Trade-Off Analysis of System Architecture Modularity Using Design Structure Matrix

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roozbeh Sanaei ◽  
Kevin Otto ◽  
Katja Hölttä-Otto ◽  
Jianxi Luo
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Clustering ◽  
Clustering Algorithms ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Design Structure ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Product Modularity ◽  
Modular Architectures ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of

Product modularity has been the subject of considerable research and debate in last decade. Various metrics have been proposed in design community to measure the level of modularity and various procedures have been developed to search for ideal modular architectures. These procedures are based on either manual heuristics or computer clustering algorithms. Both approaches are aimed at finding more ideal architectures by optimizing a definition of modularity. However, different desirable criteria are often in conflict with each other and improving one criteria is not feasible without a compromising effect on another. Here, we propose a procedure to find non-dominated optimal architectures where our criteria of interest are intra-cluster and extra-cluster costs. We demonstrate an approach where a designer can consider the architecture that minimizes total cost of interactions, but also allows visualization of the trade-off in increased and decreased costs when considering nearby architectures with more or less modules. An alternative approach has been to consider granularity and hierarchical clustering schemes. We also show through an example that cost optimal architectures for any choice of number of modules are not necessarily obtainable via dividing or aggregating modules, and restricting to hierarchical clustering algorithms produces non-optimal solutions at different numbers of modules.

scholarly journals Geneza i pojęcie żywności lokalnej w powiązaniu z ideą zrównoważonejkonsumpcji

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Goryńska-Goldmann
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Food ◽  
Sustainable Consumption ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Union Local ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Further Development

This paper reviews the conceptual apparatus and the genesis of local food, on the basis of definitions and with respect to legal conditions, as well as the popular ways of interpretation of local food and scientific research performed by different centers and institutions – both domestic and foreign. On the basis of that, the paper presents the author’s own proposition concerning the abovementioned issue. The aim of the paper is to present the genesis and the definition of local food in the perspective of sustainable consumption. While conducting the research, the scientific literature concerning the subject was reviewed, and the findings were documented with available statistical and market information. The research showed that public institutions see the potential of local food and hope that it can drive the development of rural areas in the European Union. Local food is an alternative approach to the way in which food consumption can be turned into a sustainable one. Informed and responsible consumers, who are aware of their own limitations and value tradition, provide some new quality to the society (as they constitute a specific form of social capital), what translates into bigger local food production possibilities and is the basis for the further development of sustainable consumption.

scholarly journals Conceptualization of the phenomenon of social destructiveness from the perspective of archaization theory within the Russian socio-philosophical discourse

2021 ◽  
pp. 66-76
Author(s):  
Arsenii Belomytsev
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Destructive Processes ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Critical Overview

The subject of this article is the attempts of the Russian researchers to interpret the destructive processes in modern Russian society through the prism of development of archaization theory. Due to the lack of semantic definiteness, the concept of social archaization is often attributed to similar ones, such as “traditionalism”, “barbarization”, “patriarchalization”, “New Middle Ages", etc. The diversity of existing approaches substantiates the need to determine a certain theoretical core, which would become the foundation for further hypotheses. Special attention is given to problem of absence of a unified approach towards the definition of archaizing processes, as well as to the need for clarification and further functionality of the concept of social archaization. The novelty of this research consists in the critical overview and determination of flaws in the existing concepts of social archaization. It is demonstrated that the relevant findings of the Russian researchers do not always explain the origin of destructive processes in the Russian society. The effective practical solution to complications related to the phenomenon of social destruction is yet to be developed. The author proposes an alternative approach towards determination of the causes of archaization of the Russian society at the current stage; outlines the promising ways of reflection on archaizing trends; as well as formulates a refined definition of archaization of the modern society. The acquired results aim to lay theoretical foundation for further development and implementation of measures on overcoming destructive consequences of social archaicism.

Incorporating Field Effects Into Modular Architecture Methods

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Otto ◽  
Katja Ho¨ltta¨-Otto
Keyword(s):  
Clustering Algorithms ◽  
High Heat ◽  
High Magnetic Fields ◽  
Modular Architecture ◽  
Creative Solutions ◽  
Modular Architectures ◽  
Architectural Synthesis ◽  
Field Boundaries ◽  
Definition Of

Prior research on methods and algorithms to create modules and modular architectures deal with minimizing interactions between modules and increasing the commonality between products. While these approaches are a good start and provide good suggestions for preliminary architecture, these algorithms ignore the fact that some design solutions cannot be placed in regions of high heat, high pressure, high magnetic fields, etc. The exclusion of such field effect constraints often results in architecture clustering algorithms forming impractical solutions. In this paper, we introduce a field based definition of modularity constraints that incorporate these practical embodiment considerations. We demonstrate the method via examples and a detailed case study in medical device industry. We find that the field based module definitions not only bring the constraints of fields to the attention of the designer, but it also enables new creative solutions through movement of the field boundaries over different functions or components. Generally, only the two endpoint set-of-functions need be at different field values, and the intermediary parts or functions connecting them can be in either field. We conclude with a set of architectural guidelines to bridge the gap between current work and practical architectural synthesis considerations.

scholarly journals Nanotechnology within Halal Legal Framework: Case Study of Nano-Based Food Products

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (july 2019) ◽  
pp. 29-43
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nizam Awang ◽  
Zalina Zakaria
Keyword(s):  
Food Products ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Scale Level ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Monitoring And Enforcement ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Sophisticated Technology

‘Halal’ is currently being pursued in many consumer products, including those that containing nanomaterials or regular materials manipulated at nano-scale level. As the governor of Halal affairs in Malaysia, the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM) is responsible to ensure regulatory approval for nano-based products must be consistent with the Halal parameter set out under Syariah law. Despite Halal certification in this area also remains low in Malaysia, there is a need to investigate the approach to regulating nanotechnology products in order to see if protection of consumers is guaranteed; and whether Halal and safety mechanisms for consumer products are vigilant enough. In realising these aims, this paper takes nano-based food products as a case study. Through analysis, this paper provides an original perspective of how can the existing Halal legal framework adequately covers nanotechnology products. It will involve, firstly, the discussions of the Trade Description Act 2011 or TDA 2011 (as well as the Trade Description (Definition of Halal) Order 2011 and the Trade Description (Certification and Marking of Halal) Order 2011) and legislations governing the two specific sectors. Secondly, it examines whether the existing Halal legal framework is capable of dealing with more complex and sophisticated technology-based products like foods that contain nanomaterials or using nanotechnology. In setting out the parameter of whether the existing regulation is adequate to protect consumers, it highlights legal and regulatory issues relevant to safety regulation of nano-enabled food and cosmetic products. The paper finds that the current Halal legal framework has covered all consumer goods and products, including nano-based products. Indeed, the products are also subject to specific Halal monitoring and enforcement similar to other Halal approved products. This is also in tandem with the concept of Halal Thoyyiban that permits any goods for consumption as long as they are safe and do not cause harm. However, within this it should not be forgotten that such products/technology remain the subject of considerable research as this technology is relatively nascent and the safety/ risk threshold has not been fully ascertained.

scholarly journals How Subjective Is the Subject?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Morbiato
Keyword(s):  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Grammatical Relations ◽  
Conflicting Evidence ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Typological Approach ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Quantifier Float

This article re-examines the issue of grammatical relations in Mandarin Chinese in light of the results of recent large-scale typological research on grammatical relations (henceforth GRs) worldwide. Specifically, it discusses three syntactic operations and constructions that are cross-linguistically relevant to the definition of grammatical relations, namely relativisation, reflexivisation, and quantifier float. The study adopts a strictly language-internal typological approach and avails itself of natural linguistic data or sentences sanity-checked by native speakers. The aim of this paper is twofold: first, it explores the hypothesis that, in line with various other languages, GRs in Mandarin Chinese are construction-specific. Second, it proposes an alternative approach capable of explaining the conflicting evidence often pointed out in the literature on GRs and subjecthood in Mandarin Chinese.

Data Clustering

2009 ◽  
pp. 562-572
Author(s):  
Yanchang Zhao ◽  
Longbing Cao ◽  
Huaifeng Zhang ◽  
Chengqi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Clustering ◽  
Data Clustering ◽  
Clustering Algorithms ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Clustering Techniques ◽  
Density Based Clustering ◽  
Data Stream Clustering ◽  
Semisupervised Clustering ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Grid Based

Clustering is one of the most important techniques in data mining. This chapter presents a survey of popular approaches for data clustering, including well-known clustering techniques, such as partitioning clustering, hierarchical clustering, density-based clustering and grid-based clustering, and recent advances in clustering, such as subspace clustering, text clustering and data stream clustering. The major challenges and future trends of data clustering will also be introduced in this chapter. The remainder of this chapter is organized as follows. The background of data clustering will be introduced in Section 2, including the definition of clustering, categories of clustering techniques, features of good clustering algorithms, and the validation of clustering. Section 3 will present main approaches for clustering, which range from the classic partitioning and hierarchical clustering to recent approaches of bi-clustering and semisupervised clustering. Challenges and future trends will be discussed in Section 4, followed by the conclusions in the last section.

Handling WSD using Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm with sentences

2018 ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
Mohana Priya K ◽  
Pooja Ragavi S ◽  
Krishna Priya G
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Clustering ◽  
Similarity Measure ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Clustering Algorithms ◽  
Cosine Similarity Measure ◽  
Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Pos Tagger ◽  
Sentence Clustering ◽  
The Right

Clustering is the process of grouping objects into subsets that have meaning in the context of a particular problem. It does not rely on predefined classes. It is referred to as an unsupervised learning method because no information is provided about the "right answer" for any of the objects. Many clustering algorithms have been proposed and are used based on different applications. Sentence clustering is one of best clustering technique. Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm is applied for multiple levels for accuracy. For tagging purpose POS tagger, porter stemmer is used. WordNet dictionary is utilized for determining the similarity by invoking the Jiang Conrath and Cosine similarity measure. Grouping is performed with respect to the highest similarity measure value with a mean threshold. This paper incorporates many parameters for finding similarity between words. In order to identify the disambiguated words, the sense identification is performed for the adjectives and comparison is performed. semcor and machine learning datasets are employed. On comparing with previous results for WSD, our work has improvised a lot which gives a percentage of 91.2%

Typologization of security regulation

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Denis Tikhomirov
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Procedural Understanding ◽  
Limited Ability ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Legal Understanding

The purpose of the article is to typologize terminological definitions of security, to find out the general, to identify the originality of their interpretations depending on the subject of legal regulation. The methodological basis of the study is the methods that made it possible to obtain valid conclusions, in particular, the method of comparison, through which it became possible to correlate different interpretations of the term "security"; method of hermeneutics, which allowed to elaborate texts of normative legal acts of Ukraine, method of typologization, which made it possible to create typologization groups of variants of understanding of the term "security". Scientific novelty. The article analyzes the understanding of the term "security" in various regulatory acts in force in Ukraine. Typological groups were understood to understand the term "security". Conclusions. The analysis of the legal material makes it possible to confirm that the issues of security are within the scope of both legislative regulation and various specialized by-laws. However, today there is no single conception on how to interpret security terminology. This is due both to the wide range of social relations that are the subject of legal regulation and to the relativity of the notion of security itself and the lack of coherence of views on its definition in legal acts and in the scientific literature. The multiplicity of definitions is explained by combinations of material and procedural understanding, static - dynamic, and conditioned by the peculiarities of a particular branch of legal regulation, limited ability to use methods of one or another branch, the inter-branch nature of some variations of security, etc. Separation, common and different in the definition of "security" can be used to further standardize, in fact, the regulatory legal understanding of security to more effectively implement the legal regulation of the security direction.

Antonio Negri

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Diran
Keyword(s):  
Critical Distance ◽  
Middle Voice ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Antonio Negri

Agamben describes his posture as a reader as one of seeking a text’s Entwicklungsfähigkeit, or capacity for elaboration.1 In examining Agamben’s practices of reading, we can attend to the opposite phenomenon: the counter-elaboration that a text, in having being read by the philosopher, performs upon Agamben’s own thought. This reciprocal elaboration might constitute a paradigm for Agamben’s use of reading, according to his own idiosyncratic definition of use as an event in the middle voice, in which (according to a definition of Benveniste) the subject ‘effects an action only in affecting itself (il effectue en s’affectant)’ (UB 28). With this definition in mind, we could say that Agamben effects a text (he writes) only to the extent that he is also affected by another text (he reads). This is why Agamben’s position as a reader proves particularly important to any assessment of his work, quite aside from the problem of influence or intellectual genealogy. For this same reason, however, assessing Agamben’s relation to Antonio Negri – a figure with whom, by most measures, he is at odds – poses an unexpected challenge: how can Agamben’s thought be a use of Negri? Answering this question means not only assessing the critical distance between the two thinkers, but also taking this distance as a measure, in the Spinozan sense, of mutual affection.

The Autobiographical Subject and the Death Penalty

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-187
Author(s):  
E. S. Burt
Keyword(s):  
Death Penalty ◽  
First Person ◽  
Philosophical Investigation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

Why does writing of the death penalty demand the first-person treatment that it also excludes? The article investigates the role played by the autobiographical subject in Derrida's The Death Penalty, Volume I, where the confessing ‘I’ doubly supplements the philosophical investigation into what Derrida sees as a trend toward the worldwide abolition of the death penalty: first, to bring out the harmonies or discrepancies between the individual subject's beliefs, anxieties, desires and interests with respect to the death penalty and the state's exercise of its sovereignty in applying it; and second, to provide a new definition of the subject as haunted, as one that has been, but is no longer, subject to the death penalty, in the light of the worldwide abolition currently underway.

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