Identifying Product Scaling Principles: A Tool for Bioinspired Design and Beyond

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angel G. Perez ◽  
Julie S. Linsey
Keyword(s):  
Scaling Laws ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Nano Scale ◽  
Bioinspired Design ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Design By Analogy ◽  
Global Principles ◽  
Physical Principles

There are countless products that perform the same function but are engineered to suit a different scale. Designers are often faced with the problem of taking a solution at one scale and mapping it to another. This frequently happens with design-by-analogy and bioinspired design. Despite various scaling laws for specific systems, there are no global principles for scaling systems, for example from a biological nano-scale to macro-scale. This is likely one of the reasons bioinspired design is difficult. Very often scaling laws assume the same physical principles are being used, but this study of products indicates that a variety of changes occur as scale changes, including changing the physical principles to meet a particular function. Empirical product research was used to determine a set of principles by observing and understanding numerous products to unearth new generalizations. The function a product performs is examined in various scales to view subtle and blatant differences. Principles are then determined. This study provides an initial step in creating new innovative designs based on existing solutions in nature or other products that occur at very different scales. Much further work is needed by studying additional products and bioinspired examples.

Identifying Product Scaling Principles: A Step Towards Enhancing Biomimetic Design

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angel Perez ◽  
Julie Linsey ◽  
Joanna Tsenn ◽  
Michael Glier
Keyword(s):  
Scaling Laws ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Bioinspired Design ◽  
Design By Analogy ◽  
Design Case Study ◽  
Product Study ◽  
Physical Principles

Designers are often faced with the problem of taking a solution at one scale and mapping it to another, often occurring with design-by-analogy and bioinspired design. Despite various scaling laws for specific systems, scaling a solution is a difficult process since different physical principles are often used (causing scaling laws to be invalid) and numerous other changes must be made. This is one of the likely reasons that bioinspired design is difficult. An empirical product study method was used to determine five scaling principles by studying numerous example products. As an initial validation, a design case study applied these principles to a single passenger, low-cost, golf transportation system. Few solutions exist for a single passenger golf transportation system due to difficulties in meeting the customer’s needs, including a portable design which fits in an average sized car trunk at an affordable price. Utilizing the golf bag push cart, full-size two passenger golf cart and scaling principles, a solution was established that fulfilled the design problem. By performing this case study, the general scaling principles are confirmed as a viable aid in product design scaling. This study provides an initial step in creating new innovative designs based on existing solutions in nature or other products that occur at very different scales. Much further work is needed by studying additional products and bioinspired examples. The design principles also need to be more robustly validated.

Realization of Mechanical Properties Prediction from Nano- to Macro- Scale Structure: An Achievement of C-S-H Hydrated Phases

2019 ◽  
Vol 956 ◽  
pp. 332-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Fu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
High Density ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Material Technology ◽  
Micro Scale ◽  
Nano Scale ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Mechanical Properties Prediction ◽  
Technology Modeling

The performance prediction of C-S-H gel is critical to the theoretical research of cement-based materials. In the light of recent computational material technology, modeling from nano-scale to micro-scale to predict mechanical properties of structure has become research hotspots. This paper aims to find the inter-linkages between the monolithic "glouble" C-S-H at nano-scale and the low/high density C-S-H at the micro-scale by step to step method, and to find a reliable experimental verification method. Above all, the basic structure of tobermorite and the "glouble" C-S-H model at nano-scale are discussed. At this scale, a "glouble" C-S-H structure of about 5.5 nm3 was established based on the 11Å tobermorite crystal, and the elastic modulus ​​of the isotropic "glouble" is obtained by simulation. Besides, by considering the effect of porosity on the low/high density of the gel morphology, the C-S-H phase at micro-scale can be reversely characterized by the "glouble". By setting different porosities and using Self-Consistent and Mori-Tanaka schemes, elastic moduli of the low density and high density C-S-H ​​from that of "glouble" are predicted, which are used to compare with the experimental values of the outer and inner C-S-H. Moreover, the nanoindentation simulation is carried out, where the simulated P-h curve is in good agreement with the accurate experimental curve in nanoindentation experiment by the regional indentation technique(RET), thus the rationality of the "glouble" structure modeled is verified and the feasibility of Jennings model is proved. Finally, the studies from the obtained ideal "glouble" model to the C-S-H phase performance has realized the mechanical properties prediction of the C-S-H structure from nano-scale to micro-scale, which has great theoretical significance for the C-S-H structural strengthening research.

Degradation Modeling Research of Biodegradable Tissue Engineering Scaffold

2013 ◽  
Vol 873 ◽  
pp. 642-651
Author(s):  
Tao Hong Zhang ◽  
Shou Gang Xu ◽  
De Zheng Zhang ◽  
Aziguli Wulamu
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Tissue Engineering Scaffold ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Modeling Methods ◽  
Degradation Modeling ◽  
Scale Modeling ◽  
Single Scale ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Scale Models

Although the degradation modeling of tissue engineering scaffold is in its initial step, it can direct the design, optimization of scaffold and help the application in medical case of illness. This paper analyzes the modeling methods and gives the speciality of every model which is put forward by researchers in China and abroad about the degradation of tissue engineering scaffold. These models are divided into micro scale, macro scale and two scale models based on the modeling scales. The recent research is belonging to single scale modeling. Some researchers abroad probed to two scale modeling. The future model is prospected in multi scale coupling macro, micro, and meta-macro model.

Nano- and Component Level Friction of Rubber Seals in Dispensing Devices

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Polina Prokopovich ◽  
Stephanos Theodossiades ◽  
Homer Rahnejat ◽  
Darren Hodson
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Nitride ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Friction Model ◽  
Polybutylene Terephthalate ◽  
Component Level ◽  
Fundamental Study ◽  
Rubber Ring ◽  
Nano Scale ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Scale Motion

In many drug dispensing devices, such as syringes and inhalers, a rubber ring is used as a seal. During device actuation the seal is subjected to friction which in turn causes it to deform. This can lead to suboptimal performance of the device and as a consequence variability in the delivered dose. Seal friction is complex, arising from adhesion of rubber in contact with a moving counterface, viscous action of a thin film of entrained fluid into the contact and ploughing of seal asperities. Therefore, the first step in the understanding of the conjunctional behaviour of rubber seals is the fundamental study of these friction mechanisms. A developed model can then be validated against measurements, prior to its use in a multi-body dynamic model of the inhaler valve to predict product performance, robustness and variability due to manufacturing tolerances. This paper undertakes two distinct studies. Firstly, a friction model for the rough elastomeric material, typically used for valve seals is developed. The model is then validated against measurements in nano-scale. Friction data is presented for nitrile rubber, using a silicon nitride AFM tip for nano-scale interactions. The validation is then extended to macro-scale motion of an instrumented trolley, incorporating an elastomeric surface sliding on a polymeric counterface. These tests are carried out for polybutylene terephthalate (PBT). Secondly, the validated friction model is used in an elastomeric seal model in-situ within the valve and in contact with a polymeric stem surface and subject to both global fittment deformation and canister pressure. Reasonable agreement is found between the measurements and model predictions for the nano-scale coefficient of friction of rubber against silicon nitride. Similarly, good agreement has been obtained for the mean coefficient of friction of rubber against PBT. In addition, the mechanism of adhesion between contacting surfaces of gasket and stem is taken into account.

Granular chain escape from a pore in a wall in the presence of particles on one side: a comparison to polymer translocation

Soft Matter ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (26) ◽  
pp. 5420-5427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fereshteh Samadi Taheri ◽  
Hossein Fazli ◽  
Masao Doi ◽  
Mehdi Habibi
Keyword(s):  
Escape Behavior ◽  
Chain Polymer ◽  
Granular Chain ◽  
Nano Scale ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Polymer Translocation ◽  
Scale Experiment ◽  
A Chain

Macro-scale experiment and nano-scale simulation of a chain/polymer show the same escape behavior through the pore in the wall in the presence of particles.

scholarly journals Experimental Study on the Piezoresistivity of Concrete Containing Steel Fibers, Carbon Black, and Graphene

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shijun Wang ◽  
Amardeep Singh ◽  
Qiong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Coupling Effect ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Steel Fibers ◽  
Conductive Materials ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Nano Scale ◽  
Pressure Sensitive ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Contrast Group

Adding conductive materials to cement-based composites can lead to pressure-sensitive properties. In this study, different scales of conductive materials were incorporated, including macro-scale steel fibers, micro-scale carbon black powder, and nano-scale graphene. The coupling effect of three scales of materials ensured that the intelligent concrete had improved strength, lower cost, and comparable pressure-sensitive performance. The results show that the strength of intelligent concrete with multi-scale conductive materials is higher than that of the contrast group of ordinary concrete and intelligent concrete when adding nano-scale graphene alone. Especially, the addition of steel fibers significantly improved the crack resistance of the intelligent concrete. In the elastic stage, the resistivity of intelligent concrete of multi-scale conductive materials decreases with the increase in compression, and the decrease range of resistivity is approximately proportional to the external force. After reaching the peak load, the resistivity of the intelligent concrete gradually increases and can illustrate the damage evolution. This study lays a foundation for the application of intelligent concrete in deformation and damage monitoring.

A Novel Variable Extensometer Method for Measuring Ductility Scaling Parameters from Single Specimens

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Adam J. Smith ◽  
Hannah L. Maxwell ◽  
Hadi Mirmohammad ◽  
Owen Kingstedt ◽  
Ryan B. Berke
Keyword(s):  
Digital Image Correlation ◽  
Material Property ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Scaling Laws ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Single Specimen ◽  
Single Experiment ◽  
Material Parameters ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Scaling Parameters

Abstract Macro-scale ductility is not an intrinsic material property but is dependent on the overall geometry of the specimen. To account for variety in specimen geometries, multiple ductility scaling laws have been developed which scale ductility between different specimen sizes. Traditionally, these ductility laws rely on testing multiple different specimens of varying sizes to obtain material parameters, often done by varying gauge lengths. With the use of Digital Image Correlation (DIC), this work presents a technique where multiple different gauge lengths are extracted from a single specimen to obtain ductility scaling parameters from a single experiment. This technique provides orders of magnitude more data from each specimen than previous techniques. This variable extensometer method is then validated by testing multiple different geometries and select scaling laws are then compared.

scholarly journals Cells spreading on Micro-fabricated Silica Thin film Coatings

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (S3) ◽  
pp. 77-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Pelaez-Vargas ◽  
N. Ferrell ◽  
M. H. Fernandes ◽  
D. Hansford ◽  
F. J. Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Fibrous Layer ◽  
Micro Scale ◽  
Film Coatings ◽  
Thin Film Coatings ◽  
Nano Scale ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Silica Thin Film ◽  
Scale Roughness ◽  
Material Interaction

AbstractFrom a biomaterials perspective, it is now understood that success in the osseointegration of a dental implant is conditioned by its “macro”, “micro” and “nano” scale features. Macro-scale roughness is necessary to improve primary stabilization in the post-surgical phase inducing a peri-implant thin fibrous layer. However, the more complex process in the true cell-material interaction is dependent on micro and nano scale phenomena. There is clear evidence that cell adhesion, proliferation, organization and phenotype are modulated at the micro-scale and that protein absorption is fundamentally a process conditioned at nano-scale.

scholarly journals Nanoscale Material Heterogeneity of Glowworm Capture Threads Revealed by AFM

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 3500
Author(s):  
Dakota Piorkowski ◽  
Bo-Ching He ◽  
Sean J. Blamires ◽  
I-Min Tso ◽  
Deborah M. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Orientation ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Nano Scale ◽  
Fast Fourier Transform Analysis ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Practical Usefulness ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Phase Images ◽  
Supporting Material ◽  
Materials Used

Adhesive materials used by many arthropods for biological functions incorporate sticky substances and a supporting material that operate synergistically by exploiting substrate attachment and energy dissipation. While there has been much focus on the composition and properties of the sticky glues of these bio-composites, less attention has been given to the materials that support them. In particular, as these materials are primarily responsible for dissipation during adhesive pull-off, little is known of the structures that give rise to functionality, especially at the nano-scale. In this study we used tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TM-AFM) to analyze unstretched and stretched glowworm (Arachnocampa tasmaniensis) capture threads and revealed nano-scale features corresponding to variation in surface structure and elastic modulus near the surface of the silk. Phase images demonstrated a high resolution of viscoelastic variation and revealed mostly globular and elongated features in the material. Increased vertical orientation of 11–15 nm wide fibrillar features was observed in stretched threads. Fast Fourier transform analysis of phase images confirmed these results. Relative viscoelastic properties were also highly variable at inter- and intra-individual levels. Results of this study demonstrate the practical usefulness of TM-AFM, especially phase angle imaging, in investigating the nano-scale structures that give rise to macro-scale function of soft and highly heterogeneous materials of both natural and synthetic origins.

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