On Air Conditioning With Photovoltaics

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. Kern
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Cooling Capacity ◽  
Air Conditioner ◽  
Vapor Compression ◽  
Load Demand ◽  
Photovoltaic Power ◽  
The Mathematical Model

A simple solar photovoltaic power system comprised of photovoltaic modules and a vapor-compression air conditioner is described and its performance characteristics are analyzed. The mathematical model expresses the system’s cooling capacity as a function of insolation, ambient air temperature, and indoor air temperature. The economics of photovoltaic power systems are generally optimum when the power supply matches exactly the load demand, thus eliminating the need for on-site energy storage or backup power. Correlations between predicted cooling capacities and air conditioning loads are presented as one measure of the economics of air conditioning with photovoltaics.

scholarly journals Performance of Air Conditioning Unit under Constant Outdoor Wet-Bulb Temperature and Varied Dry-Bulb Temperature

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 1483-1490
Author(s):  
Andriyanto Setyawan ◽  
Susilawati Susilawati ◽  
Tandi Sutandi ◽  
Hafid Najmudin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Cooling Capacity ◽  
Air Conditioner ◽  
Outdoor Air ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Liquid Line ◽  
Discharge Temperature ◽  
Line Temperature

An experiment has been carried out for examining the performance of an air conditioning unit under constant outdoor wet-bulb temperature and varied dry-bulb temperature. During the experiment, the wet-bulb temperature of the compartment for outdoor unit was maintained at 22℃ and the dry-bulb temperature was varied from 24℃ to 36℃. The increase of outdoor air temperature results in the increase of supply air temperature, discharge temperature, suction temperature, and liquid line temperature. These cause the degradation of the air conditioner performance. An increase of power consumption by 1.4% and decrease of cooling capacity by 0.8% were observed for each 1℃ increase of outdoor air temperature. As a result, the energy efficiency ratio drops by 2% for each 1℃ increase of outdoor air temperature.

Enhancing Air Conditioning Performance Using TiO2 Nanoparticles in Compressor Lubricant

2015 ◽  
Vol 1125 ◽  
pp. 556-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumeru ◽  
Triaji P. Pramudantoro ◽  
Farid Nasir Ani ◽  
Henry Nasution
Keyword(s):  
Air Conditioning ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Cooling Capacity ◽  
Input Power ◽  
Air Conditioner ◽  
Vapor Compression ◽  
Air Conditioning System ◽  
Air Conditioners ◽  
Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle ◽  
Vapor Compression Refrigeration

Most air conditioners utilize vapor compression refrigeration cycle in their operation. In this cycle, the compressor is deployed to circulate the refrigerant from low to high pressures. Lubrication is an important aspect in the compressor to lubricate internal parts. Due to their remarkable properties in the thermo-physical and heat transfer capabilities, nanoparticles have prospect to be applied in the refrigeration and air conditioning system. The reliability and solubility nanoparticle of TiO2 in refrigeration systems have been investigated by several by several researchers. By introducing TiO2 nanoparticle in the lubricant, the friction coefficient and input power of the compressor can be decreased. An air conditioner with cooling capacity of 2.5 kW is utilized in the experiment. Five different concentrations of nanoparticle in the lubricant, viz.: 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 gram of TiO2 in one liter of lubricant were mixed using a magnetic stirrer. After 10 days, TiO2 nanoparticles in the lubricant were observed its solubility. Furthermore, based on their solubility, TiO2 nanoparticle with concentration of 0.2 g/L was selected in the experiments. The results show that the air conditioner using R290 with TiO2 nanoparticle in the lubricants works normally and the input power of the air conditioner decreases about 3.1% and the cooling capacity and the COP increase about 5.1% and 8.4%, respectively, compared to the system without nanoparticle in the lubricant.

Rechargeable Personal Air Conditioning Device

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yilin Du ◽  
Jan Muehlbauer ◽  
Jiazhen Ling ◽  
Vikrant Aute ◽  
Yunho Hwang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Cooling Capacity ◽  
Comfort Level ◽  
Vapor Compression ◽  
Air Conditioning System ◽  
System A ◽  
Single Person ◽  
Vapor Compression Cycle ◽  
Compression Cycle

A rechargeable personal air-conditioning (RPAC) device was developed to provide an improved thermal comfort level for individuals in inadequately cooled environments. This device is a battery powered air-conditioning system with the phase change material (PCM) for heat storage. The condenser heat is stored in the PCM during the cooling operation and is discharged while the battery is charged by using the vapor compression cycle as a thermosiphon loop. The conditioned air is discharged towards a single person through adjustable nozzle. The main focus of the current research was on the development of the cooling system. A 100 W cooling capacity prototype was designed, built, and tested. The cooling capacity of the vapor compression cycle measured was 165.6 W. The PCM was recharged in nearly 8 hours under thermosiphon mode. When this device is used in the controlled built environment, the thermostat setting can be increased so that building air conditioning energy can be saved by about 5–10%.

scholarly journals KAJI PERFORMANSI REFRIGERAN R-290, R-32, DAN R-410A SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PENGGANTI R-22

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 133-139
Author(s):  
Rikhard Ufie ◽  
Cendy S. Tupamahu ◽  
Sefnath J. E. Sarwuna ◽  
Jufraet Frans
Keyword(s):  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Cooling Capacity ◽  
Coefficient Of Performance ◽  
Condensation Temperature ◽  
Vapor Compression ◽  
Know How ◽  
Evaporation Temperature ◽  
Vapor Compression Cycle ◽  
Compression Cycle ◽  
Refrigeration Capacity

Refrigerant R-22 is a substance that destroys the ozone layer, so that in the field of air conditioning it has begun to be replaced, among others with refrigerants R-32 and R-410a, and also R-290. Through this research, we want to know how much Coefficient of Performance (COP) and Refrigeration Capacity (Qe) can be produced for the four types of refrigerants. The study was carried out theoretically for the working conditions of the vapor compression cycle with an evaporation temperature (Tevap) of 0, -5, and -10oC, a further heated refrigerant temperature (ΔTSH) of 5 oC, a condensation temperature (Tkond) of 45 oC and a low-cold refrigerant temperature. (ΔTSC) 10 oC and compression power of 1 PK . The results of the study show that the Coefficient of Performance (COP) in the use of R-22 and R-290 is higher than the use of R-32 and R-410a, which are 4,920 respectively; 4,891; 4.690 and 4.409 when working at an evaporation temperature of 0 oC; 4.260; 4,234; 4.060 and 3.812 when working at an evaporation temperature of -5 oC; and amounted to 3,730; 3,685; 3,550 and 3,324 if working at an evaporation temperature of -10 oC. Based on the size of the COP, if this installation works with a compression power of 1 PK, then the cooling capacity of the R-22 and R-290 is higher than the R-32 and R-410a, which are 3,617 respectively. kW; 3,597 kW; 3,449 kW and 3,243 kW. If working at an evaporation temperature of 0 oC; 3.133 kW; 3.114 kW; 2,986 kW and 2,804 kW if working at an evaporation temperature of -5 oC; and 2,741 kW; 2,710 kW; 2,611 kW and 2,445 kW if working at an evaporation temperature of -10oC.

scholarly journals Design and Analysis of a Thermoelectric Air-conditioning System

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
A. Anthony Adeyanju ◽  
K. Manohar
Keyword(s):  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Thermoelectric Module ◽  
Cooling Capacity ◽  
Peltier Effect ◽  
Refrigeration Cycle ◽  
Air Conditioner ◽  
Air Conditioning System ◽  
Thermoelectric Air Conditioner ◽  
Air Conditioning Systems ◽  
Dc Current

Thermoelectric devices use the Peltier effect which creates a heat flux between the junctions of two different types of materials. The thermoelectric module also referred to as a heat pump transfers heat from one side to the other when a DC current is applied. This study carried out the theoretical and experimental analysis of a thermoelectric air conditioning system. A prototype thermoelectric air conditioner of 286 W cooling capacity was built and a testing enclosure made from plywood and Styrofoam was also constructed in order to validate the theoretical result with an experimentation. It was discovered that thermoelectric air conditioning took 4 minutes to reach its desired temperature of 22℃ whereas the standard air conditioning system (Refrigeration Cycle) took 20 minutes to cool to a room temperature. Economically it was also discovered that thermoelectric air conditioning system is 50% cheaper than the refrigeration cycle air conditioning systems. The thermoelectric air conditioner has cheaper maintenance and greater estimated life span of 7 years more than the refrigeration air conditioner. This is because the air conditioner that operates on the refrigeration cycle uses a rotating compressor while the thermoelectric air conditioner uses thermometric module.

scholarly journals ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ СИСТЕМ КОНДИЦІЮВАННЯ ПОВІТРЯ ШЛЯХОМ РОЗПОДІЛУ ТЕПЛОВОГО НАВАНТАЖЕННЯ ЗА СТУПЕНЕВИМ ПРИНЦИПОМ

2019 ◽  
pp. 49-53
Author(s):  
Євген Іванович Трушляков ◽  
Микола Іванович Радченко ◽  
Андрій Миколайович Радченко ◽  
Сергій Георгійович Фордуй ◽  
Сергій Анатолійович Кантор ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Load ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Cooling Capacity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Outlet Temperature ◽  
Thermal Loads ◽  
Air Conditioning System ◽  
Air Conditioning Systems

Maintaining the operation of refrigeration compressors in nominal or close modes by selecting a rational design thermal load and distributing it in response to the behavior of the current thermal load according to the current climatic conditions is one of the promising reserves for improving the energy efficiency of air conditioning systems, which implementation ensures maximum or close to it in the annual cooling production according to air conditioning duties. In general case, the total range of current thermal loads of any air-conditioning system includes a range of unstable loads caused by precooling of ambient air with significant fluctuations in the cooling capacity according to current climatic conditions, and a range of relatively stable cooling capacity expended for further lowering the air temperature from a certain threshold temperature to the final outlet temperature. If a range of stable thermal load can be provided within operating a conventional compressor in a mode close to nominal, then precooling the ambient air with significant fluctuations in thermal load requires adjusting the cooling capacity by using a variable speed compressor or using the excess of heat accumulated at reduced load. Such a stage principle of cooling ensures the operation of refrigerating machines matching the behavior of current thermal loads of any air-conditioning system, whether the central air conditioning system with ambient air procession in the central air conditioner or its combination with the local indoors recirculation air conditioning systems in the air-conditioning system. in essence, as combinations of subsystems – precooling of ambient air with the regulation of cooling capacity and subsequent cooling air to the mouth of the set point temperature under relatively stable thermal load.

scholarly journals ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ КОНДИЦІЮВАННЯ ЗОВНІШНЬОГО ПОВІТРЯ СИСТЕМИ КОМБІНОВАНОГО ТИПУ

2019 ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Євген Іванович Трушляков ◽  
Андрій Миколайович Радченко ◽  
Микола Іванович Радченко ◽  
Сергій Анатолійович Кантор ◽  
Веніамін Сергійович Ткаченко
Keyword(s):  
Heat Load ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Cooling Capacity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Cooling Load ◽  
Air Conditioner ◽  
Outdoor Air ◽  
Air Conditioning System

One of the most attractive reserves of enhancing the energetic efficiency of air conditioning systems is to provide the operation of refrigeration compressors in nominal or close to nominal modes by choosing rational design cooling loads (cooling capacities) and their distribution according to a cooling load behaviour within the overall design (installed) cooling load band to match current changeable climatic conditions and provide close to maximum annual cooling capacity generation according to cooling duties. The direction of increasing the efficiency of outdoor air conditioning in combined central-local type systems by rationally distributing the heat load - cooling capacity of the central air conditioner into zones of variable heat load in accordance with current climatic conditions and its relatively stable value, i.e. cooling capacity required for further air cooling at the entrance to the indoor recirculation air conditioning system is justified. By comparing the values of the excessive production of cold and its deficit within every 3 days for a rational design heat load of the air conditioning system (cooling capacity of the installed refrigeration machine), which provides close to maximum annual production of cold, and the corresponding values of the excess and deficit of cooling capacity in accordance with current climatic conditions during July substantiated the feasibility of accumulating the excess of cooling capacity of a central air conditioner at low current loads and its use for covering cooling deficit at elevated heat loads through pre-cooling the outdoor air. It is developed a scheme of a combined central-local air conditioning system, which includes the subsystems for the outdoor air conditioning in a central air conditioner and the local indoor recirculated air conditioning.

scholarly journals Energy Saving in Split Air Conditioner using Evaporative Cooling Pad at the ODU

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1858-1862
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Evaporative Cooling ◽  
Cooling Capacity ◽  
Air Conditioner ◽  
Optimum Thickness ◽  
Outdoor Air ◽  
Air Conditioning System ◽  
Overall Performance

The objective of the study is to investigate the performance improvement in a split air conditioning system using evaporative cooling pads at ODU (outdoor unit) and to determine optimum thickness and material of the cooling pad. For this purpose experiments were conducted on 0.8 TR capacity split air conditioner charged with refrigerant R-22. For comparison experiments were performed with and without evaporative cooling pad. The effect of the different cooling pad material and thickness on the overall performance of split air conditioner is experimentally found by measuring cooling capacity and the power consumption of the system including water circulation pump. From the experimental work it is found that the cellulose cooling pad gives the best results among the selected materials. Split air conditioner coupled with cellulose cooling pad of 100 mm thickness at ODU results in to 13.8% increase in overall COP, 9.5 % reduction in power consumption and 5.1 % increase in cooling capacity at 35°C DBT and 32% relative humidity outdoor air condition.

scholarly journals Performance Enhancement of Split Air Conditioner During Evaporative Cooling Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-156
Author(s):  
Rahmat Iman Mainil ◽  
Ahmad Wisnu Sulaiman ◽  
Afdhal Kurniawan Mainil ◽  
Azridjal Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Evaporative Cooling ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Coefficient Of Performance ◽  
Air Conditioner ◽  
Discharge Water ◽  
Cooling Module ◽  
The Impact

The increase of condenser temperature and pressure in air-conditioning leads to decreased cooling capacity and the increase of power consumption. Evaporative cooling could improve the thermal performance of the system. In this study, the evaporative cooling module was installed before the condenser to reduce the inlet air temperature to the condenser unit. The impact of condenser air temperature on the air conditioning system's overall performance was determined by varying the cooling pad discharge water flowrate of 880, 1040, and 1200 mL/min. The cooling load of 2000 W was employed in this experiment. The obtained results were compared with the air conditioning without an evaporative cooling module. It shows that the coefficient of performance (COP) increases with the increase of discharge water flow rate. The highest COP obtained is 7.09 at the flow rate of 1200 mL/min. The compressor work reduces about 6.57 % as compared with the air conditioner without evaporative cooling application. Besides, the COP increases by 12. 95 % at the highest flow rate.

scholarly journals Energy, Exergy and Anergy Analysis of Vertical Split Air Conditioner Under experimental ON-OFF Cycling

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Yasser Abdul Lateef Ghani ◽  
Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa
Keyword(s):  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Refrigeration Cycle ◽  
Air Conditioner ◽  
Vapor Compression ◽  
Air Conditioning System ◽  
Labview Software ◽  
Energy Flows ◽  
Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle ◽  
Vapor Compression Refrigeration ◽  
Arduino Microcontroller

A time series analysis can help to observe the behavior of the system and specify the system faults. In addition, it also helps to explain the various energy flows in the system and further aid in reducing the thermodynamic losses. The intelligent supervisory LabVIEW software can monitor the incoming data from the system by using Arduino microcontroller and calculates the important parameters. Energy, exergy, and anergy analysis present in this paper to investigate the system performance as well as its components. To accomplish this, a 4-ton vertical split air conditioner based on vapor compression refrigeration cycle charged with refrigerant R-22 was modified for experimental analysis. The results showed that during 5400 secs of experimental study, the system shut down once by the software for 5 min. The volumetric and isentropic efficiencies of the compressor were 79.85 % and 64.48 % respectively. The maximum entropy generation was due to the compressor of 3.4 W/K while the maximum anergy was due to the condenser of 1.39 kW. The exergy efficiencies of the compressor, condenser, and the evaporator were 73.57, 40.18, and 47.45 % respectively. The system and Carnot COP were 2.53 and 4.9 respectively. The exergy efficiency of the air conditioning system was 48.7 %.  

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