Modeling Variation Propagation Through a Manufacturing Process

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Kern ◽  
Anna Thornton
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Closed Form ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Dimensional Change ◽  
New Method ◽  
Closed Form Solutions ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Variation Propagation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level

Companies are under increased pressure to manufacture products that have a high level of quality. Manufacturing products with a high level of quality in a cost-effective manner requires the products to be designed so that they can be manufactured with an acceptable level of variation. Creating a new design that can be produced with the necessary level of variation has historically been a very challenging problem. A new method for calculating the effect a manufacturing process has on the mean and standard deviation of a distribution is presented. This new method is founded on the concept of characterizing a manufacturing process with two math functions called DeltaP and SigmaP. DeltaP and SigmaP represent the theory of Process Imparted Dimensional Change and Process Imparted Variation. Using these functions, closed-form solutions for the mean and standard deviation of a distribution exiting a manufacturing process can be calculated. The authors present the background of the theory as well as the derivation of the closed form solutions for the output mean and standard deviation from a generic manufacturing process. The derivation is followed by a simple example to demonstrate the method.

scholarly journals Agreeing in assessment of hyperactivity in children

2010 ◽  
Vol 63 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 249-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spela Golubovic ◽  
Tatjana Tubic
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
School Age ◽  
Category Labels ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level ◽  
Attention Level

Introduction The study analyzes the accuracy and agreeability in evaluating hyperactivity in children. Material and methods The study sample was made of 139 children of pre-school age who participated in organized forms of physical activity. The mean age in the sample was 6.38, with a standard deviation of 1.00 years. Conner's Rating Scale was used to measure hyperactivity, and tests were also conducted to evaluate attention levels. Four independent reviewers observed each child's behavior by completing the scale. Results and discussion Eighteen children, or 13.5 percent of the sample, were identified as hyperactive in the analysis. These children also scored lower in the attention level tests. The results of the study show a correlation between the evaluators to be relatively high, bearing in mind the sources' independence. Conclusion It can be concluded that there is a mid to high-level correlation between certain reviewers' evaluations. However, even with a clearly defined view on categorizing certain behaviors as problematic, category labels still differ among evaluators.

scholarly journals IKBT: Solving Symbolic Inverse Kinematics with Behavior Tree (Extended Abstract)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dianmu Zhang ◽  
Blake Hannaford
Keyword(s):  
Closed Form ◽  
Inverse Kinematics ◽  
Intelligent System ◽  
Logical Reasoning ◽  
Robot Arm ◽  
Kinematics Analysis ◽  
Closed Form Solutions ◽  
Behavior Tree ◽  
Behavior Trees ◽  
High Level

Inverse kinematics solves the problem of how to control robot arm joints to achieve desired end effector positions, which is critical to any robot arm design and implementations of control algorithms. It is a common misunderstanding that closed-form inverse kinematics analysis is solved. Popular software and algorithms, such as gradient descent or any multi-variant equations solving algorithm, claims solving inverse kinematics but only on the numerical level. While the numerical inverse kinematics solutions are relatively straightforward to obtain, these methods often fail, even when the inverse kinematics solutions exist. Therefore, closed-form inverse kinematics analysis is superior, but there is no generalized automated algorithm. Up till now, the high-level logical reasoning involved in solving closed-form inverse kinematics made it hard to automate, so it's handled by human experts. We developed IKBT, a knowledge-based intelligent system that can mimic human experts' behaviors in solving closed-from inverse kinematics using Behavior Tree. Knowledge and rules used by engineers when solving closed-from inverse kinematics are encoded as actions in Behavior Tree. The order of applying these rules is governed by higher level composite nodes, which resembles the logical reasoning process of engineers. It is also the first time that the dependency of joint variables, an important issue in inverse kinematics analysis, is automatically tracked in graph form. Besides generating closed-form solutions, IKBT also explains its solving strategies in human (engineers) interpretable form. This is a proof-of-concept of using Behavior Trees to solve high-cognitive problems.

A Benchmark Study on Crushing and Cutting of Plated Structures

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (02) ◽  
pp. 147-160
Author(s):  
Jeom Kee Paik ◽  
Tomasz Wierzbicki
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Closed Form ◽  
Dynamic Effects ◽  
Crushing Strength ◽  
Closed Form Solutions ◽  
Cutting Resistance ◽  
Benchmark Study ◽  
Stiffened Structures ◽  
The Mean

A benchmark study on several closed-form solutions for the mean crushing strength and the cutting resistance of plated structures during collision or grounding is carried out by comparing theoretical solutions with experimental data. Based on expressions which have been derived for unstiffened structures, an extension of the methods is proposed for longitudinally and/or transversely stiffened structures. Dynamic effects on the crushing and cutting response are discussed, and applicability of the quasistatic formulations to analyze the crushing and cutting damage of the structure in the dynamic situations is investigated.

On the Approximate Solution of Viscous-Flow Problems

1963 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Schetz
Keyword(s):  
Approximate Solution ◽  
Exact Solutions ◽  
Viscous Flow ◽  
Closed Form ◽  
New Method ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
General Technique ◽  
Closed Form Solutions ◽  
Flow Problems

The need for a general technique for the approximate solution of viscous-flow problems is discussed. Existing methods are considered and a new method is presented which results in simple closed-form solutions. The accuracy of the method is demonstrated by comparisons with the results of known exact solutions, and finally the general technique is employed to determine a new solution for the fully expanded two-dimensional laminar nozzle problem.

scholarly journals SPORT AND MENTAL HEALTH LEVEL AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 39-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mouloud Kenioua ◽  
Abd Elkader Boumasjed
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
University Students ◽  
Student Athletes ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Mental Health Scale ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Health Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level

Purpose: study of mental health level of university student, athletes and non-athletes. Material: The tested group consisted of 160 male and female undergraduates from Ouargla University, Algeria; 80 students-athletes from Institute of Physical Education and Sports and 80 students-non-athletes from Department of Psychology, English and Mathematics. In the study we used health mental scale, adapted by Diab (2006) to Arab version scale, formed from five dimensions (Competence and self-confidence, Capacity for social interaction, Emotional maturity, Freedom from neurotic symptoms, self rating and aspects of natural deficiencies). Results: the findings indicated that university students have high level of mental health. And the mean of the responses of students-athletes group by mental health scale reached (M = 32.40), with standard deviation (STD =5.83), while the mean of the responses of students-non athletes group by mental health scale has reached (M=27.47), with standard deviation (STD=7.88). T-value, required to know significance of differences between means of students-athletes and students-non athletes has reached (T=4.51), (DF=185, p -0.01). So there are significant statistical differences between student athletes and non-athletes in their responses by mental health scale in favor of the student athletes. Conclusion:sports are beneficial in respect to mental health among university students and emphasizing the importance of the mental health of university students through its integration in the various recreational and competitive activities. Future qualitative research, covering multi-variables’ tests on mental health and others psychological characteristics could be performed in sports area.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Customer Decision on Using Tabung Haji Service Center in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 1318-1324
Author(s):  
Abbas Paliket
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Service Center ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Monthly Average ◽  
The People ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level ◽  
One Way Anova

The objective of this research was to examine the factors affecting the decision of choosing the Tabung Haji Service center in Malaysia. Questionnaires were used for data collection. The sample groups were individuals living in the state of Kedah, Malaysia. The statistics used for data analysis were frequency, percentage, mean () , standard deviation (SD), and comparison test (t). -test) and one-way ANOVA analysis. It found most of them were male who are under 25 years old. They were single and hold undergraduate education. Their monthly average income was between RM1,201- RM2,000. The overall results of marketing mix factors were at a high level ( = 4.301 S.D. = 0.493). When sorted by the importance that the process aspect and the people aspect, they were at the most important level with the average score of 4.658 4.555 and standard deviation 0.435 0.445 respectively. The physical evidence, price, promotion, place, and product were at a high level. The mean score was 4.246, 4.236, 4.187, 4.133, 4.095 and the standard deviation were at 0.95, 0.363, 0.549, 0.580, 0.569, 0.514, respectively. There were significant influence of age, educational level, and monthly average income on the market mix factors of customers’ decision to selecting Tabung Haji Service Center in Malaysia at a statistically significant level of 0.05.

Variation Analysis of Position, Velocity, and Acceleration of Two-Dimensional Mechanisms by the Direct Linearization Method

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Leishman ◽  
Kenneth W. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Closed Form ◽  
Process Variations ◽  
Linearization Method ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Computationally Efficient ◽  
Closed Form Solutions ◽  
Direct Linearization ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Kinematic Performance

Velocity and acceleration analysis is an important tool for predicting the motion of mechanisms. The results, however, may be inaccurate when applied to manufactured products, due to the process variations which occur in production. Small changes in dimensions can accumulate and propagate in an assembly, which may cause significant variation in critical kinematic performance parameters. A new statistical analysis tool is presented for predicting the effects of variation on mechanism kinematic performance. It is based on the Direct Linearization Method developed for static assemblies. The solution is closed form, and may be applied to 2-D, open or closed, multi-loop mechanisms, employing common kinematic joints. It is also shown how form, orientation, and position variations may be included in the analysis to analyze variations that occur in kinematic joints. Closed form solutions eliminate the need of generating a large set of random assemblies, and analyzing them one-by one, to determine the expected range of critical variables. Only two assemblies are analyzed to characterize the entire population. The first determines the performance of the mean, or average assembly, and the second estimates the range of variation about the mean. The system is computationally efficient and well suited for design iteration.

scholarly journals The Emotional Intelligence Of Final Semester Students Of English Department In Facing The Thesis Writing At University Of Sembilanbelas November, Kolaka

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ummy Chalzum ◽  
Karman Karman
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
English Department ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Quota Sampling ◽  
High Level ◽  
Thesis Writing ◽  
The Ideal

This study was aimed at determining the level of emotional intelligence and find out the dominant aspect of the emotional intelligence of final semester students of English Department at University of Sembilanbelas November, Kolaka. This study was a survey research. The respondents in this study were the final level students of English Department. The number of respondents in this study was 40 respondents. The instruments of this study were a questionnaire and interview guideline. The sampling technique was quota sampling technique. Based on the analysis of the result of the Mean and Standard Deviation, 37 respondents or 92.5% had a standard level of emotional intelligence and 3 respondents or 7.5% had a high level of emotional intelligence. From the result of the calculation of the data, the ideal Mean (Mi) and the ideal Standard Deviation (SDi) of each aspect of emotional intelligence, it was found that the dominant aspect in students’ emotional intelligence was self-awareness, then followed by the aspect of empathy, then followed by the aspect of motivation, and then the aspect of social skills, and the latter was aspect of self-setting. To add, the level of their emotional intelligence was categorized as very high with SD.

The analysis of blood lead levels changeability over the 5-year observation in workers occupationally exposed to lead

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 469-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Dobrakowski ◽  
Marta Boroń ◽  
Sławomir Kasperczyk ◽  
Agnieszka Kozłowska ◽  
Aleksandra Kasperczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Zinc Protoporphyrin ◽  
Maximal Level ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Occupationally Exposed ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Wbc Count ◽  
High Level

The aim of the present study was to compare a group of workers with stable lead levels with a group of workers with fluctuating lead levels in terms of selected hematological, biochemical, and immunological parameters. The examined group included male workers occupationally exposed to lead. Blood lead (PbB) levels were measured every 3 months during the 5-year observation. Based on standard deviation of mean PbB levels, the examined population was divided into two groups: low level of fluctuation (L-SD) and high level of fluctuation (H-SD) groups. The mean and maximal PbB levels were significantly higher in the H-SD group than in the L-SD group by 9 and 22%, respectively. At the same time, the maximal level of zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) and standard deviation of mean ZPP level were higher in the H-SD group by 29 and 55%, respectively. The maximal level of hemoglobin and white blood cell (WBC) count as well as standard deviation of the mean hemoglobin level and WBC count were higher in the H-SD group by 2, 8, 58, and 24%, respectively. The expression of nuclear factor kappa-B1 gene and telomerase reverse transcriptase gene was significantly greater in the H-SD group than in the L-SD group by 11 and 28%, respectively. Workers occupationally exposed to lead do not represent a homogenous population. Some present stable lead levels, whereas others have fluctuating lead levels. These fluctuations are related to secondary changes in ZPP and hemoglobin levels as well as WBC count.

scholarly journals IKBT: Solving Symbolic Inverse Kinematics with Behavior Tree

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 457-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dianmu Zhang ◽  
Blake Hannaford
Keyword(s):  
Closed Form ◽  
Inverse Kinematics ◽  
Intelligent System ◽  
Logical Reasoning ◽  
Robot Arm ◽  
Kinematics Analysis ◽  
Closed Form Solutions ◽  
Behavior Tree ◽  
Behavior Trees ◽  
High Level

Inverse kinematics solves the problem of how to control robot arm joints to achieve desired end effector positions, which is critical to any robot arm design and implementations of control algorithms. It is a common misunderstanding that closed-form inverse kinematics analysis is solved. Popular software and algorithms, such as gradient descent or any multi-variant equations solving algorithm, claims solving inverse kinematics but only on the numerical level. While the numerical inverse kinematics solutions are relatively straightforward to obtain, these methods often fail, due to dependency on specific numerical values, even when the inverse kinematics solutions exist. Therefore, closed-form inverse kinematics analysis is superior, but there is no generalized automated algorithm. Up till now, the high-level logical reasoning involved in solving closed-form inverse kinematics made it hard to automate, so it's handled by human experts. We developed IKBT, a knowledge-based intelligent system that can mimic human experts' behaviors in solving closed-from inverse kinematics using Behavior Tree. Knowledge and rules used by engineers when solving closed-from inverse kinematics are encoded as actions in Behavior Tree. The order of applying these rules is governed by higher level composite nodes, which resembles the logical reasoning process of engineers. It is also the first time that the dependency of joint variables, an important issue in inverse kinematics analysis, is automatically tracked in graph form. Besides generating closed-form solutions, IKBT also explains its solving strategies in human (engineers) interpretable form. This is a proof-of-concept of using Behavior Trees to solve high-cognitive problems.

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