Empirical Studies of Design Thinking: Past, Present, Future

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Cagan ◽  
Mahmoud Dinar ◽  
Jami J. Shah ◽  
Larry Leifer ◽  
Julie Linsey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group Dynamics ◽  
Design Thinking ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Verbal Protocols ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Ideation Methods

Empirical methods used for studying design thinking have included verbal protocols, case studies, and controlled experiments. Studies have looked at the role of design methods, strategies, tools, environment, experience, and group dynamics. Early empirical studies were casual and exploratory with loosely defined objectives and informal analysis methods. Current studies have become more formal, factor controlled, aiming at hypothesis testing, using statistical DOE and analysis methods such as ANOVA. Popular pursuits include comparison of experts and novices, identifying and overcoming fixation, role of analogies, effectiveness of ideation methods, and other various tools. A variety of data may be collected, related to both the process and the outcome (designs).There are still no standards for designing, collecting and analyzing data, partly due to the lack of cognitive models and theories of design thinking. Data analysis is tedious and the rate of discoveries has been slow. Future studies may need to develop computer based data collection and automated analyses, which may facilitate collection of massive amounts of data with the potential of rapid advancement of the rate of discoveries and development of cognitive models of design thinking.

Empirical Studies of Designer Thinking: Past, Present, and Future

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Dinar ◽  
Jami J. Shah ◽  
Jonathan Cagan ◽  
Larry Leifer ◽  
Julie Linsey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group Dynamics ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Statistical Design ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Design Methods ◽  
Statistical Design Of Experiments ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Ideation Methods

Understanding how designers think is core to advancing design methods, tools, and outcomes. Engineering researchers have effectively turned to cognitive science approaches to studying the engineering design process. Empirical methods used for studying designer thinking have included verbal protocols, case studies, and controlled experiments. Studies have looked at the role of design methods, strategies, tools, environment, experience, and group dynamics. Early empirical studies were casual and exploratory with loosely defined objectives and informal analysis methods. Current studies have become more formal, factor controlled, aiming at hypothesis testing, using statistical design of experiments (DOE) and analysis methods such as analysis of variations (ANOVA). Popular pursuits include comparison of experts and novices, identifying and overcoming fixation, role of analogies, effectiveness of ideation methods, and other various tools. This paper first reviews a snapshot of the different approaches to study designers and their processes. Once the current basis is established, the paper explores directions for future or expanded research in this rich and critical area of designer thinking. A variety of data may be collected, and related to both the process and the outcome (designs). But there are still no standards for designing, collecting and analyzing data, partly due to the lack of cognitive models and theories of designer thinking. Data analysis is tedious and the rate of discoveries has been slow. Future studies may need to develop computer based data collection and automated analyses, which may facilitate collection of massive amounts of data with the potential of rapid advancement of the rate of discoveries and development of designer thinking cognitive models. The purpose of this paper is to provide a roadmap to the vast literature for the benefit of new researchers, and also a retrospective for the community.

Imagination as a Research Method: Spatial Futures for Pyongyang in 2050

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-54
Author(s):  
Annie Pedret
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Design Thinking ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Scenario Method ◽  
Conventional Methods

Conventional methods are necessary for addressing certain types of problems, but they are inadequate for investigating subjects that cannot be known in an increasingly complex and emergent world. The method proposed in this paper acknowledges the role of imagination as a cognitive function involved in all human activities from perception and reasoning to experiment and speculation. It forms the theoretical basis for an inter-disciplinary research method that combines the scenario method from Future Studies, fictive narrative, and design thinking and visualization for examining the projects for alternative plausible spatial futures of Pyongyang in the context of a unified Korean peninsula.

scholarly journals Self-perceived communication competence and communication apprehension: A study of Indonesian college students

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Adaninggar Septi Subekti
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Communication Apprehension ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Communication Competence ◽  
Learning Opportunities ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
English Major ◽  
Medium Level

Considering the important role of Individual Differences (IDs) factors in variations in the ultimate success of learners learning second language (L2, this study investigated Indonesian college students’ two ID components, self-perceived communication competence (SPCC) and their communication apprehension (CA), in English as L2. Several rationales become the basis of the present study. Despite the importance of learners’ SPCC in L2 learning as suggested by several empirical studies outside Indonesia, there have not been any specific study investigating learners’ SPCC in the Indonesian context despite the country being the home of one of the largest number of L2 speakers of English in the world. As a seminal study in the context, the study using quantitative methods enables generalisation which could pave a way for further studies in the field in the Indonesian context. A total of 276 non-English major college students participated in the study in a survey using probability random sampling. Using descriptive statistics in SPSS 21, the study found that learners had medium level of SPCC and medium level of CA. Through correlation formula, the study also found that there was moderate significant association between learners’ SPCC and their CA. Through regression analysis, it was found that their SPCC could predict 23% of variance in their CA. The findings urge teachers to provide as many learning opportunities as possible in enjoyable learning environment to increase learners’ perception of their capability, in turn boosting their confidence to speak in English. Based on the findings and several limitations of the study, several suggestions of future studies are presented.

scholarly journals … If You Can Turn to God, You Can Turn to Anyone!

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-26
Author(s):  
Jadranka Rebeka Anić ◽  
Lynette Šikić-Mićanović
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Homeless Women ◽  
Homeless Shelters ◽  
Life Stressors ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Personal Resilience ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Recent empirical studies demonstrate that faith is a resource that can contribute to personal resilience in difficult life events. Since few studies have focused on how women draw on their faith to cope with homelessness and associated life stressors, this study is an attempt to fill this gap. By examining women’s accounts of experience with homelessness and homeless shelters in Croatia, we explore the role of faith in their lives. Using qualitative methods, to explore the meanings homeless women attribute to their experiences of faith, we discuss whether these experiences buffer stress and facilitate coping with adversity. It is recommended that future studies should further explore homeless people’s expressions of faith to gain insight into the scope, depth and diversity of these resources.

scholarly journals Constructing Knowledge of the Urban Site

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Kahn ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Design ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Design Thinking ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Site Analysis ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Constructing Knowledge

This paper considers a fundamental but under-examined aspect of the urban design process: site analysis – or the production of site knowledge. While integral to design thinking, site analysis has historically sustained a notable lack of critical or theoretical attention in either architectural or urban design discourse. Because of this oversight, the assumptions and values underlying analysis methods are rarely, if ever, submitted to review. To reveal the formative role of site analysis in urban design thinking, this paper begins with a brief discussion of analysis, generally. It is followed by an equally abridged look at the conceptual biases of standard site descriptions and how these can effect urban design. Finally, I conclude with a few suggestions for an alternative approach to urban site study, which moves beyond the myth of analytic objectivity to posit analysis as the initiation of design.

scholarly journals Role of Customer in Marketing and Development (RCMD) – a literature review

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-115
Author(s):  
Ehsanullah Oria ◽  
◽  
Mirwan Perdhana ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Customer Knowledge ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The Way

The purpose of this article is to review empirical researches on role of customer in marketing and development (RCMD) and betterment of the firm’s performance and pave the way for future researches. This article is a cumulative literature review of empirical articles on (RCMD). In previous empirical studies two units of analysis has been conducted (individual and firm unit) which includes two viewpoints: The customers' viewpoint and the firms’ viewpoint. The customers’ viewpoint that consider RCMD issues from customer perspectives and stresses on practices of customers in marketing and development. The company's viewpoint looks at RCMD issues from firms' perspectives and analyzes company's action of including customers and how RCMD may influence firm’s performance. During the investigation it was found that RCMD comprises of different streams of literature that follow various conventions and remain very detached from one another. However, there are some common themes between these two streams of researches. For instance, customer knowledge and experience has all seems to be vital for RCMD from the two points of view, learning capacities of a customer and of a firm have both been discovered to be exceptionally important for RCMD. It was also found that significantly less exploration is done from the firm's viewpoint to understand what drives firms to receive RCMD and what prepares them to effectively preform it. Ultimately, there was absence of hypothetical improvement in all subareas. This article goes beyond existing researches by uniting various streams of studies, evaluating key differences related to the concept and findings on antecedents and outcomes of RCMD. This article suggest that future studies ought to embrace a consistent and predictable conceptualization of RCMD and restrain using wide terms.

Mesophyll conductance: the leaf corridors for photosynthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Gago ◽  
Danilo M. Daloso ◽  
Marc Carriquí ◽  
Miquel Nadal ◽  
Melanie Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Mesophyll Conductance ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Cell Structures ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Change Framework ◽  
Chloroplast Stroma

Besides stomata, the photosynthetic CO2 pathway also involves the transport of CO2 from the sub-stomatal air spaces inside to the carboxylation sites in the chloroplast stroma, where Rubisco is located. This pathway is far to be a simple and direct way, formed by series of consecutive barriers that the CO2 should cross to be finally assimilated in photosynthesis, known as the mesophyll conductance (gm). Therefore, the gm reflects the pathway through different air, water and biophysical barriers within the leaf tissues and cell structures. Currently, it is known that gm can impose the same level of limitation (or even higher depending of the conditions) to photosynthesis than the wider known stomata or biochemistry. In this mini-review, we are focused on each of the gm determinants to summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms driving gm from anatomical to metabolic and biochemical perspectives. Special attention deserve the latest studies demonstrating the importance of the molecular mechanisms driving anatomical traits as cell wall and the chloroplast surface exposed to the mesophyll airspaces (Sc/S) that significantly constrain gm. However, even considering these recent discoveries, still is poorly understood the mechanisms about signaling pathways linking the environment a/biotic stressors with gm responses. Thus, considering the main role of gm as a major driver of the CO2 availability at the carboxylation sites, future studies into these aspects will help us to understand photosynthesis responses in a global change framework.

Motives for Social Isolation Following a Negative Emotional Episode

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-131
Author(s):  
Gérald Delelis ◽  
Véronique Christophe
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Social Affiliation ◽  
Semantic Categorization ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Cognitive Regulation ◽  
Emotional Event ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
Emotional Events

Abstract. After experiencing an emotional event, people either seek out others’ presence (social affiliation) or avoid others’ presence (social isolation). The determinants and effects of social affiliation are now well-known, but social psychologists have not yet thoroughly studied social isolation. This study aims to ascertain which motives and corresponding regulation strategies participants report for social isolation following negative emotional events. A group of 96 participants retrieved from memory an actual negative event that led them to temporarily socially isolate themselves and freely listed up to 10 motives for social isolation. Through semantic categorization of the 423 motives reported by the participants, we found that “cognitive clarification” and “keeping one’s distance” – that is, the need for cognitive regulation and the refusal of socioaffective regulation, respectively – were the most commonly and quickly reported motives for social isolation. We discuss the findings in terms of ideas for future studies aimed at clarifying the role of social isolation in health situations.

The adaptation of design thinking in auditing

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda MEIJER-WASSENAAR ◽  
Diny VAN EST
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Design Thinking ◽  
Public Organizations ◽  
Design Framework ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Way

How can a supreme audit institution (SAI) use design thinking in auditing? SAIs audit the way taxpayers’ money is collected and spent. Adding design thinking to their activities is not to be taken lightly. SAIs independently check whether public organizations have done the right things in the right way, but the organizations might not be willing to act upon a SAI’s recommendations. Can you imagine the role of design in audits? In this paper we share our experiences of some design approaches in the work of one SAI: the Netherlands Court of Audit (NCA). Design thinking needs to be adapted (Dorst, 2015a) before it can be used by SAIs such as the NCA in order to reflect their independent, autonomous status. To dive deeper into design thinking, Buchanan’s design framework (2015) and different ways of reasoning (Dorst, 2015b) are used to explore how design thinking can be adapted for audits.

Mathematics Textbook as an Object of Research/Matematički udžbenik kao predmet istraživanja

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dubravka Glasnović Gracin
Keyword(s):  
Mathematics Education ◽  
Mathematical Knowledge ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Mathematics Textbooks ◽  
Mathematics Textbook ◽  
Mathematics Book

AbstractA mathematics textbook can be described as an officially authorized and pedagogically designed mathematics book written to provide mathematical knowledge to students. This description suggests the authority of the textbook - because it has been authorized by an administrative source and because it deals with authorized knowledge. This paper provides an overview of research on mathematics textbooks. The emphasis is on questions concerning the extent to which and how textbooks are used in mathematics education in Croatia and in the world.Research results show that mathematics textbooks are widely used in mathematics education worldwide. This finding points to the need for research on the content and structure of textbooks. Such studies are combined with the associated results on how textbooks are used in the classroom and which methods teachers apply in using textbooks in mathematics education. The results of the empirical studies show that teachers use textbooks for lesson preparation and pupils use mathematics textbooks for exercises to a great extent. These results imply that such an important role of textbooks in mathematics education deserves additional attention, with the goal of understanding and improving mathematics education.Key words: mathematics education; overview; research on textbook---SažetakMatematički udžbenik može se opisati kao službeno autorizirana i pedagoki osmiljena matematička knjiga napisana s ciljem da učenicima ponudi matematičke sadržaje. Taj opis sugerira autoritet udžbenika jer ga je autorizirao administrativni izvor i jer sadrži autorizirano znanje. Ovaj članak daje pregled istraživanja matematičkih udžbenika, a naglasak je na pitanjima u kojoj mjeri i kako se udžbenici koriste u nastavi matematike u Hrvatskoj i u svijetu.Rezultati raznih istraživanja pokazuju da se udžbenici u velikoj mjeri koriste u nastavi matematike irom svijeta. Taj nalaz ukazuje na potrebu za istraživanjem sadržaja i strukture matematičkih udžbenika. Uz to, prikazani su rezultati istraživanja o tome na koji se način udžbenici koriste u razredu i koje metode nastavnici prakticiraju prilikom upotrebe udžbenika na nastavi. Rezultati empirijskih studija pokazuju da nastavnici udžbenike većinom koriste za pripremu nastavnog sata, a učenici udžbenike koriste u najvećoj mjeri za vježbanje. Ti rezultati ukazuju na to da tako važna uloga udžbenika u matematičkom obrazovanju zaslužuje dodatnu pažnju s ciljem razumijevanja i poboljanja nastave matematike.Ključne riječi: istraživanje udžbenika; nastava matematike; pregled.

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