An Overview of Sustainability Indicators and Metrics for Discrete Part Manufacturing

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duck Bong Kim ◽  
Swee Leong ◽  
Chin-Sheng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Manufacturing ◽  
Energy Materials ◽  
Machining Processes ◽  
Unit Process ◽  
Technological Challenge ◽  
Sustainability Measurement ◽  
The Government ◽  
Discrete Part ◽  
Process Level

Sustainable manufacturing has become an emerging environmental, economic, societal, and technological challenge to the industry, the academia, and the government entities. Numerous research and development (R&D) efforts have been launched, and many global and domestic efforts have been initiated toward a long-term sustainable world. This paper provides an overview of R&D efforts in the measurement of manufacturing sustainability, based on an intensive literature search. It focuses on sustainability metrics that apply to unit machining processes for discrete part manufacturing. The authors present results from assessing the scope of indicators that exist for sustainability measurement in general, with a quick visit to the taxonomy of manufacturing activities and different classifications of existing SM metrics by unit machining processes. Most metrics at the unit machining level were developed to measure environmental impacts with respect to energy, materials, water, wastes, and air emissions, while a relatively smaller effort was developed to gauge societal or economic impacts. We report on an analysis of energy metrics available for various unit machining processes at the sub-device and sub-unit process level.

Unit Process Life Cycle Inventory Models of Hot Forming Processes

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer J. Buis ◽  
John W. Sutherland ◽  
Fu Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Process Improvement ◽  
Life Cycle Inventory ◽  
Sustainable Manufacturing ◽  
Hot Forming ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Machining Processes ◽  
Unit Process ◽  
Starting Point

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a widely used tool to evaluate the environmental profile of a product or process, and can serve as a starting point for product and process improvement. Using LCA to support sustainable product design and sustainable manufacturing has recently attracted increasing interest. Unfortunately, the available life cycle inventory databases have very limited coverage of manufacturing processes. To make matters worse, the available datasets are either highly aggregated or consider only selected processes and process conditions. In addition, in the case of the latter, the data provided may be based on limited measurements or even just estimates. This raises questions on applicability of these databases to manufacturing process improvement where different operating parameters and conditions are adopted. Recently a novel methodology called “unit process life cycle inventory” or “uplci” has been proposed to address these issues, and models for several machining processes (e.g., turning, milling, and drilling) and joining (e.g, submerged arc welding) have been developed. This paper follows the uplci approach and develops models for a series of hot forming processes, including billet heating, performing, and indirect extrusion. It is shown that the model predictions on energy consumption are in good agreement with data measured on a production line. For hot forming processes, the results suggest that billet heating dominates the overall energy consumption and the carbon footprint relative to the deformation steps.

Procedure for Selecting Key Performance Indicators for Sustainable Manufacturing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deogratias Kibira ◽  
Michael Brundage ◽  
Shaw Feng ◽  
K. C. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Sustainable Manufacturing ◽  
Key Performance Indicators ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Sustainability Measurement ◽  
Process Level ◽  
Indicator Sets

The need for an open, inclusive, and neutral procedure in selecting key performance indicators (KPIs) for sustainable manufacturing has been increasing. The reason is that manufacturers seek to determine what to measure in order to improve environmental sustainability of their products and manufacturing processes. A difficulty arises in understanding and selecting specific indicators from a large number of stand-alone indicator sets available. This paper presents a procedure for individual manufacturers to select KPIs for measuring, monitoring and improving environmental aspects of manufacturing processes. The procedure is the basis for a guideline, being proposed for standardization within ASTM International. That guide can be used for (1) identifying candidate KPIs from existing sources, (2) defining new candidate KPIs, (3) selecting appropriate KPIs based on KPI criteria, and (4) composing the selected KPIs with assigned weights into a set. The paper explains how the developed procedure complements existing indicator sets and sustainability-measurement approaches at the manufacturing process level.

Procedure for Selecting Key Performance Indicators for Sustainable Manufacturing

2017 ◽  
Vol 140 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deogratias Kibira ◽  
Michael P. Brundage ◽  
Shaw Feng ◽  
K. C. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Sustainable Manufacturing ◽  
Key Performance Indicators ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Sustainability Measurement ◽  
Process Level ◽  
Indicator Sets

The need for an open, inclusive, and neutral procedure in selecting key performance indicators (KPIs) for sustainable manufacturing has been increasing. The reason is that manufacturers seek to determine what to measure to improve environmental sustainability of their products and manufacturing processes. A difficulty arises in understanding and selecting specific indicators from many stand-alone indicator sets available. This paper presents a procedure for individual manufacturers to select KPIs for measuring, monitoring, and improving environmental aspects of manufacturing processes. The procedure is the basis for a guideline, being proposed for standardization within ASTM International. That guide can be used for (1) identifying candidate KPIs from existing sources, (2) defining new candidate KPIs, (3) selecting appropriate KPIs based on KPI criteria, and (4) composing the selected KPIs with assigned weights into a set. The paper explains how the developed procedure complements existing indicator sets and sustainability-measurement approaches at the manufacturing process level.

Negative Media Effects and Islamic Remedies (Penyelesaian Kepada Kesan Negatif Media Menurut Perspektif Islam)

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Mohd. Shuhaimi Ishak
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Social Influences ◽  
The Political ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Essential Form ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Government ◽  
Effects Of Media ◽  
Political Economic

 Abstract Generally speaking, media is extensively used as the means to disseminate news and information pertaining to business, social, political and religious concerns. A portion of the time and space of media has now become an important device to generate economic and social activities that include advertising, marketing, recreation and entertainment. The Government regards them as an essential form of relaying news and information to its citizens and at the same time utilizes them as a powerful public relations’ mechanism. The effects of media are many and diverse, which can either be short or long term depending on the news and information. The effects of media can be found on various fronts, ranging from the political, economic and social, to even religious spheres. Some of the negative effects arising from the media are cultural and social influences, crimes and violence, sexual obscenities and pornography as well as liberalistic and extreme ideologies. This paper sheds light on these issues and draws principles from Islam to overcome them. Islam as revealed to humanity contains the necessary guidelines to nurture and mould the personality of individuals and shape them into good servants. Key Words: Media, Negative Effects, Means, Islam and Principles. Abstrak Secara umum, media secara meluas digunakan sebagai sarana untuk menyebarkan berita dan maklumat yang berkaitan dengan perniagaan, kemasyarakatan, pertimbangan politik dan agama. Sebahagian dari ruang dan masa media kini telah menjadi peranti penting untuk menghasilkan kegiatan ekonomi dan sosial yang meliputi pengiklanan, pemasaran, rekreasi dan hiburan. Kerajaan menganggap sarana-sarana ini sebagai wadah penting untuk menyampaikan berita dan maklumat kepada warganya dan pada masa yang sama juga menggunakannya sebagai mekanisme perhubungan awam yang berpengaruh. Pengaruh media sangat banyak dan pelbagai, samada berbentuk jangka pendek atau panjang bergantung kepada berita dan maklumat yang brekenaan. Kesan dari media boleh didapati mempengaruhi pelbagai aspek, bermula dari bidang politik, ekonomi, sosial bahkan juga agama. Beberapa kesan negatif yang timbul dari media ialah pengaruhnya terhadap budaya dan sosial, jenayah dan keganasan, kelucahan seksual dan pornografi serta ideologi yang liberal dan ekstrim. Kertas ini menyoroti isu-isu ini dan cuba mengambil prinsip-prinsip dari ajaran Islam untuk mengatasinya. Tujuan Islam itu sendiri diturunkan kepada umat manusia ialah untuk menjadi pedoman yang diperlukan untuk membina dan membentuk keperibadian individu dan menjadikan manusia hamba yang taat kepada Tuhannya. Kata Kunci: Media, Kesan Negatif, Cara-cara, Islam dan Prinsip-prinsip.

The Mortality Rate of COVID-19 in Iraq Compare with Iran and Turkey, its Association with the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine and the Iraqi Preparedness Plan Prior to Pandemics. (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rawand Essa
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Bcg Vaccine ◽  
Critical Position ◽  
Preparedness Plan ◽  
Contagious Diseases ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government

BACKGROUND In the span of COVID-19, the mortality rate has been different from one country to another. As a country in the Middle East Iraq has a critical position, lies between Iran and Turkey while both countries coronavirus cases increase on daily basis, while Iranian mortality rate record is high similar to Turkey. After Wuhan city of China, Lombard of Italy, Qum city in Iran has the highest number of COVID-19 as a first country in the Middle East. OBJECTIVE aim of this study is to show the effect of BCG vaccine during pandemic diseases, especially nowadays at the time of COVID-19. One of the crucial observations is the government preparedness and strategic planning prior pandemics, in which the BCG vaccine is an attenuated live vaccine for control of tuberculosis (TB). BCG vaccine has a non-specific immune effect that is used against pathogens like bacteria and viruses, through the promotion of pro-inflammatory cytokines' secretion. METHODS An epidemiological study has been performed, and it shows that some countries are more prone to contagious diseases like COVID-19, regardless of the main cultural, religious, societal similarities among the three mentioned countries. The information data has been collected from WHO reports and worldometer in 18 February 2020 to 10 May 2020. Regarding the efficacy of the BCG vaccine, relevant data has been retrieved from Google scholar, Pub-med and BCG world-atlas. RESULTS COVID-19 mortality rates are at peak in Iran and Turkey while the mortality rate is very low in Iraq, while the patients that died in Iraq all had history of other long-term diseases as heart disease, blood pressure, cancer etc. CONCLUSIONS From the experiences of the three countries in the life span of COVID-19, the historical plan of BCG vaccine in Iraq in cooperation with WHO since the last decades it shows that COVID-19 mortality rate is lower than other countries due to the early vaccination of the Iraqis, otherwise Iraq is more fragile than Iran and Turkey due to the poor conditions of Iraq in terms of economics, politics, war and other aspects.

Analyzing the roles of newspaper articles and tweets to help alleviate sudden physician absenteeism: case study of Takano Hospital in Fukushima in the long-term aftermath of the 2011 Japan’s triple disaster (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihiko Ozaki ◽  
Yosuke Onoue ◽  
Anju Murayama ◽  
Taishi Tahara ◽  
Yuki Senoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
News Media ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Medical Doctor ◽  
Fund Raising ◽  
General Context ◽  
Social Media Networks ◽  
Chronological Change ◽  
The Government ◽  
Newspaper Articles

BACKGROUND Rural physician undersupply is a universal concern, leading to sudden physician absenteeism or unavailability on occasion. While media and social networking services may help mitigate these emergencies, information is lacking about their actual contribution in times of physician absenteeism. On December 30, 2016, the director and sole physician of Takano Hospital in Fukushima, Japan, died. The physician’s passing placed many hospitalized patients in danger. This sudden case of physician unavailability, named the Takano Hospital Crisis, provoked massive attention from the general public, in the media and on social media networks such as Twitter. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze newspaper articles, tweets and Twitter accounts relating to Takano Hospital Crisis. METHODS Newspaper articles and tweets were searched for keywords associated with Takano Hospital Crisis and its former director between October 2016 and June 2017. We first evaluated the chronological change in the number of articles and tweets, and the number of characters and relevant keywords in the articles. Then tweets and influencers who were popular on the Twitter platform from December 30, 2016 to February 28, 2017, were categorized. RESULTS We assessed 151 newspaper articles and 67,006 tweets. The results show that number of newspaper articles and tweets steeply increased and then diminished within the first month of the incident. The median number of characters in newspapers articles was 436 and the most frequent keyword was medical doctor. There were 753 original tweets that were retweeted more than four times from December 30, 2016 to February 28, 2017. Of these, 245 (32.5%) expressed concern. Notable influencers were journalists, news media outlets, and healthcare professionals that helped with fund raising and providing clinical service in the hospital. CONCLUSIONS Twitter could temporarily function in cases of sudden physician absenteeism to attract volunteers and funding, however, this would not be a long-term solution. In a more general context, a long-term effort of supports from the hospitals themselves and the government will be required to manage the persistent state of physician absenteeism.

Case Evidence: Conflict Trajectories in Indonesia, Ivory Coast, and Syria

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Tir ◽  
Johannes Karreth
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Ivory Coast ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
East Timor ◽  
Intergovernmental Organizations ◽  
Crisis Resolution ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Qualitative Evidence ◽  
The Government

Two low-level armed conflicts, Indonesia’s East Timor and Ivory Coast’s post-2010 election crises, provide detailed qualitative evidence of highly structured intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) engaging in effective civil warpreventing activities in member-states. Highly structured IGOs threatened and sanctioned each of these states and offered (long-term) benefits conditional on successful crisis resolution. The governments were aware of and responded to these IGOs’ concerns, as did the rebels in these respective cases. The early stages of the conflict in Syria in 2011 provide a counterpoint. With Syria’s limited engagement in only few highly structured IGOs, the Syrian government ignored international calls for peace. And, without highly structured IGOs’ counterweight to curtail the government, the rebels saw little reason to stop their armed resistance. The result was a brutal and deadly civil war that continues today.

scholarly journals FEM and Analytical Modeling of the Incipient Chip Formation for the Generation of Micro-Features

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 3789
Author(s):  
Michele Lanzetta ◽  
Marco Picchi Picchi Scardaoni ◽  
Armin Gharibi ◽  
Claudia Vivaldi
Keyword(s):  
Material Properties ◽  
Analytical Modeling ◽  
Cutting Tool ◽  
Sustainable Manufacturing ◽  
Cutting Parameters ◽  
Micro Machining ◽  
Machining Processes ◽  
Steel Alloys ◽  
Diamond Blade ◽  
Micro Features

This paper explores the modeling of incipient cutting by Abaqus, LS-Dyna, and Ansys Finite Element Methods (FEMs), by comparing also experimentally the results on different material classes, including common aluminum and steel alloys and an acetal polymer. The target application is the sustainable manufacturing of gecko adhesives by micromachining a durable mold for injection molding. The challenges posed by the mold shape include undercuts and sharp tips, which can be machined by a special diamond blade, which enters the material, forms a chip, and exits. An analytical model to predict the shape of the incipient chip and of the formed grove as a function of the material properties and of the cutting parameters is provided. The main scientific merit of the current work is to approach theoretically, numerically, and experimentally the very early phase of the cutting tool penetration for new sustainable machining and micro-machining processes.

scholarly journals Potential for Farmers’ Cooperatives to Convert Coffee Husks into Biochar and Promote the Bioeconomy in the North Ecuadorian Amazon

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 4747
Author(s):  
Mario A. Heredia Salgado ◽  
Ina Säumel ◽  
Andrea Cianferoni ◽  
Luís A. C. Tarelho
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
The North ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Ecuadorian Amazon ◽  
Specific Standard ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post Harvesting ◽  
Term Maintenance

Improving the livelihoods of communities living in fragile ecosystems, such as tropical forests, is among the main strategies to promote their conservation and preserve wildlife. In the Ecuadorian Amazon, farmers’ cooperatives are recognized as an important mechanism to improve the socioeconomic conditions of local communities. This study analyzes the integration of pyrolysis processes to convert agricultural waste into biochar as a way to implement the bioeconomy in these organizations. We found that post-harvesting processes in the studied farmers’ cooperatives are similar, and coffee husks are a potential feedstock to produce biochar. Although the environmental policies in Ecuador consider the valorization of agricultural waste, we did not find any specific standard to regulate the operation of pyrolysis facilities. Nonetheless, conversion of agricultural waste into biochar can contribute to (i) replacement of subsidized fossil fuels used in drying processes, (ii) prevention of environmental pollution caused by accumulation of waste, (iii) emergence of new income sources linked with the provision of carbon sequestration services, and (iv) the long-term maintenance of soil fertility. Currently, demonstration projects are needed to stimulate collaboration among farmers’ cooperatives, academia, the government, international cooperation agencies, and existing forest conservation initiatives.

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