scholarly journals Facilitating Design-by-Analogy: Development of a Complete Functional Vocabulary and Functional Vector Approach to Analogical Search

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Murphy ◽  
Katherine Fu ◽  
Kevin Otto ◽  
Maria Yang ◽  
Dan Jensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Design Problem ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Order Reduction ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Concept Generation ◽  
Original Design ◽  
The Status ◽  
Search Tool ◽  
Design By Analogy

Design-by-analogy is an effective approach to innovative concept generation, but can be elusive at times due to the fact that few methods and tools exist to assist designers in systematically seeking and identifying analogies from general data sources, databases, or repositories, such as patent databases. A new method for extracting analogies from data sources has been developed to provide this capability. Building on past research, we utilize a functional vector space model to quantify analogous similarity between a design problem and the data source of potential analogies. We quantitatively evaluate the functional similarity between represented design problems and, in this case, patent descriptions of products. We develop a complete functional vocabulary to map the patent database to applicable functionally critical terms, using document parsing algorithms to reduce text descriptions of the data sources down to the key functions, and applying Zipf’s law on word count order reduction to reduce the words within the documents. The reduction of a document (in this case a patent) into functional analogous words enables the matching to novel ideas that are functionally similar, which can be customized in various ways. This approach thereby provides relevant sources of design-by-analogy inspiration. Although our implementation of the technique focuses on functional descriptions of patents and the mapping of these functions to those of the design problem, resulting in a set of analogies, we believe that this technique is applicable to other analogy data sources as well. As a verification of the approach, an original design problem for an automated window washer illustrates the distance range of analogical solutions that can be extracted, extending from very near-field, literal solutions to far-field cross-domain analogies. Finally, a comparison with a current patent search tool is performed to draw a contrast to the status quo and evaluate the effectiveness of this work.

scholarly journals Function Based Design-by-Analogy: A Functional Vector Approach to Analogical Search

2014 ◽  
Vol 136 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Murphy ◽  
Katherine Fu ◽  
Kevin Otto ◽  
Maria Yang ◽  
Dan Jensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vector Space ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Functional Similarity ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Concept Generation ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Traditional Concept ◽  
Space Modeling ◽  
Design By Analogy

Design-by-analogy is a powerful approach to augment traditional concept generation methods by expanding the set of generated ideas using similarity relationships from solutions to analogous problems. While the concept of design-by-analogy has been known for some time, few actual methods and tools exist to assist designers in systematically seeking and identifying analogies from general data sources, databases, or repositories, such as patent databases. A new method for extracting functional analogies from data sources has been developed to provide this capability, here based on a functional basis rather than form or conflict descriptions. Building on past research, we utilize a functional vector space model (VSM) to quantify analogous similarity of an idea's functionality. We quantitatively evaluate the functional similarity between represented design problems and, in this case, patent descriptions of products. We also develop document parsing algorithms to reduce text descriptions of the data sources down to the key functions, for use in the functional similarity analysis and functional vector space modeling. To do this, we apply Zipf's law on word count order reduction to reduce the words within the documents down to the applicable functionally critical terms, thus providing a mapping process for function based search. The reduction of a document into functional analogous words enables the matching to novel ideas that are functionally similar, which can be customized various ways. This approach thereby provides relevant sources of design-by-analogy inspiration. As a verification of the approach, two original design problem case studies illustrate the distance range of analogical solutions that can be extracted. This range extends from very near-field, literal solutions to far-field cross-domain analogies.

In or Out?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine E. De Vries
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Alternative State ◽  
Empirical Measurement ◽  
The Status ◽  
People’S Attitudes ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Eu

This chapter introduces a benchmark theory of public opinion towards European integration. Rather than relying on generic labels like support or scepticism, the chapter suggests that public opinion towards the EU is both multidimensional and multilevel in nature. People’s attitudes towards Europe are essentially based on a comparison between the benefits of the status quo of membership and those associated with an alternative state, namely one’s country being outside the EU. This comparison is coined the ‘EU differential’. When comparing these benefits, people rely on both their evaluations of the outcomes (policy evaluations) and the system that produces them (regime evaluations). This chapter presents a fine-grained conceptualization of what it means to be an EU supporter or Eurosceptic; it also designs a careful empirical measurement strategy to capture variation, both cross-nationally and over time. The chapter cross-validates these measures against a variety of existing and newly developed data sources.

Analogy Seeded Mind-Maps: Testing of a New Design-by-Analogy Tool

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Scott Marshall ◽  
Richard Crawford ◽  
Matthew Green ◽  
Daniel Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Students ◽  
Word List ◽  
Design Team ◽  
Functional Requirement ◽  
Concept Generation ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Design Metrics ◽  
Engineering Design Problems ◽  
Design By Analogy ◽  
Mind Maps

Recent research has investigated methods based on design-by-analogy meant to enhance concept generation. This paper presents Analogy Seeded Mind-Maps, a new method to prompt generation of analogous solution principles drawn from multiple analogical domains. The method was evaluated in two separate design studies using senior engineering students. The method begins with identifying a primary functional design requirement such as “eject part.” We used this functional requirement “seed” to generate a WordTree of grammatically analogical words for each design team. We randomly selected a set of words from each WordTree list with varying lexical “distances” from the seed word, and used them to populate the first-level nodes of a mind-map, with the functional requirement seed as the central hub. Design team members first used the word list to individually generate solutions and then performed team concept generation using the analogically seeded mind-map. Quantity and uniqueness of the resulting verbal solution principles were evaluated. The solution principles were further analyzed to determine if the lexical “distance” from the seed word had an effect on the evaluated design metrics. The results of this study show Analogy Seeded Mind-Maps to be useful tool in generating analogous solutions for engineering design problems.

scholarly journals The Trials and Tribulations of Applied Triangulation: Weighing Different Data Sources

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian G. Kern
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Practical Research ◽  
The Status ◽  
Analytical Strategies ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Illustrative Application

Researchers employ triangulation to increase the validity of inference in qualitative and quantitative research. Leuffen, Shikano, and Walter have presented guidance as to which strategies to use when triangulating data sources. In this article, I explore how their findings can be translated for practical research purposes. I offer an illustrative application concentrating on the political power of traditional political authorities in Uganda and Tanzania. I analyze the status quo of political power and the preferred political power of traditional leaders. To triangulate, I use three sources: (1) constitutional-legal texts, (2) the Afrobarometer survey, and (3) in-depth interviews. I shed light on possible problems and analytical strategies for triangulation in practice, with a specific focus on convergence and divergence of sources.

Preparation of Long Term Operation in Dukovany NPP, Czech Republic

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Krivanek
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Feasibility Study ◽  
Regulatory Body ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Safety Aspects ◽  
Program Strategy ◽  
The Status

Dukovany NPP has 4 units with VVER440/213 type reactors and is in its 24th year of operation. Operational permission is valid for 30 years. Since 2004, NPP has started to prepare a LTO program which includes: • a detailed feasibility study, • an evaluation of safety aspects of LTO, • the preparation of a long-term modernization plan, • risk analysis etc. This program is now approved by company management and by the Czech regulatory body. It should enable operation up to 60 years. The article gives information about the status of the NPP Dukovany long-term operation (LTO) preparation. It gives an overview of results of the prepared LTO Assurance Program, Strategy of the NPP Dukovany LTO, along with risk analysis. The article details the procedure for the NPP Dukovany preparation for operation beyond the limits of original design lifetime, and ensuing planned stages.

Finite-Element Analysis of Effect of Wide-Base Tire on Tire-Pavement Noise

2013 ◽  
Vol 723 ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Sheng Yang ◽  
Tien Fang Fwa ◽  
Ghim Ping Ong ◽  
Chye Heng Chew
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Sound Propagation ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Propagation Model ◽  
Computer Simulation Model ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Noticeable Effect ◽  
Pavement Noise

This paper investigates the effect of tire width to tire-pavement noise. A tire-pavement noise numerical model in the near field has been developed using the three-dimensional finite-element method, and performed in the standard FEM code package ADINA. The model is composed of two main components: a rolling tire pavement interaction model and a sound propagation model. The tire width studied ranged from 180 to 210 mm. The computer simulation model was calibrated and validated using experimental results made available from past research. From the simulation results, it was found that tire width has a noticeable effect on tire-pavement noise. In particular, it was found that tires with wider base were found to produce higher noise levels.

scholarly journals Nanoscale Thermal Transfer – An Invitation to Fluctuation Electrodynamics

2017 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Henkel
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Thermal Radiation ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Electromagnetic Theory ◽  
Physical Content ◽  
Thermal Transfer ◽  
The Status ◽  
Basic Concepts

AbstractAn electromagnetic theory of thermal radiation is outlined, based on the fluctuation electrodynamics of Rytov and co-workers. We discuss the basic concepts and the status of different approximations. The physical content is illustrated with a few examples on near-field heat transfer.

Survival strategy of OEM companies: a case study of the Chinese toy industry

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 1065-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dezhi Chen ◽  
William Wei ◽  
Daiping Hu ◽  
Etayankara Muralidharan
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Industry Chain ◽  
The Status ◽  
Toy Industry

Purpose Although there have been many discussions on the status and development of original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), theory on how they survive is minimal. Little is known about how OEMs survive and upgrade to other business models, such as original design manufacturers (ODMs) and original brand manufacturers (OBMs), in emerging economies. The purpose of this paper is to extend the theory on the survival path of OEMs from the perspective of emerging countries by examining how OEMs survive cost pressures and upgrade to ODMs or OBMs. Design/methodology/approach Using a multi-case study method, this study analyzes the survival path employed by OEMs by examining eight firms in the Chinese toy industry. Findings This study shows that OEMs remain weak in the global toy industry chain due to labor costs. While some OEMs move to low-cost regions, others turn to OBM management, after transitioning through an ODM model, by investing in research and development and marketing. Originality/value This study explores the survival paths of OEM enterprises, showing that OEMs can first upgrade to ODMs and then to OBMs, or they can directly upgrade to OBMs. Shifting from OEM to ODM is an important step in the transition process, although the contract that OEMs have with their foreign partners does not change significantly.

scholarly journals PERLINDUNGAN PEREMPUAN DAN ANAK: STUDI AKIBAT HUKUM PENGABAIAN PENCATATAN PERKAWINAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Sukiati Sukiati ◽  
Ratih Lusiani Bancin
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Parent Child Relationship ◽  
Biological Child ◽  
Research Libraries ◽  
Child Relationship ◽  
The Status ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Legal Subjects ◽  
Parent Child

Marriage registration becomes a very important element for the validity of marriage. An unregistered marriage has a direct effect on the woman (wife) and child. This problem is one of references for the importance of registering marriage. Marriage registration aims to fulfill women and children’s rights as legal subjects. The work intends to explain how urgent the registration of marriage is in protecting women and children. Using research libraries, data are collected by exploring data sources that are relevant to the topics discussed. This study concludes that the legal impact arising from neglecting marriage registration is not easy. When a dispute occurs, the wife of an unregistered marriage cannot sue her husband. In this case, the wife's position is very weak. Likewise with children, the status of children born is considered as illegitimate children. The child’s unclear status in the eyes of the law causes the parent-child relationship is not strong, so parents may be able to deny his biological child. 

scholarly journals PEMBERIAN STATUS TERHADAP TERORIS BERDASARKAN KONVENSI JENEWA

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-146
Author(s):  
Grace Natalia Kusuma ◽  
Tiffany Setyo Pratiwi
Keyword(s):  
Geneva Convention ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Additional Protocol ◽  
Geneva Conventions ◽  
The Status ◽  
Secondary Data Sources

This research analyzes about the status that given towards terrorists according to the Geneva Conventions as a source of International Humanitarian Law. This research is using descriptive qualitative methods to describe the practices carried out by terrorists and violations committed against the International Humanitarian Law. The sources for this research are from literature studies with secondary data sources such as books, articles, research journals, mass media, college notes, and internet sites. This research describing that according to the Geneva Conventions, the status given to terrorists as perpetrators of crimes against humanity is unlawful combatant. In addition, the ICRC also gives unprivileged belligerent status to those who carry out their acts of terrorist as individuals and do not have assimilation with any terrorism groups. Acts of terrorism have also been proven to violates the Geneva Conventions, including Article 33 and Article 147 of the Geneva Convention IV 1949, Articles 51 and 85 of Additional Protocol I 1977, and Article 13 of Additional Protocol II 1977.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document