Design of Intelligent Systems: Measure of Information Content

Author(s):  
Prakash C. R. J. Naidu ◽  
Andrew A. Goldenberg

Increasing intelligence in new products has necessitated a closer look at the application of design theory and methodology in the specific context of intelligent systems. In this paper, after reviewing the several prevalent notions of intelligent systems, some of the parameters and the measure of intelligence are discussed. The earlier work on evaluation of information content of automation systems is extended in the context of intelligent systems. The paper discusses a generic definition of intelligence more suitable for measurement in the realm of axiomatic design theory. It investigates the different issues pertaining to computation of information and its interpretation as a measure of intelligence considering an example of the basic maneuvers of an autonomous robot. The paper discusses the observations and elucidates the usefulness of information as a metric for measurement of intelligence.

2013 ◽  
Vol 411-414 ◽  
pp. 2511-2515
Author(s):  
Hou Xing You

Axiomatic design theory is a popular methodology for product design scheme evaluation in recent years. However, as information axiom has some limitation for information content of non-functional attributes, the application of axiomatic design theory is bound. Therefore, a new method is proposed for product design scheme evaluation in this paper, which is the generalized information content calculation, and the proposed method avoids the shortcoming of traditional information content calculations. Finally, the proposed method is applied in a case study, and experimental result shows the feasibility of the proposed method.


Author(s):  
Carlye Lauff ◽  
Daria Kotys-Schwartz ◽  
Mark E. Rentschler

This paper explores the nature of prototypes from three diverse companies in the fields of consumer electronics, footwear, and medical devices. It is part of a larger qualitative research study developing a prototyping framework grounded in the emergent findings from practice and detailed inductive inquiry. In this paper, we describe the methods for setting up an appropriate research design, highlighting the conceptual framework, means for data collection and analysis, and validity. Then, we describe the emergent findings, introducing a modified definition of a prototype and the three roles of prototypes. This research is a contribution to the field of design theory and methodology by adding new knowledge about prototypes from companies. Prototyping is an essential part of product development, and yet it is one of the least formally explored areas of design. The significance of this work lies in its ability to gain insights into the role of prototyping in the natural work environment, which has not been holistically documented. By using diverse industries, we will build and test our framework across them all to ensure validity.


Author(s):  
Ebad Jahangir ◽  
Dan Frey

Abstract Axiomatic design theory aims to put the design process on a more scientific footing and is based on two axioms, viz., the independence axiom and the information axiom. Several quantitative measures to determine the degree of independence between functional requirement have been defined in the past and their use illustrated through numerous examples. However, very little work exists on quantifying information content of a design. In this paper, we outline the existing measures of information content and propose a more general quantitative measure. This measure is based on the concept of entropy from information theory. The case of discrete as well as differential entropy is examined in the context of axiomatic design. Differential entropy is proposed as a measure of information content. A case study is presented which demonstrates and compares the use of quantitative measures of information content in a design. It is shown that differential entropy offers a more general measure of information content in a design than Sun’s information measure or Taguchi’s signal-to-noise ratio and, therefore, may serve as a decision criterion in engineering design.


2018 ◽  
Vol 223 ◽  
pp. 01006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Kujawa ◽  
Jakob Weber ◽  
Erik Puik ◽  
Kristin Paetzold

Automotive production is faced with the challenge of bringing new products to market faster, with decreasing turn-around times, meaning production must be continually changing to accommodate new products. This paper proposes an approach to decrease a product’s time-to-market, by increasing the efficiency of automotive assembly unit design. Providing designers with conceptual information about future vehicle models early in the product design process, could shift the design start forward and enable a more efficient transition process. Large automotive companies work on vehicle design and development for years before a product is ready for production. If during these earlier stages of product design, significant changes are identified and communicated to production designers, the manufacturing system design can get a jump start with an early exploration phase. A method exists, which uses the Axiomatic Design theory to develop Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems through a modular breakdown. A similar method Adapt! employs Axiomatic Design and Scrum to develop changeable or adaptable production systems. This paper proposes to extend the Adapt! method to include an exploration phase, which through early communication, provides an overview of the required design process, and enables faster identification of the critical design challenges. A case study is performed by analysing a currently produced vehicle and its future electric version.


Author(s):  
William H. Wood

Abstract While significant progress has been made in design theory and methodology research, no unifying theories have resulted. This paper proposes a preliminary definition of design freedom and uses it as a frame of reference for relating various design theories and methods. This exercise produces two main findings: first, that design freedom is a central concept to most design theories, and second that few design methods deal explicitly with design freedom. A design process model that explicitly includes design freedom is proposed as a unifying framework for design theory and methodology.


Author(s):  
Claude Markovits

This chapter deals with the question of innovation in Indian business from a historical perspective. After a brief survey of the literature, emphasizing how divided scholarly opinion was regarding the existence of forms of innovation in Indian business prior to the colonial era, the focus shifts to the British period. It is shown that Schumpeter’s definition of innovation equating it with technological innovation cannot be fruitfully applied to the Indian business scene. Two case studies are then proposed: Tata Iron & Steel, the largest Indian industrial firm, is shown to have been innovative in the specific context of India’s backward industrial scene, while the Sindwork merchants of Hyderabad are an instance of an Indian trading network which extended its range to the entire world. Concluding remarks interrogate post-Independence developments and stress the limits of the innovativeness of Indian business, prior to the recent liberal reforms.


Author(s):  
Brian A. Weiss ◽  
Linda C. Schmidt ◽  
Harry A. Scott ◽  
Craig I. Schlenoff

As new technologies develop and mature, it becomes critical to provide both formative and summative assessments on their performance. Performance assessment events range in form from a few simple tests of key elements of the technology to highly complex and extensive evaluation exercises targeting specific levels and capabilities of the system under scrutiny. Typically the more advanced the system, the more often performance evaluations are warranted, and the more complex the evaluation planning becomes. Numerous evaluation frameworks have been developed to generate evaluation designs intent on characterizing the performance of intelligent systems. Many of these frameworks enable the design of extensive evaluations, but each has its own focused objectives within an inherent set of known boundaries. This paper introduces the Multi-Relationship Evaluation Design (MRED) framework whose ultimate goal is to automatically generate an evaluation design based upon multiple inputs. The MRED framework takes input goal data and outputs an evaluation blueprint complete with specific evaluation elements including level of technology to be tested, metric type, user type, and, evaluation environment. Some of MRED’s unique features are that it characterizes these relationships and manages their uncertainties along with those associated with evaluation input. The authors will introduce MRED by first presenting relationships between four main evaluation design elements. These evaluation elements are defined and the relationships between them are established including the connections between evaluation personnel (not just the users), their level of knowledge, and decision-making authority. This will be further supported through the definition of key terms. An example will be presented in which these terms and relationships are applied to the evaluation design of an automobile technology. An initial validation step follows where MRED is applied to the speech translation technology whose evaluation design was inspired by the successful use of a pre-existing evaluation framework. It is important to note that MRED is still in its early stages of development where this paper presents numerous MRED outputs. Future publications will present the remaining outputs, the uncertain inputs, and MRED’s implementation steps that produce the detailed evaluation blueprints.


2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Carelli ◽  
I Iavicoli

The authors comment on Calabrese and Baldwin's paper ‘Defining Hormesis’, which, to date, is the first attempt to provide a definition of hormesis that goes beyond the different interpretations of this phenomenon reported in the literature. While appreciating the effort made in this study to place hormesis in a general and at the same time specific context, the authors believe some clarifications are needed as regards the quantitative features of this phenomenon. In this connection, they speculate on whether Calabrese and Baldwin think it appropriate to include hormesis assessment criteria in the document, referring in particular to those reported in a previous paper. The authors share Calabrese and Baldwin's conclusion that future experimental models designed to study hormetic phenomena must necessarily include the time factor, which not only guarantees this phenomenon will be detected, but is also able to detect the specific type of hormesis.


Author(s):  
Anders V. Warell

Abstract In this paper it is argued that methods are needed for the design of a larger variety of product aspects than is feasible with mechanical engineering design methodology of today. Design methods found within the European schools of design are inadequate for the design of products other than machine systems of transforming character. The reason for this is that the underlying theories only describe the nature of ‘operand-transforming’ technical systems, and that the description of the process and function systems are too narrowly defined to be useful for the design of ‘non-transforming’ products, or for products where the human is involved as an active user. The paper takes as the standpoint that the functional language, in accordance with established foundation in engineering design theory, is a successful means to treat usability aspects of human-product systems. An extended process modeling view based on product life-phase thinking including a ‘use-process’ is presented, focusing the attention towards the use, and not merely the workings, of the product. Also, extended definitions of a number of concepts are proposed, and function-classes of the human-product system, leading to a more generally applicable use of functions as a modeling tool when describing products, is introduced. The proposed functional language is illustrated in a product case example.


Author(s):  
Tomasz Arciszewski

Abstract The paper provides a brief review of general tendencies and interesting developments in the area of engineering design theory and methodology in Eastern Europe. This review is limited to East Germany, Poland, and the Soviet Union. Particular attention was given to the design research environments in individual countries, and to developed design theories and methods in the context of these environments.


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