Cost-Effective Architecture for Integrating Look-Ahead Information for Commercial Vehicle Powertrains

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xubin Song ◽  
Zhijun Tang ◽  
Rajeev Verma
Keyword(s):  
System Architecture ◽  
System Integration ◽  
Commercial Vehicle ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
System Optimization ◽  
Mobile Platforms ◽  
Powertrain System ◽  
Look Ahead ◽  
Data Source

Fuel saving technology can be pursued in many different forms, such as gearing mechanism improvement to powertrain system optimization. With the increasing maturity and availability of sensing technologies such as GPS, motion-detecting sensors, and wireless communications, the vehicle powertrain system design community is embracing these information sources by developing mobile platforms for efficiency improvement. In this paper, a self-contained system architecture is presented that integrates the digital map database, radar senor, V2x, and mobile traffic data from the wireless network for commercial vehicle driver assistance. Each data source utilizes a different communication protocol. As such, the system integration can be challenging and may involve significant investment including engineering development if a suitable system architecture is not defined. This paper introduces a single board computer (SBC) based architecture to integrate these sensors with the powertrain system as a cost-effective implementation. Finally, some field testing data will be presented to show the benefits of using look-ahead information for improving the freight efficiency.

Development and Field Testing of an Inclined Flanged Compact Diffuser for a Micro Wind Turbine

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandip Kale ◽  
S. N. Sapali
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Velocity ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
International Electrotechnical Commission ◽  
Average Wind Speed ◽  
Average Wind ◽  
Power Curves

Micro wind turbines installed in various applications, experience average wind speed for most of the time during operations. Power produced by the wind turbine is proportional to the cubic power of the wind velocity and a small increase in wind velocity results increases power output significantly. The approach wind velocity can be increased by covering traditional wind turbine with a diffuser. Researchers are continuously working to develop a compact, lightweight, cost effective and feasible diffuser for wind turbines. The present work carried out to develop a diffuser with these stated objectives. A compact, lightweight inclined flanged diffuser developed for a micro wind turbine. Bare micro wind turbine and wind turbine covered with developed efficient inclined flanged diffuser tested in the field as per International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards and results presented in the form of power curves. The prediction of annual energy production for both wind turbines determined as per IEC standards.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Cost-Optimal Method Applied to Existing Schools Considering PV System Optimization

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 611
Author(s):  
Cecilia Ciacci ◽  
Neri Banti ◽  
Vincenzo Di Naso ◽  
Frida Bazzocchi
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Procedure ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Heating System ◽  
System Optimization ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Design Environment ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Optimal Method ◽  
The Cost

In Italy in 2020, only 15.5% of school building heritage was retrofitted from an energy and environmental point of view. In this paper, the cost-optimal method was applied to two different school buildings belonging to the same Italian cold climate zone but characterized by different structural and technological solutions. The research aims at defining the cost-effective redevelopment solution among several ones proposed to apply to this building type. At the same time, this paper provides a critical analysis of the methodology applied, highlighting deficiencies related to a not proper evaluation of environmentally friendly retrofitting measures. In a cost-effective context, the main results show that the intervention on the heating system is more convenient than the retrofitting of the envelope. The energy saving is equal to about 35% for both considered schools. Among the different proposed requalification configurations, the adoption of PV (photovoltaic) electric generation is included. In this regard, an optimization procedure was implemented in a generative design environment to maximize energy production with reference to different design parameters. As a result, a solution with south oriented PV modules with a tilt angle of 42° and arranged in 0.7 m spaced rows proved to be the most effective.

scholarly journals Bariatric surgery, lifestyle interventions and orlistat for severe obesity: the REBALANCE mixed-methods systematic review and economic evaluation

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (68) ◽  
pp. 1-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Avenell ◽  
Clare Robertson ◽  
Zoë Skea ◽  
Elisabet Jacobsen ◽  
Dwayne Boyers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Weight Regain ◽  
Severe Obesity ◽  
Clinical Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Research Unit ◽  
Look Ahead ◽  
Obesity Trends

Background Adults with severe obesity [body mass index (BMI) of ≥ 35 kg/m2] have an increased risk of comorbidities and psychological, social and economic consequences. Objectives Systematically review bariatric surgery, weight-management programmes (WMPs) and orlistat pharmacotherapy for adults with severe obesity, and evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of treatment. Data sources Electronic databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the NHS Economic Evaluation Database were searched (last searched in May 2017). Review methods Four systematic reviews evaluated clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and qualitative evidence for adults with a BMI of ≥ 35 kg/m2. Data from meta-analyses populated a microsimulation model predicting costs, outcomes and cost-effectiveness of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery and the most effective lifestyle WMPs over a 30-year time horizon from a NHS perspective, compared with current UK population obesity trends. Interventions were cost-effective if the additional cost of achieving a quality-adjusted life-year is < £20,000–30,000. Results A total of 131 randomised controlled trials (RCTs), 26 UK studies, 33 qualitative studies and 46 cost-effectiveness studies were included. From RCTs, RYGB produced the greatest long-term weight change [–20.23 kg, 95% confidence interval (CI) –23.75 to –16.71 kg, at 60 months]. WMPs with very low-calorie diets (VLCDs) produced the greatest weight loss at 12 months compared with no WMPs. Adding a VLCD to a WMP gave an additional mean weight change of –4.41 kg (95% CI –5.93 to –2.88 kg) at 12 months. The intensive Look AHEAD WMP produced mean long-term weight loss of 6% in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (at a median of 9.6 years). The microsimulation model found that WMPs were generally cost-effective compared with population obesity trends. Long-term WMP weight regain was very uncertain, apart from Look AHEAD. The addition of a VLCD to a WMP was not cost-effective compared with a WMP alone. RYGB was cost-effective compared with no surgery and WMPs, but the model did not replicate long-term cost savings found in previous studies. Qualitative data suggested that participants could be attracted to take part in WMPs through endorsement by their health-care provider or through perceiving innovative activities, with WMPs being delivered to groups. Features improving long-term weight loss included having group support, additional behavioural support, a physical activity programme to attend, a prescribed calorie diet or a calorie deficit. Limitations Reviewed studies often lacked generalisability to UK settings in terms of participants and resources for implementation, and usually lacked long-term follow-up (particularly for complications for surgery), leading to unrealistic weight regain assumptions. The views of potential and actual users of services were rarely reported to contribute to service design. This study may have failed to identify unpublished UK evaluations. Dual, blinded numerical data extraction was not undertaken. Conclusions Roux-en-Y gastric bypass was costly to deliver, but it was the most cost-effective intervention. Adding a VLCD to a WMP was not cost-effective compared with a WMP alone. Most WMPs were cost-effective compared with current population obesity trends. Future work Improved reporting of WMPs is needed to allow replication, translation and further research. Qualitative research is needed with adults who are potential users of, or who fail to engage with or drop out from, WMPs. RCTs and economic evaluations in UK settings (e.g. Tier 3, commercial programmes or primary care) should evaluate VLCDs with long-term follow-up (≥ 5 years). Decision models should incorporate relevant costs, disease states and evidence-based weight regain assumptions. Study registration This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42016040190. Funding The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme. The Health Services Research Unit and Health Economics Research Unit are core funded by the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorate.

A Single Chip Integrated Navigation System

1993 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Aardoom ◽  
André Nieuwland
Keyword(s):  
Navigation System ◽  
System Integration ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Integrated Navigation ◽  
Single Chip ◽  
Integrated Navigation System ◽  
System Integrity ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
Application Specific

Recently, integration of different radionavigation systems has become very popular, since it improves system integrity, availability, accuracy and reliability. This paper discusses a new, flexible and cost-effective approach to system integration, centred on a single-chip application specific processor (ASP). An overview of this integrated system is presented and the application of the ASP for the implementation of a six-channel GPS, OMEGA, Loran-C and MLS receiver is given. The ASP is currently being implemented on a 180000 transistor 1·6μ, m CMOS Sea of Gates chip, and is expected to run at 100 MHz clock speed.

Plant growth-promoting microbes — an industry view

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie W. Breakfield ◽  
Dayna Collett ◽  
Michael E. Frodyma
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Product Concept ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Microbes

Plant growth-promoting microbes can affect the plant microbiome, improving different properties of the plant such as yield and health. Many companies are commercializing these microbes as products called biologicals. Defining the product concept is one of the first and most important steps in making a biological product. Companies can use phenotyping and genotyping approaches to identify the microbe to make into a live bacterial product. Screening usually begins in the laboratory and often moves from high-throughput methods to more time and resource-intensive methods culminating in large scale field testing. Once the microbe is chosen, the fermentation process grows the bacteria to the necessary amounts, while the formulation process ensures a stable product in the desired form such as a liquid or powder. The products must show yield increases in the field over several seasons and conditions, but also must be easy to use and cost-effective to be adopted by farmers and other customers. Tying all these data together from the selection process to test results gives a customer a ‘reason to believe’ for the marketing and launch of a successful product.

Increasing Operational Efficiency in Extended Reach, Offshore Wells – A Case Story from Middle East

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
System Integration ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Operating Efficiency ◽  
Coiled Tubing ◽  
Electric Line ◽  
Release Device ◽  
Integration Test ◽  
Closed Position ◽  
Shifting Profile

ABSTRACT Objective A case story from ME will be presented covering an extreme extended reach, offshore well. Any increase to operating efficiency can save time and increase production. In this case story two SSD's were opened in a single run on e-line, an outstanding achievement due to the ID restrictions and extended reach of the well. The paper will discuss the planning, the operation, the achievements and the lessons learned. Methods, Procedures, Process This well was recently worked over, retrieval and new installation of upper and lower completion. Due to the well going on total losses during the workover, a closed system was deployed to enable the operator to set the hydraulic packers. The packer is utilized for isolation between two zones, with each zone having two SSD's in which one SSD per zone was required to be opened to allow access to the formation. From day one of planning the primary solution for this intervention was an electric over hydraulic toolstring made up of five tools, a 218 electric release device, 218 CCL for correlation, a 218 tractor for conveyance, a 218 stroker for the mechanical manipulation and a 218 key to address the shifting profile in the SSD (toolstring). A slimhole toolstring was required due to the packer ID of 2.81" The operator was using the service provider for other interventions on this workover campaign and decided to challenge them with opening two SSD's in one run while not shifting the adjacent SSD's. The challenging underlying economics of the industry today has created a powerful driver for operators to find more efficient, cost effective and safer intervention methodologies. The operation covered in this case provided just such improvements to the client: by utilizing electric line intervention tools the operator negated the requirement for a large footprint coiled tubing intervention. Results, Observations, Conclusions A System Integration Test (SIT) was completed onshore prior to mobilization, where multiple shifts were successfully executed on a 90° deviated pipe using a single set of shifting key pads. Test results were then repeated offshore, completing two interventions in a single run. The SSD's were successfully opened at ~12,000 ft MDRT and ~8,000 ft MDRT, respectively while leaving the two adjacent SSD's in the closed position. Results, client objective was 100% achieved using only electric line, enabling the client to move forward with similar well designs having the confidence that a safe, reliable electric line solution is locally available. Additional results include reduced HSE risks as the e-line approach eliminated the use of a heavier CTU. Further contributing to the HSE benefits on this operation, only 6 persons were needed on site and no heavy lifts were required. The paper will also cover some lessons learned as debris in the profile and tubing caused some challenges. Novel/Additive Information This operation shows how the industry is constantly trying to improve on existing methods in order to be more efficient, safe and cost effective.

Mitigating Mobile Diversity with RESTful Services

2013 ◽  
pp. 81-95
Author(s):  
Tristan Wehrmaker ◽  
Kurt Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Devices ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
Simple Extension ◽  
Mobile Platforms ◽  
Distributed Object ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Restful Services ◽  
A Company

Mobile devices create new opportunities for companies. However, innovative applications can cause challenges for software and system architecture. In this chapter, the authors describe a trap to fall into when starting a promising mobile application in a shortsighted way. When the application gets popular and successful, diversity of mobile platforms increases. Many users have an almost emotional relationship to their own smartphone or platform and may not be willing to change it. In order to make the mobile application available to more users, a company may be tempted to add a “simple” extension to accommodate other platforms. Thus, the diversity in devices leads to diversity in distributed object technologies and with it to problems in complexity and compatibility. The authors describe an approach that counters this problem with RESTful services. They use the ConTexter system for illustrating experiences with the problem and for evaluating a proposed solution. The chapter shows the key issues the authors had to solve while migrating ConTexter to a RESTful platform.

scholarly journals Precision Vascular Delivery of Agrochemicals with Micromilled Microneedles (µMMNs)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Avra Kundu ◽  
Maria Gabriela Nogueira Campos ◽  
Swadeshmukul Santra ◽  
Swaminathan Rajaraman
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Systemic Delivery ◽  
Pathogen Control ◽  
Initial Results ◽  
Base Width ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract We demonstrate use of makerspace techniques involving subtractive microtechnologies to fabricate micromilled microneedles (µMMNs) of stainless steel (SS) for precise delivery of agrochemicals into vascular bundles of plant tissue. Precision delivery is of immense importance for systemic pathogen control in specific areas of plant tissue. Optimization of the micromilling allows for selective removal of SS at the microscale and the microfabrication of a 5 × 5 array of µMMNs having both base width and height of 500 µm to enable precise puncture into the stem of citrus saplings. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy reveals up to 7.5× increase in the uptake of a therapeutic cargo while Scanning Electron Microscopy reveals that specific sites of the vascular bundle; either xylem or the phloem can be uniquely targeted with customized µMMNs. Such rapid and cost-effective customization with intricate designs along with scalability is enabled by makerspace microfabrication. Additionally, a 19 × 20 array of micromilled mesoneedles has been fabricated and affixed to a paint roller as an applicator system for real-world field testing outside the laboratory. Initial results indicate reliable behavior of the applicator system and the technique can be applied to the systemic delivery of agrochemicals while conserving the loss of the agrochemical with increased application efficiency.

Smooth Shutdown Control Strategy of Hybrid Engines for Commercial Vehicle Hotel Mode

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xubin Song
Keyword(s):  
Field Testing ◽  
Pole Placement ◽  
Motor Speed ◽  
Commercial Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Powertrain ◽  
Power Requirement ◽  
Powertrain System ◽  
Pole Placement Control ◽  
Hybrid Motor ◽  
Sustainable Power

Long-haul commercial vehicles provide the hotel mode with a desirable comfort cabin for drivers to have rest. During this mode, sustainable power requirement on the on-board battery asks for occasional engine-on/off to maintain the battery SOC level, neither deeply charged nor overcharged. With the conventional engine-only-driven powertrains, there is a great challenge to deliver smooth engine on/off processes during the hotel mode in order to maintain the cabin as quiet and vibrationless as possible. But for the electric hybrid powertrain system, such a challenge can be addressed with the involvement of the hybrid motor/generator (M/G) to achieve smooth engine crank and shutdown. Apparently it is feasible to control M/G to mitigate discomfortable vibrations inside the cabin caused by periodic engine shutdowns for recharging the battery. In this paper, a pole placement control (PPC) with application of the hybrid M/G is developed to dampen out this kind of adverse vibrations which are transmitted from engine/gearbox to the cabin through the chassis structure and cabin mounts. More specifically, the PPC uses the motor speed as a feedback control signal to create a desirable motor torque command so that the vibration transmission could be abated. In the end of this paper, field testing data from a prototype hybrid truck will be presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of this innovative PPC strategy.

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