scholarly journals Chemical Composition of Exhaust From Aircraft Turbine Engines

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chester W. Spicer ◽  
Michael W. Holdren ◽  
Deborah L. Smith ◽  
David P. Hughes ◽  
Mark D. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Organic Species ◽  
Total Hydrocarbons ◽  
Composition Measurements

This paper reports measurements of the chemical composition of exhaust from two aircraft turbine engines. The two engines are the F101, used on the B-1B aircraft, and the F110, used on the F-16C and F-16D aircraft. Samples were collected from each engine using a probe positioned just behind the exhaust nozzle. The measurements reported here were made at four power settings from Idle to Intermediate power. Exhaust composition measurements included carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, total hydrocarbons, and individual organic species. The principle focus of this paper is on the detailed organic species results.

Chemical Composition of Exhaust From Aircraft Turbine Engines

1992 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Spicer ◽  
M. W. Holdren ◽  
D. L. Smith ◽  
D. P. Hughes ◽  
M. D. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Organic Species ◽  
Total Hydrocarbons ◽  
Composition Measurements

This paper reports measurements of the chemical composition of exhaust from two aircraft turbine engines. The two engines are the F101, used on the B-1B aircraft, and the F110, used on the F-16C and F-16D aircraft. Samples were collected from each engine using a probe positioned just behind the exhaust nozzle. The measurements reported here were made at four power settings from idle to intermediate power. Exhaust composition measurements included carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, total hydrocarbons, and individual organic species. The principal focus of this paper is on the detailed organic species results.

scholarly journals Preparing emission factors of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydro-carbons and nitrogen oxides for cigarette

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amirreza Talaiekhozani ◽  
Ali Mohammad Amani
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Emission Factor ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Vacuum Pump ◽  
Gas Analyzer ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Total Hydrocarbons

Introduction: Thousandths dangerous chemicals are found in cigarette smoke. Each day millions cigarettes are consumed and its smoke is emitted in the atmosphere. Although several studies have been carried out on ciga-rette smoke, there is no reliable emission factor for pollutants emitted from burning cigarette. The aim of this study is to prepare four emission factors to estimate amount of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides per each cigarette.   Materials and methods: In this study a set of experiments was designed to achieve this aim. Different brands of cigarettes were prepared and then they was burned by a vacuum pump. Their cigarettes smoke was analyzed by a gas analyzer to find the concentration of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides in the cigarettes smoke. Next, the average emission factor for complete burning of a cigarette was calculated.   Results: High amount of pollutants could be found in cigarette smoke. The results revealed that 0.01 mg of hydrocarbons, 0.13 mg of carbon monoxide, 0.5 mg of carbon dioxide and 0.01 mg of nitrogen oxides are emitted during complete burning of each cigarette.   Conclusion: If the number of consumed cigarettes was available, these emis-sion factors can be used to understand the share of cigarette smoke in air pol-lution of large cities to understand whether cigarette consumption is effective on air pollution.

scholarly journals Controlled atmosphere GMAW welding of transportation vehicles and production machines parts made from 30MnB5 steel

2018 ◽  
Vol 216 ◽  
pp. 03001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgeny Ivanayskiy ◽  
Aleksei Ishkov ◽  
Aleksandr Ivanayskiy ◽  
Iakov Ochakovskii
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Shielding Gas ◽  
Reducing Atmosphere ◽  
Metal Composition ◽  
Gmaw Welding ◽  
Welding Materials

The paper studies the influence of shielding gas on the composition and the structure of weld joint metal of 30MnB5 steel applied in essential parts of automobiles and tractors. The welding was performed in inert, oxidizing and reducing atmospheres. It was established that TIG welding with argon used as shielding gas did not provide the required mechanical properties when using conventional welding materials. Carbon dioxide during MAG welding caused partial burning of alloying elements. Carbon monoxide used as shielding gas was proved to form reducing atmosphere enabling to obtain chemical composition close to the base metal composition. Metallographic examinations were carried out. The obtained results provided full-strength weld, as well as the required reliability and durability of welded components and joints.

scholarly journals Concentration modeling of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides emitted from cigarette consumption in atmosphere of Isfahan, Iran

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amirreza Talaiekhozani ◽  
Ali Mohammad Amani ◽  
Zeinab Eskandari ◽  
Reza Sanaye
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cigarette Consumption ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Sources ◽  
Pollutants Dispersion

Introduction: Although many studies on Isfahan’s air pollution have been done, there is no report about the effects of cigarette consumption in Isfahan. The aims of this study were (a) to find the amount of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emitted by cigarette consumption in Isfahan; and (b) to model the distribution of such pollutants in Isfahan’s atmosphere. Materials and methods: Based on the literature, it is assumed that 15% of Isfahan’s people consume cigarettes and each smoker on average smokes 1,147 cigarettes per year. Based on these assumptions, the 249,000 smokers living in Isfahan consume 285,000,000 cigarettes per year. The amount of pollutant emissions was calculated by existing emission factors for cigarette consumption. Finally, the distribution of the emitted pollutants from cigarette consumption in Isfahan’s atmosphere was modeled using AERMOD. Results: The results illustrated that each year, 2.85 kg nitrogen oxides, 2.85 kg hydrocarbons, 37.05 kg carbon monoxide and 142.5 kg carbon dioxide are emitted into Isfahan’s atmosphere from residents’ smoking. The modeling of pollutants’ dispersion in Isfahan’s atmosphere showed that only some of these pollutants result from cigarette consumption. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the amount of pollutants emitted by cigarette consumption was negligible compared to the other pollutant sources in Isfahan.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF TERNARY FUEL BLENDS ON AN ASTM-CFR-CETANE ENGINE

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 09
Author(s):  
H. L. Rocha ◽  
N. R. Pinto ◽  
M. J. Colaço ◽  
A. J. K. Leiroz
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Anhydrous Ethanol ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Hydrous Ethanol ◽  
The Impact

This work analyses how ternary blends of biodiesel, anhydrous and hydrous ethanol, and diesel, in different proportions, behave regarding fuel emissions and combustion parameters. The determination of their cetane number, using an ASTM-CFR cetane research engine is also investigated. The base fuels used were 99,9% pure anhydrous ethanol, commercial diesel, which contains 5% of biodiesel in volume, biodiesel from soybean oil, and hydrous ethanol with 7% of water, in volume. The fuel blends werespecified after a careful bibliography research. Five volume fractions of biodiesel (5, 10, 20, 60 and 100%, in volume) and four of ethanol (0, 5, 8 and 15%, also in volume) were used in this study. All blends have endured a mixture stability test prior to being burned, the ones with clear visual phase separation being eventually rejected. The results for the cetane number presented a clear decrease in its value as ethanol was added. Some blends with high ethanol content failed to provide the minimum cetane number for use in compression ignition engines according to the present Brazilian regulations. Concerning the emissions tests, carbon dioxide emissions showed a decreasing trend as the quantity of added ethanol raised. Carbon monoxide emissions, however, showed the opposite trend. The nitrogen oxides emissions presented an increase as more biodiesel was added to the blend. The conclusions as to the impact of changing ethanol’s volume in the blends were discussed taking in consideration important operational remarks. A final analysis was proposed in order to compare anhydrous and hydrous ethanol. A clear reduction in nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide emissions was observed, with an almost identical value for the carbon monoxide emissions. Cetane number for the hydrous ethanol blend, however, suffered a decrease compared to the same blend with anhydrous ethanol.

A Cost Effective Advanced Emissions Monitoring Solution for Gas Turbines: Statistical Hybrid Predictive System That Accurately Measures Nitrogen Oxides, Carbon Monoxide, Sulfur Dioxide, Hydrocarbon and Carbon Dioxide Mass Emission Rates

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Performance Specification

U.S. Federal regulations under Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments promulgated in 1990 require continuous monitoring of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon dioxide emissions from large gas turbines. Local, regional, or State authorities may mandate continuous monitoring for carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, volatile organic compounds, and other specific pollutant parameters. U.S. regulations that require continuous emissions monitoring systems (CEMS) also allow for the use of predictive approaches as an alternative providing the installed predictive emissions monitoring system (PEMS) meets rigorous performance specification criteria and the site performs ongoing quality assurance tasks such as periodic audits with portable analyzers and annual accuracy testing. A statistical hybrid predictive emission monitoring system (PEMS) has been deployed at numerous sites in the United States to meet EPA requirements for continuous monitoring of gas turbine pollutant emissions. This paper discusses specific implementations of a unique cost-effective statistical hybrid PEMS on various classes of gas turbines ranging in size from 60kW to 180 MW, both gas-fired and liquid-fired units, in simple cycle and combined cycle mode of operation. The turbines were equipped with a variety of NOx control strategies including dry low NOx, steam and water injection, solid post-combustion catalyst, SoLoNOx™, and selective catalytic reduction. In each instance the predictive engine operated on training data of at least three days and up to ninety days as required to develop a robust empirical model of the emissions. Each model was subsequently evaluated using standard U.S. EPA performance specification test methods. The results of PEMS performance testing on these gas turbines are presented along with additional information regarding the quality assurance and quality control procedures put in place and the costs to support the ongoing operation of the deployed compliance statistical hybrid PEMS.

scholarly journals Correlational investigation of air pollutant emissions and fuel consumption of motor vehicle in various dynamic conditions

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Dynamic Conditions ◽  
Vehicle Velocity

<p>Air pollutant emissions and fuel consumption of vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines are highly susceptible to the conditions of engine operation. The purpose of this research was to investigate the correlation between the emissions of individual pollutants (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide), the fuel consumption and various dynamic conditions of the operation of an engine. The empirical data was obtained by testing of passenger car with a spark-ignition engine on a chassis dynamometer in 12 various driving tests, both type-approval and special. The results indicate, that the strongest correlation exists between the emissions of carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons and between the fuel consumption and the emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide. The weakest correlation was found to be between the emissions of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. The average value of vehicle velocity proved to be suitable zero-dimensional characteristic of the dynamic driving conditions. The correlation between the emission of hydrocarbons and the average vehicle velocity can be assessed as the strongest, while between the emission of nitrogen oxides and the average vehicle velocity – the weakest.</p>

scholarly journals Inventory of pollutant emission from motor vehicles in Poland using the COPERT 5 software

2019 ◽  
Vol 178 (3) ◽  
pp. 150-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna BEBKIEWICZ ◽  
Zdzisław CHŁOPEK ◽  
Jakub LASOCKI ◽  
Krystian SZCZEPAŃSKI ◽  
Magdalena ZIMAKOWSKA-LASKOWSKA
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Volatile Organic

This article presents results of the inventory of pollutant emission from motor vehicles in Poland. To determine emission from motor vehicles in Poland COPERT 5 software was used for the first time. In addition, a comparison of the national emission from motor vehi-cles in 2016 and in 2015 was included. Pollutants harmful to health were considered primarily: carbon monoxide, organic compounds, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. Emission of substances contributing to the intensification of the greenhouse effect were also examined: carbon dioxide, ammonia and nitrous oxide. It was found that the relative increase in volume of emission of carbon monoxide and non-methane volatile organic compounds is less than 10%, and nitrogen oxides and particulate matter less than 15%. The relative increase in carbon dioxide emission is approximately 14%, which corresponds to a relative increase in fuel consumption. The relative increase of volume of heavy metal emission is similar. The assessment of the energy emission factor (emission of pollution related to energy equal to used fuel) proves that – amongst pollutants harmful to health – for carbon monoxide and non-methane volatile organic compounds there is a relative reduction by approximately 5% in 2016, and for nitrogen oxides and particulate matter – increase by approximately (3–4)%.

scholarly journals Study of dynamic and ecological properties of automotive bi-fuel engine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdzisław Chłopek ◽  
Jakub Lasocki ◽  
Hubert Sar
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
High Rotational Speed ◽  
Gaseous Fuels ◽  
Specific Distance

AbstractGaseous fuels are increasingly used to power internal combustion engines. Spark-ignition engines are fuelled with liquefied petroleum gas. Engines powered by gaseous fuels are characterized by good ecological properties due to the emission of pollutants. The paper presents the results of empirical tests of two passenger cars with spark-ignition engines powered alternatively: with gasoline and LPG fuel. The engines were equipped with fifth generation LPG fuelling systems. The tests were performed on a chassis dynamometer in tests used in approval procedures in Europe (NEDC test) and in the United States of America (FTP-75 test). These tests were the basis for determining the average specific distance emission of pollutants (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide) during the tests. The engines were also tested in the conditions of the external speed characteristics while accelerating the car in third gear. It was found that the type of fuelling the engines with both fuels has little influence on the dynamic properties of the engine due to the effective power. The tests clearly showed a decrease in specific distance emission of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. The relative reduction in specific distance emission of carbon monoxide was in the order of (45–65)%, and carbon dioxide—about 10%. For hydrocarbons, there was an increase in specific distance emission of hydrocarbons for the fuelling of engines with LPG, while for hydrocarbons, there was a large difference in the value of the relative specific distance emission difference for both tests. (The relative difference was from 25 to 175%.) Specific distance emission of nitrogen oxides turned out to be significantly higher when running engines with LPG. The reason for this is leaning of the fuel mixture at high rotational speed during acceleration of the car, which may result from insufficient conversion efficiency of engine control algorithms in the LPG fuel mode.

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