A Quadricycle for Urban Mobility

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Galmarini ◽  
M. Gobbi ◽  
G. Mastinu
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Suspension System ◽  
Management Control ◽  
Urban Mobility ◽  
Management Control System ◽  
The Road ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
Emission Limits ◽  
First Time ◽  
System Layout

The need to decrease pollution in urban zones has pushed toward severe regulations in term of low-emission limits. The effect of this “environmental awareness” is an increased interest in electric vehicles (EV). The construction of a EV is presented in the paper. This vehicle has been designed specifically to be powered by electric motors, the suspension system and the general layout have been developed accordingly. According to the European technical regulations, the vehicle has been designed for a city use. The main features of GreenFun, (this is the name of the prototype), are an extensive use of composite and lightweight materials, a special suspension system layout, a 4WD powertrain realized by means of 4 electric motor hubs and the use, for the first time in a production vehicle, of 4 measuring wheels that are able to measure the forces acting between the pneumatic tires and the road. These information are used as input for the vehicle control systems in order to enhance performance and safety. In the paper, the most relevant vehicle subsystems are described in detail (chassis, wheel, suspensions, powertrain, energy management, control system, …).

scholarly journals Efficiency of Governmental Policy and Programs to Stimulate the Use of Low-Emission and Electric Vehicles: The Case of Romania

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Ioana C. Sechel ◽  
Florin Mariasiu
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Primary Analysis ◽  
Government Programs ◽  
The Road ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Low Emission

The contemporary demands for massive reductions in industrial pollution caused by the transport sector, especially in large urban agglomerations, compel local and national authorities to propose, develop, and implement programs and policies that have the ultimate goal of significantly reducing (or eliminating) pollution. The aim of this article is to provide a primary analysis of the effectiveness of Romanian government policies in terms of reducing pollution (CO2 emissions) caused by transportation (due to the “Rabla Plus” (RP) program, through which financial subsidies are granted for the purchase of a new plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) or battery electric vehicle (BEVs)). After analyzing the justification for the use of low-emission and electric vehicles in traffic (as a major solution to eliminate pollution), a comparative analysis of energy-efficient transport for Romania and Europe is presented in order to identify the directions in which it is necessary to develop and implement government policies specifically in Romania, considering a series of indicators chosen and considered by the authors to be important, including CO2 emissions compared with the size of the road infrastructure, the number of registered vehicles, the number of passengers transported, and the quantity of goods transported. With the identification of the ability of government programs to encourage the acquisition and use of low-emission and electric vehicles in traffic, the efficiency achieved is calculated in terms of the net CO2 emissions eliminated (average values of 1949.23 CO2 tons/year and 1.71 CO2 tons/vehicle). Furthermore, this aspect is also beneficial for analyses in terms of the economic costs involved (the associated costs are estimated to be 7034.17 EUR/ton of CO2 eliminated from the transportation sector), identifying new directions of action that are more cost-effective and sustainable and on which government policies should focus in the future.

Compliant dynamics of a rectilinear rear-independent system

2016 ◽  
Vol 231 (5) ◽  
pp. 785-806
Author(s):  
Xiang Liu ◽  
Jing-Shan Zhao ◽  
Zhi-Jing Feng
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Vehicle Dynamics ◽  
Ride Comfort ◽  
Suspension System ◽  
Good Effect ◽  
Redundant Constraints ◽  
The Road ◽  
Wheel Alignment ◽  
First Time ◽  
Apparent Influence

The rectilinear rear-independent suspension investigated in this paper could remain the wheel alignment parameters invariable in theory. However, its dynamics is much more complex than that of the existing suspensions because of its redundant constraints in structure. Considering the elasticity of the rectilinear rear-independent suspension, a rigid-flexible half-car dynamic model is established for the first time based on the discrete time transfer matrix method. At the same time, a rigid half-car dynamic model is established as a comparison. The natural frequency characteristics and dynamic response of the rectilinear rear-independent suspension under random road excitations are analyzed and compared with those of rigid half-car dynamic model. The results reveal that the suspension system has apparent influence to the dynamics of vehicle. The wheel alignment parameters will fluctuate within a narrow range which is mainly determined by the rolling vibration of vehicle. And the suspension system could reduce and filter the road excitations with high frequency and small amplitude. This provides a good effect on the ride comfort of vehicle. Dynamics analysis of the rectilinear rear independent suspension reveals that the proposed modeling approach could deal with the dynamics of rigid-flexible multibody systems with redundant constraints effectively.

scholarly journals Implementing Electromobility in Public Transport in Poland in 1990–2020. A Review of Experiences and Evaluation of the Current Development Directions

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 4009
Author(s):  
Marcin Połom ◽  
Paweł Wiśniewski
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Operational Capabilities ◽  
Electric Bus ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
National Programs ◽  
Regional Authorities

Public transport has undergone major changes in recent years. In particular, they relate to the issue of environmental impact. Due to the significant emission of pollutants from the economy, in particular from the transport segment, member states of the European Union have taken measures to limit its scope. Only low-emission and zero-emission vehicles are to be used in transport, and mainly those that are powered by electricity in public transport. The development of battery technologies has led to a revolution in the range and operational capabilities of electric buses in the last decade. They have become a seemingly easy alternative to traditional electric vehicles in public transport—trams and trolleybuses. This article presents the possibilities and limitations of the development of public transport in Poland based on electric buses. An attempt was made to review the literature and compare the possibility of the functioning of buses, trams and trolleybuses in the Polish socio-economic, environmental and technological conditions. The article was based on a literature query, an analysis of unpublished materials, and a qualitative analysis of national programs endorsing the idea of electromobility as well as an online survey on the perception of electric public transport. The main goal of the article was to identify and evaluate the possibilities of developing public transport in Poland with the use of electric buses. The main results of the work include the demonstration that the optics of the national and regional authorities in Poland are focused mainly on electric buses without a thorough analysis of the legitimacy of their operation, especially in small towns. The incentive in the form of subsidizing the purchase of an electric bus is sufficient for them, and the future effects of using electric buses are not investigated.

scholarly journals Cost Assessment of Inpatient Care Episodes of Stroke in Romania

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
László Lorenzovici ◽  
Andrea Székely ◽  
Marcell Csanádi ◽  
Péter Gaál
Keyword(s):  
Economic Burden ◽  
Inpatient Care ◽  
Management Control ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Healthcare Budget ◽  
Management Control System ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Gross Costing

Introduction: Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide and Romania is no exception. There is a high economic burden associated with the treatment of stroke patients, which puts pressure on the healthcare budget. This study aims to measure the inpatient treatment costs of stroke patients in Romania.Methods: Our retrospective analysis follows stroke patients in six Romanian hospitals at different progressivity level from different regions. Patients are identified from the official hospital databases, reported for reimbursement purposes. Mean inpatient costs incurred with the treatment of these stroke patient episodes are calculated using the gross costing method. The cost data are derived from the management control system of the study hospitals.Results: 3,155 patient episodes of stroke were identified in the study hospitals. The average cost per stroke inpatient care episode sums up to EUR 995.57 (95% CI: EUR 963.74—EUR 1 027.39) in 2017, while the overall yearly healthcare burden adds up to EUR 140 million, representing 2.18% of the total national health insurance budget and a cost of EUR 7.15 per capita.Conclusion: The hospital cost of stroke inpatient care episode in Romania is high and it represents a sizable part of the healthcare budget, but it is among the lowest in Europe, which can mainly be explained by the level of economic development of the country. As both the number of patients and the cost of acute care are expected to increase in the future, the economic burden of stroke is also expected to increase.

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