scholarly journals Integration of Life Cycle Inventories Incorporating Manufacturing Unit Processes

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Campanelli ◽  
Jonatan Berglund ◽  
Sudarsan Rachuri
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sustainable Manufacturing ◽  
System Level ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Flow Diagrams ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Process Level

Sustainable manufacturing (SM) concerns the manufacture of products with regard to environmental, social, and economic impacts over the entire life cycle. With a primary focus on environmental concerns, life cycle assessment (LCA) can support SM practices. The life cycle inventory (LCI) is a key phase of LCA, and this paper considers the integration of manufacturing unit processes (MUPs) into system-level LCIs, which requires consideration of process flow diagrams at different levels of abstraction. Furthermore, uncertainty quantification is an important component of LCA interpretation, and this paper proposes a method to synthesize LCIs from the process-level to the system-level that consistently quantifies uncertainty in the inventories. The method can incorporate MUP data derived from measurements and/or modeling and simulation. Further development towards a complete methodology is discussed.

Requirements Refinement and Component Reuse

2017 ◽  
pp. 1397-1432
Author(s):  
Laura Baracchi ◽  
Alessandro Cimatti ◽  
Gerald Garcia ◽  
Silvia Mazzini ◽  
Stefano Puri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Space Agency ◽  
System Level ◽  
Reference Architecture ◽  
Space Systems ◽  
Component Reuse ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Development Costs ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Different Levels

The development of complex computer-based systems poses two fundamental challenges. On one side, the architectural decomposition must be complemented by a suitable refinement of the requirements. On the other side, it is fundamental to provide the means for component reuse in order to limit development costs. In this chapter, the authors discuss the approach taken in FoReVeR, a project funded by the European Space Agency (ESA), where these two issues are tackled in the setting of space systems. The approach taken in FoReVeR is based on the idea of contracts, which allow one to formally specify the requirements of components at different levels of abstraction and to formally prove the correctness of requirements decomposition. In particular, the authors show how system-level requirements can be progressively refined into software requirements and how the contract-based framework supports the reuse of the components of a reference architecture under development by ESA. The authors discuss how the proposed solution has been integrated in a space development process and present the results of case studies.

Bayesian Uncertainty Integration for Model Calibration, Validation, and Prediction

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Mullins ◽  
Sankaran Mahadevan
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Uncertainty ◽  
System Level ◽  
Uncertainty Sources ◽  
Family Approach ◽  
Johnson Distribution ◽  
Aleatory And Epistemic Uncertainty ◽  
Distribution Family ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

This paper proposes a comprehensive approach to prediction under uncertainty by application to the Sandia National Laboratories verification and validation challenge problem. In this problem, legacy data and experimental measurements of different levels of fidelity and complexity (e.g., coupon tests, material and fluid characterizations, and full system tests/measurements) compose a hierarchy of information where fewer observations are available at higher levels of system complexity. This paper applies a Bayesian methodology in order to incorporate information at different levels of the hierarchy and include the impact of sparse data in the prediction uncertainty for the system of interest. Since separation of aleatory and epistemic uncertainty sources is a pervasive issue in calibration and validation, maintaining this separation in order to perform these activities correctly is the primary focus of this paper. Toward this goal, a Johnson distribution family approach to calibration is proposed in order to enable epistemic and aleatory uncertainty to be separated in the posterior parameter distributions. The model reliability metric approach to validation is then applied, and a novel method of handling combined aleatory and epistemic uncertainty is introduced. The quality of the validation assessment is used to modify the parameter uncertainty and add conservatism to the prediction of interest. Finally, this prediction with its associated uncertainty is used to assess system-level reliability (a prediction goal for the challenge problem).

Requirements Refinement and Component Reuse

2014 ◽  
pp. 209-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Baracchi ◽  
Alessandro Cimatti ◽  
Gerald Garcia ◽  
Silvia Mazzini ◽  
Stefano Puri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Space Agency ◽  
System Level ◽  
Reference Architecture ◽  
Space Systems ◽  
Component Reuse ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Development Costs ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Different Levels

The development of complex computer-based systems poses two fundamental challenges. On one side, the architectural decomposition must be complemented by a suitable refinement of the requirements. On the other side, it is fundamental to provide the means for component reuse in order to limit development costs. In this chapter, the authors discuss the approach taken in FoReVeR, a project funded by the European Space Agency (ESA), where these two issues are tackled in the setting of space systems. The approach taken in FoReVeR is based on the idea of contracts, which allow one to formally specify the requirements of components at different levels of abstraction and to formally prove the correctness of requirements decomposition. In particular, the authors show how system-level requirements can be progressively refined into software requirements and how the contract-based framework supports the reuse of the components of a reference architecture under development by ESA. The authors discuss how the proposed solution has been integrated in a space development process and present the results of case studies.

scholarly journals Computer-aided design of cyber-physical building systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
pp. 01012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Chelyshkov
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Data Exchange ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Cyber Physical Systems ◽  
System Level ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Building Systems ◽  
Different Levels

At present, an increasing number of researchers and specialists in the construction industry come to the opinion that it is advisable to use a number of technologies (BIM, Smart City, Big Data, IOT and others) in the practice of construction (in the broad sense of this concept), which are united by the concept of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The result of the implementation of these technologies in the construction should be the transition to the widespread use of cyber-physical systems. The problem of using information technologies in construction today is not due to the lack of this process as such, but to the lack of consistency and consistency in it. Fragmentary nature of the application, inconsistency of the applied technologies at different levels of management and at different stages of the life cycle of construction projects sharply reduce the potential positive effect of informatization and building automation. At the same time, the concept of cyber-physical systems, that is, the integration at the system level of physical processes and controls has proven effective in industrial production. The approaches to ensuring the processes of designing cyber-physical building systems through the development and application of General mathematical models for the processes of data exchange and management are considered. The presented models of data exchange and management of cyber-physical building systems describe the processes implemented at each stage of the life cycle of cyber-physical building systems. Functional blocks of the considered models allow to describe the processes of data collection, storage and processing on the current and past stages of the life cycle of cyber-physical construction systems. The presented models are the elements of mathematical support of the processes of designing cyber-physical building systems, which determine the processes of information exchange and management between the structures of cyber-physical building systems of different levels of hierarchy in the full life cycle.

scholarly journals Uncertainty-Aware Compositional System-Level Reliability Analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 457-477
Author(s):  
Hananeh Aliee ◽  
Michael Glaß ◽  
Faramarz Khosravi ◽  
Jürgen Teich
Keyword(s):  
Reliability Analysis ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Heuristic Algorithms ◽  
System Level ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Component Reliability ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Continuous Technology ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractContinuous technology scaling has increased the susceptibility of today’s electronic devices to manufacturing tolerances and environmental changes. The resulting uncertainty in component reliability can be only approximated or estimated at design time and might propagate to system level. Therefore, uncertainty must be considered to enable the design of robust systems. In this chapter, we propose a methodology for cross-level reliability analysis to tame the ever increasing analysis complexity of contemporary systems under the influence of uncertainties. The presented methodology combines various reliability analysis techniques across different levels of abstraction while providing an explicit modeling of uncertainties. It introduces mechanisms for (a) the composition and decomposition of the system during analysis and (b) converting analysis data between different levels of abstraction through adapters. The developed analysis techniques are integrated in an automatic electronic system-level reliability analysis tool to allow for the evaluation of reliability-increasing techniques and for DSE!. The tool thereby uses meta-heuristic algorithms for optimization and enables the comparison of system implementation candidates with objectives represented by uncertainty distributions.

scholarly journals Environmental Product Declarations for plants and soils: how to quantify carbon uptake in landscape design and construction?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matti Kuittinen ◽  
Ranja Hautamäki ◽  
Eeva-Maria Tuhkanen ◽  
Anu Riikonen ◽  
Mari Ariluoma
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Landscape Design ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Mitigation Potential ◽  
Environmental Product Declarations ◽  
Construction Products ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Change Mitigation ◽  
Design And Construction

Abstract Purpose Currently, no clear guidance exists for ISO and EN standards of calculating, verifying, and reporting the climate impacts of plants, mulches, and soils used in landscape design and construction. In order to optimise the potential of ecosystem services in the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions in the built environment, we unequivocally propose their inclusion when assessing sustainability. Methods We analysed the life cycle phases of plants, soils, and mulches from the viewpoint of compiling standard-based Environmental Product Declarations. In comparison to other construction products, the differences of both mass and carbon flows were identified in these products. Results Living and organic products of green infrastructure require an LCA approach of their own. Most importantly, if conventional life cycle guidance for Environmental Product Declarations were to be followed, over time, the asymmetric mass and carbon flows would lead to skewed conclusions. Moreover, the ability of plants to reproduce raises additional questions for allocating environmental impacts. Conclusions We present a set of recommendations that are required for compiling Environmental Product Declarations for the studied products of green infrastructure. In order to enable the quantification of the climate change mitigation potential of these products, it is essential that work for further development of LCA guidance be mandated.

scholarly journals Aircraft Requirements for Sustainable Regional Aviation

Aerospace ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Dominik Eisenhut ◽  
Nicolas Moebs ◽  
Evert Windels ◽  
Dominique Bergmann ◽  
Ingmar Geiß ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systems Engineering ◽  
System Level ◽  
Policy Initiative ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Calculation Methods ◽  
Figures Of Merit ◽  
Performance Requirements ◽  
High Level ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
The Eu

Recently, the new Green Deal policy initiative was presented by the European Union. The EU aims to achieve a sustainable future and be the first climate-neutral continent by 2050. It targets all of the continent’s industries, meaning aviation must contribute to these changes as well. By employing a systems engineering approach, this high-level task can be split into different levels to get from the vision to the relevant system or product itself. Part of this iterative process involves the aircraft requirements, which make the goals more achievable on the system level and allow validation of whether the designed systems fulfill these requirements. Within this work, the top-level aircraft requirements (TLARs) for a hybrid-electric regional aircraft for up to 50 passengers are presented. Apart from performance requirements, other requirements, like environmental ones, are also included. To check whether these requirements are fulfilled, different reference missions were defined which challenge various extremes within the requirements. Furthermore, figures of merit are established, providing a way of validating and comparing different aircraft designs. The modular structure of these aircraft designs ensures the possibility of evaluating different architectures and adapting these figures if necessary. Moreover, different criteria can be accounted for, or their calculation methods or weighting can be changed.

scholarly journals Circular economy in the construction sector: advancing environmental performance through systemic and holistic thinking

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnus Sparrevik ◽  
Luitzen de Boer ◽  
Ottar Michelsen ◽  
Christofer Skaar ◽  
Haley Knudson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Construction Sector ◽  
Recursive Structure ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
Environmental Effectiveness ◽  
Standards And Regulations ◽  
Management Schemes ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractThe construction sector is progressively becoming more circular by reducing waste, re-using building materials and adopting regenerative solutions for energy production and biodiversity protection. The implications of circularity on construction activities are complex and require the careful evaluation of impacts to select the appropriate path forward. Evaluations of circular solutions and their environmental effectiveness are often performed based on various types of life cycle-based impact assessments. This paper uses systemic thinking to map and evaluate different impact assessment methodologies and their implications for a shift to more circular solutions. The following systemic levels are used to group the methodologies: product (material life cycle declarations and building assessments), organisation (certification and management schemes) and system (policies, standards and regulations). The results confirm that circular economy is integrated at all levels. However, development and structure are not coordinated or governed unidirectionally, but rather occur simultaneously at different levels. This recursive structure is positive if the methods are applied in the correct context, thus providing both autonomy and cohesion in decision making. Methods at lower systemic levels may then improve production processes and stimulate the market to create circular and innovative building solutions, whereas methods at higher systemic levels can be used, for example, by real estate builders, trade organisations and governments to create incentives for circular development and innovation in a broader perspective. Use of the performance methods correctly within an actor network is therefore crucial for successful and effective implementation of circular economy in the construction sector.

scholarly journals Taxonomy, Morphological and Molecular Identification of the Potato Cyst Nematodes, Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 184
Author(s):  
John Wainer ◽  
Quang Dinh
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Molecular Identification ◽  
Soil Sampling ◽  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
Potato Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Primary Focus

The scope of this paper is limited to the taxonomy, detection, and reliable morphological and molecular identification of the potato cyst nematodes (PCN) Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis. It describes the nomenclature, hosts, life cycle, pathotypes, and symptoms of the two species. It also provides detailed instructions for soil sampling and extraction of cysts from soil. The primary focus of the paper is the presentation of accurate and effective methods to identify the two principal PCN species.

scholarly journals Model-Driven Architectural Framework towards Safe and Secure Nuclear Power Reactors

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5136
Author(s):  
Bassem Ouni ◽  
Christophe Aussagues ◽  
Saadia Dhouib ◽  
Chokri Mraidha
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Nuclear Reactors ◽  
System Development ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Model Driven ◽  
Case System ◽  
Architectural Framework ◽  
Performance Check ◽  
High Level ◽  
Different Levels

Sensor-based digital systems for Instrumentation and Control (I&C) of nuclear reactors are quite complex in terms of architecture and functionalities. A high-level framework is highly required to pre-evaluate the system’s performance, check the consistency between different levels of abstraction and address the concerns of various stakeholders. In this work, we integrate the development process of I&C systems and the involvement of stakeholders within a model-driven methodology. The proposed approach introduces a new architectural framework that defines various concepts, allowing system implementations and encompassing different development phases, all actors, and system concerns. In addition, we define a new I&C Modeling Language (ICML) and a set of methodological rules needed to build different architectural framework views. To illustrate this methodology, we extend the specific use of an open-source system engineering tool, named Eclipse Papyrus, to carry out many automation and verification steps at different levels of abstraction. The architectural framework modeling capabilities will be validated using a realistic use case system for the protection of nuclear reactors. The proposed framework is able to reduce the overall system development cost by improving links between different specification tasks and providing a high abstraction level of system components.

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