A MINLP Model for Global Optimization of Plug-In Hybrid Vehicle Design and Allocation to Minimize Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Shin Norman Shiau ◽  
Jeremy J. Michalek
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Global Solutions ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Vehicle Design ◽  
Light Duty Vehicle ◽  
Hybrid Electric

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have potential to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the U.S. light-duty vehicle fleet. GHG emissions from PHEVs and other vehicles depend on both vehicle design and driver behavior. We pose a twice-differentiable, factorable mixed-integer nonlinear programming model utilizing vehicle physics simulation, battery degradation data, and U.S. driving data to determine optimal vehicle design and allocation for minimizing lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The resulting nonconvex optimization problem is solved using a convexification-based branch-and-reduce algorithm, which achieves global solutions. In contrast, a randomized multistart approach with local search algorithms finds global solutions in 59% of trials for the two-vehicle case and 18% of trials for the three-vehicle case. Results indicate that minimum GHG emissions is achieved with a mix of PHEVs sized for around 35 miles of electric travel. Larger battery packs allow longer travel on electric power, but additional battery production and weight result in higher GHG emissions, unless significant grid decarbonization is achieved. PHEVs offer a nearly 50% reduction in life cycle GHG emissions relative to equivalent conventional vehicles and about 5% improvement over ordinary hybrid electric vehicles. Optimal allocation of different vehicles to different drivers turns out to be of second order importance for minimizing net life cycle GHGs.

Global Optimization of Plug-In Hybrid Vehicle Design and Allocation to Minimize Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions

2011 ◽  
Vol 133 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Shin Norman Shiau ◽  
Jeremy J. Michalek
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Local Search ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Global Solutions ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Battery Packs ◽  
Hybrid Electric

We pose a reformulated model for optimal design and allocation of conventional (CV), hybrid electric (HEV), and plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV) vehicles to obtain global solutions that minimize life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the fleet. The reformulation is a twice-differentiable, factorable, nonconvex mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model that can be solved globally using a convexification-based branch-and-reduce algorithm. We compare results to a randomized multistart local-search approach for the original formulation and find that local-search algorithms locate global solutions in 59% of trials for the two-segment case and 18% of trials for the three-segment case. The results indicate that minimum GHG emissions are achieved with a mix of PHEVs sized for 25–45 miles of electric travel. Larger battery packs allow longer travel on electrical energy, but production and weight of underutilized batteries result in higher GHG emissions. Under the current average U.S. grid mix, PHEVs offer a nearly 50% reduction in life cycle GHG emissions relative to equivalent conventional vehicles and about 5% improvement over HEVs when driven on the standard urban driving cycle. Optimal allocation of different PHEVs to different drivers turns out to be of second order importance for minimizing net life cycle GHGs.

scholarly journals Identification of the Optimal Passenger Car Vehicle Fleet Transition for Mitigating the Cumulative Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions until 2050

Vehicles ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-99
Author(s):  
Benjamin Blat Belmonte ◽  
Arved Esser ◽  
Steffi Weyand ◽  
Georg Franke ◽  
Liselotte Schebek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Vehicle Fleet ◽  
Hybrid Electric

We present an optimization model for the passenger car vehicle fleet transition—the time-dependent fleet composition—in Germany until 2050. The goal was to minimize the cumulative greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the vehicle fleet taking into account life-cycle assessment (LCA) data. LCAs provide information on the global warming potential (GWP) of different powertrain concepts. Meta-analyses of batteries, of different fuel types, and of the German energy sector are conducted to support the model. Furthermore, a sensitivity-analysis is performed on four key influence parameters: the battery production emissions trend, the German energy sector trend, the hydrogen production path trend, and the mobility sector trend. Overall, we draw the conclusion that—in any scenario—future vehicles should have a plug-in option, allowing their usage as fully or partly electrical vehicles. For short distance trips, battery electric vehicles (BEVs) with a small battery size are the most reasonable choice throughout the transition. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) powered by compressed natural gas (CNG) emerge as promising long-range capable solution. Starting in 2040, long-range capable BEVs and fuel cell plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (FCPHEVs) have similar life-cycle emissions as PHEV-CNG.

Optimal Plug-In Hybrid Vehicle Design and Allocation for Minimum Life Cycle Cost, Petroleum Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Shin Norman Shiau ◽  
Scott B. Peterson ◽  
Jeremy J. Michalek
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vehicle Design ◽  
Battery Capacity ◽  
Hybrid Electric

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) technology has the potential to help address economic, environmental, and national security concerns in the United States by reducing operating cost, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and petroleum consumption from the transportation sector. However, the net effects of PHEVs depend critically on vehicle design, battery technology, and charging frequency. To examine these implications, we develop an integrated optimization model utilizing vehicle physics simulation, battery degradation data, and U.S. driving data to determine optimal vehicle design and allocation of vehicles to drivers for minimum life cycle cost, GHG emissions, and petroleum consumption. We find that, while PHEVs with large battery capacity minimize petroleum consumption, a mix of PHEVs sized for 25–40 miles of electric travel produces the greatest reduction in lifecycle GHG emissions. At today’s average US energy prices, battery pack cost must fall below $460/kWh (below $300/kWh for a 10% discount rate) for PHEVs to be cost competitive with ordinary hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Carbon allowance prices have marginal impact on optimal design or allocation of PHEVs even at $100/tonne. We find that the maximum battery swing should be utilized to achieve minimum life cycle cost, GHGs, and petroleum consumption. Increased swing enables greater all-electric range (AER) to be achieved with smaller battery packs, improving cost competitiveness of PHEVs. Hence, existing policies that subsidize battery cost for PHEVs would likely be better tied to AER, rather than total battery capacity.

scholarly journals Should India move towards vehicle electrification? Assessing life-cycle greenhouse gas and criteria air pollutant emissions of alternative and conventional fuel vehicles in India.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tapas Peshin ◽  
Shayak Sengupta ◽  
Inês Azevedo
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Vehicle Class ◽  
Hybrid Electric

India is the third largest contributor of greenhouse gases and its transportation emissions account for nearly one-fifth of all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Furthermore, the transportation sector accounts a significant part of other air pollutant emissions that have damaging consequences to human health. Up until now, it was unclear what the greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions consequences of electrifying vehicles in India would be, as replacing traditional vehicles with electrified ones reduces tailpipe emissions, but it will increase the emissions from the power sector when vehicles are charging. We mitigate that gap in the literature by performing a state specific life-cycle assessment of GHGs and criteria air pollutant emissions for representative passenger vehicles (four-wheelers, three-wheelers, two-wheelers and buses) driven in Indian states/union territories. We consider several vehicle technologies (internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs)). We find that in most states, four-wheeler BEVs have higher greenhouse gases and criteria air pollutant emissions than other conventional or alternative vehicles and thus electrification of that vehicle class would not lead to emissions reductions. In contrast, in most states, electrified buses and three-wheelers are the best strategy to reduce greenhouse gases, but these are also the worst solution in terms of criteria air pollutant emissions. Electrified two-wheelers have lower criteria air pollutant emissions than gasoline only in five states. The striking conclusion is that unless the Indian grid becomes less polluting, the case for widespread electrification of vehicles for sustainability purposes is simply not there. Moving towards a sustainable, low carbon and low pollution electricity grid is a requirement to make a widespread transportation electrification case for India.

Optimal Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Design and Allocation for Minimum Life Cycle Cost, Petroleum Consumption, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Shin Norman Shiau ◽  
Nikhil Kaushal ◽  
Chris T. Hendrickson ◽  
Scott B. Peterson ◽  
Jay F. Whitacre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Vehicle Design ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Hybrid Electric

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) technology has the potential to reduce operating cost, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and petroleum consumption in the transportation sector. However, the net effects of PHEVs depend critically on vehicle design, battery technology, and charging frequency. To examine these implications, we develop an optimization model integrating vehicle physics simulation, battery degradation data, and U.S. driving data. The model identifies optimal vehicle designs and allocation of vehicles to drivers for minimum net life cycle cost, GHG emissions, and petroleum consumption under a range of scenarios. We compare conventional and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) to PHEVs with equivalent size and performance (similar to a Toyota Prius) under urban driving conditions. We find that while PHEVs with large battery packs minimize petroleum consumption, a mix of PHEVs with packs sized for ∼25–50 miles of electric travel under the average U.S. grid mix (or ∼35–60 miles under decarbonized grid scenarios) produces the greatest reduction in life cycle GHG emissions. Life cycle cost and GHG emissions are minimized using high battery swing and replacing batteries as needed, rather than designing underutilized capacity into the vehicle with corresponding production, weight, and cost implications. At 2008 average U.S. energy prices, Li-ion battery pack costs must fall below $590/kW h at a 5% discount rate or below $410/kW h at a 10% rate for PHEVs to be cost competitive with HEVs. Carbon allowance prices offer little leverage for improving cost competitiveness of PHEVs. PHEV life cycle costs must fall to within a few percent of HEVs in order to offer a cost-effective approach to GHG reduction.

scholarly journals Multiphase mixed-integer nonlinear optimal control of hybrid electric vehicles

Automatica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 123 ◽  
pp. 109325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolò Robuschi ◽  
Clemens Zeile ◽  
Sebastian Sager ◽  
Francesco Braghin
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Nonlinear Optimal Control ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Hybrid Electric

Life-cycle private costs of hybrid electric vehicles in the current Chinese market

Energy Policy ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 501-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengtao Lin ◽  
Tian Wu ◽  
Xunmin Ou ◽  
Qian Zhang ◽  
Xu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Chinese Market ◽  
Hybrid Electric
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