitude of the GHG emissions differences associated with using PV panels in different contexts.

scholarly journals Fisheries: A Missing Link in Greenhouse Gas Emission Policies in South Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 5858
Author(s):  
Kyumin Kim ◽  
Do-Hoon Kim ◽  
Yeonghye Kim
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Bioeconomic Model ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Fishing Vessel ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Fishing Vessels ◽  
The Government ◽  
Different Levels

Recent studies demonstrate that fisheries are massive contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The average Korean fishing vessel is old, fuel-inefficient, and creates a large volume of emissions. Yet, there is little research on how to address the GHG emissions in Korean fisheries. This study estimated the change in GHG emissions and emission costs at different levels of fishing operations using a steady-state bioeconomic model based on the case of the Anchovy Tow Net Fishery (ATNF) and the Large Purse Seine Fishery (LPSF). We conclude that reducing the fishing efforts of the ATNF and LPSF by 37% and 8% respectively would not only eliminate negative externalities on the anchovy and mackerel stock respectively, but also mitigate emissions and emission costs in the fishing industry. To limit emissions, we propose that the Korean government reduce fishing efforts through a vessel-buyback program and set an annual catch limit. Alternatively, the government should provide loans for modernizing old fishing vessels or a subsidy for installing emission abatement equipment to reduce the excessive emissions from Korean fisheries.

Grid Parity of Residential Building Rooftop Solar PV in India

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-40
Author(s):  
Rakesh Dalal ◽  
Kamal Bansal ◽  
Sapan Thapar
Keyword(s):  
Residential Building ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Grid Parity ◽  
Solar Pv System ◽  
Utility Grid ◽  
Rooftop Solar

Rooftop solar photovoltaic(PV) installation in India have increased in last decade because of the flat 40 percent subsidy extended for rooftop solar PV systems (3 kWp and below) by the Indian government under the solar rooftop scheme. From the residential building owner's perspective, solar PV is competitive when it can produce electricity at a cost less than or equal grid electricity price, a condition referred as “grid parity”. For assessing grid parity of 3 kWp and 2 kWp residential solar PV system, 15 states capital and 19 major cities were considered  for the RET screen simulation by using solar isolation, utility grid tariff, system cost and other economic parameters. 3 kWp and 2 kWp rooftop solar PV with and without subsidy scenarios were considered for simulation using RETscreen software. We estimate that without subsidy no state could achieve grid parity for 2kWp rooftop solar PV plant. However with 3 kWp rooftop solar PV plant only 5 states could achieve grid parity without subsidy and with government subsidy number of states increased to 7, yet wide spread parity for residential rooftop solar PV is still not achieved. We find that high installation costs, subsidized utility grid supply to low energy consumer and financing rates are major barriers to grid parity.

Impacts of Government Policies, Fuel Cell Cost, and Battery Cost on Greenhouse Gas Emission of Light-Duty Vehicles

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swithin S. Razu ◽  
Shun Takai
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Alternative Fuel Vehicles ◽  
Enterprise Model ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this paper is to study the impact of public government policies, fuel cell cost, and battery cost on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the US transportation sector. The model includes a government model and an enterprise model. To examine the effect on GHG emissions that fuel cell and battery cost has, the optimization model includes public policy, fuel cell and battery cost, and a market mix focusing on the GHG effects of four different types of vehicles, 1) gasoline-based 2) gasoline-electric hybrid or alternative-fuel vehicles (AFVs), 3) battery-electric (BEVs) and 4) fuel-cell vehicles (FCVs). The public policies taken into consideration are infrastructure investments for hydrogen fueling stations and subsidies for purchasing AFVs. For each selection of public policy, fuel cell cost and battery cost in the government model, the enterprise model finds the optimum vehicle design that maximizes profit and updates the market mix, from which the government model can estimate GHG emissions. This paper demonstrates the model using FCV design as an illustrative example.

Fuel reduction burning mitigates wildfire effects on forest carbon and greenhouse gas emission

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liubov Volkova ◽  
C. P. Mick Meyer ◽  
Simon Murphy ◽  
Thomas Fairman ◽  
Fabienne Reisen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Forest Carbon ◽  
Fuel Reduction ◽  
Emission Mitigation ◽  
Complete Combustion ◽  
Eucalyptus Forest ◽  
Eastern Australia

A high-intensity wildfire burnt through a dry Eucalyptus forest in south-eastern Australia that had been fuel reduced with fire 3 months prior, presenting a unique opportunity to measure the effects of fuel reduction (FR) on forest carbon and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from wildfires at the start of the fuel accumulation cycle. Less than 3% of total forest carbon to 30-cm soil depth was transferred to the atmosphere in FR burning; the subsequent wildfire transferred a further 6% to the atmosphere. There was a 9% loss in carbon for the FR–wildfire sequence. In nearby forest, last burnt 25 years previously, the wildfire burning transferred 16% of forest carbon to the atmosphere and was characterised by more complete combustion of all fuels and less surface charcoal deposition, compared with fuel-reduced forest. Compared to the fuel-reduced forests, release of non-CO2 GHG doubled following wildfire in long-unburnt forest. Although this is the maximum emission mitigation likely within a planned burning cycle, it suggests a significant potential for FR burns to mitigate GHG emissions in forests at high risk from wildfires.

scholarly journals Shared Solar and Battery Storage Configuration Effectiveness for Reducing the Grid Reliance of Apartment Complexes

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moiz Masood Syed ◽  
Gregory M. Morrison ◽  
James Darbyshire
Keyword(s):  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Battery Storage ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Apartment Buildings ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
Apartment Complexes

More than 2 million houses in Australia have installed solar photovoltaic (PV) systems; however, apartment buildings have adopted a low percentage of solar PV and battery storage installations. Given that grid usage reduction through PV and battery storage is a primary objective in most residential buildings, apartments have not yet fully benefited from installations of such systems. This research presents shared microgrid configurations for three apartment buildings with PV and battery storage and evaluates the reduction in grid electricity usage by analyzing self-sufficiency. The results reveal that the three studied sites at White Gum Valley achieved an overall self-sufficiency of more than 60%. Owing to the infancy of the shared solar and battery storage market for apartment complexes and lack of available data, this study fills the research gap by presenting preliminary quantitative findings from implementation in apartment buildings.

scholarly journals Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Norwegian Agriculture: The Regional and Structural Dimension

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2506
Author(s):  
Klaus Mittenzwei
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Farm Structure

This paper studies the hypothesis that farm structure and the regional distribution of agricultural activity themselves have a significant impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture. Applying a dynamic model for the Norwegian agricultural sector covering the entire farm population, the model results support the hypothesis. Even without mitigation options, GHG emissions decline by 1.4 per cent if agriculture becomes regionally concentrated and increase by 1.5 per cent if a policy that favors a small-scale farm structure is put in place. Adding a carbon tax to a policy that leads to regional concentration, may help to reconcile competing policy objectives. A switch from animal production to crop production, and an extensification of animal production keeps a large resource base across the country while cutting GHG emissions.

scholarly journals Reliability, Availability and Maintainability Analysis for Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaic Systems

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1213 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sayed ◽  
M. El-Shimy ◽  
M. El-Metwally ◽  
M. Elshahed
Keyword(s):  
Block Diagram ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Maintainability Analysis ◽  
Ram Analysis

Recently, solar power generation is significantly contributed to growing renewable sources of electricity all over the world. The reliability and availability improvement of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems has become a critical area of interest for researchers. Reliability, availability, and maintainability (RAM) is an engineering tool used to address operational and safety issues of systems. It aims to identify the weakest areas of a system which will improve the overall system reliability. In this paper, RAM analysis of grid-connected solar-PV system is presented. Elaborate RAM analysis of these systems is presented starting from the sub-assembly level to the subsystem level, then the overall system. Further, an improved Reliability Block Diagram is presented to estimate the RAM performance of seven practical grid-connected solar-PV systems. The required input data are obtained from worldwide databases of failures, and repair of various subassemblies comprising various meteorological conditions. A novel approach is also presented in order to estimate the best probability density function for each sub-assembly. The monitoring of the critical subassemblies of a PV system will increase the possibility not only for improving the availability of the system, but also to optimize the maintenance costs. Additionally, it will inform the operators about the status of the various subsystems of the system.

scholarly journals Critical Review of PV Grid-Tied Inverters

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1921 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Kavya Santhoshi ◽  
K. Mohana Sundaram ◽  
Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban ◽  
Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen ◽  
Prabhakaran K. K.
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Power ◽  
Reactive Power Compensation ◽  
Power Grids ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Grid Codes ◽  
Pv Grid ◽  
Support Devices

Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems have been in use predominantly since the last decade. Inverter fed PV grid topologies are being used prominently to meet power requirements and to insert renewable forms of energy into power grids. At present, coping with growing electricity demands is a major challenge. This paper presents a detailed review of topological advancements in PV-Grid Tied Inverters along with the advantages, disadvantages and main features of each. The different types of inverters used in the literature in this context are presented. Reactive power is one of the ancillary services provided by PV. It is recommended that reactive power from the inverter to grid be injected for reactive power compensation in localized networks. This practice is being implemented in many countries, and researchers have been trying to find an optimal way of injecting reactive power into grids considering grid codes and requirements. Keeping in mind the importance of grid codes and standards, a review of grid integration, the popular configurations available in literature, Synchronization methods and standards is presented, citing the key features of each kind. For successful integration with a grid, coordination between the support devices used for reactive power compensation and their optimal reactive power capacity is important for stability in grid power. Hence, the most important and recommended intelligent algorithms for the optimization and proper coordination are peer reviewed and presented. Thus, an overview of Solar PV energy-fed inverters connected to the grid is presented in this paper, which can serve as a guide for researchers and policymakers.

scholarly journals The Technical Challenges Facing the Integration of Small-Scale and Large-scale PV Systems into the Grid: A Critical Review

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Alshahrani ◽  
Siddig Omer ◽  
Yuehong Su ◽  
Elamin Mohamed ◽  
Saleh Alotaibi
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Technical Challenges ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
The Impact

Decarbonisation, energy security and expanding energy access are the main driving forces behind the worldwide increasing attention in renewable energy. This paper focuses on the solar photovoltaic (PV) technology because, currently, it has the most attention in the energy sector due to the sharp drop in the solar PV system cost, which was one of the main barriers of PV large-scale deployment. Firstly, this paper extensively reviews the technical challenges, potential technical solutions and the research carried out in integrating high shares of small-scale PV systems into the distribution network of the grid in order to give a clearer picture of the impact since most of the PV systems installations were at small scales and connected into the distribution network. The paper reviews the localised technical challenges, grid stability challenges and technical solutions on integrating large-scale PV systems into the transmission network of the grid. In addition, the current practices for managing the variability of large-scale PV systems by the grid operators are discussed. Finally, this paper concludes by summarising the critical technical aspects facing the integration of the PV system depending on their size into the grid, in which it provides a strong point of reference and a useful framework for the researchers planning to exploit this field further on.

scholarly journals Solar Concentrators In Malaysia: Towards The Development Of Low Cost Solar Photovoltaic Systems

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Firdaus Muhammad Sukki ◽  
Roberto Ramirez Iniguez ◽  
Scott G. Mcmeekin ◽  
Brian G. Stewart ◽  
Barry Clive
Keyword(s):  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Financial Benefit ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Solar Concentrators ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Solar Pv System

Solar energy has become a matter of global attention in the past few years. This paper explores the use and benefit of solar concentrators in the solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. First, a short literature review of previous research on the usage of solar concentrators in improving solar PV system performance and reducing the cost of implementation is presented. This is followed by an overview of SolarBrane, an example of a Building Integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system which uses an optical concentrator in the solar PV design. An optimised design of the SolarBrane is also discussed afterwards. A financial benefit study is conducted to compare the average return of investment of using the optimised SolarBrane and traditional solar PV installed in Malaysia’s environment. SolarBrane has proven to be a good alternative to achieve costeffective solar PV system. The financial analysis simulated under the new Malaysian Feed–In Tariff scheme indicates that the optimised SolarBrane could potentially reduce the initial cost of implementation by 40% and generate higher return, close to 20%, when compared to traditional solar PV systems. Key words: Solar photovoltaic; solar concentrator; solarBrane; dielectric totally internally reflecting concentrator; financial analysis

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