Fuels Characterization for Use in Internal Combustion Engines

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Lanzafame ◽  
M. Messina
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Wide Temperature Range ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Equilibrium Constants ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Mathematical Functions ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Ic Engines

Abstract It is important provide mathematical functions able to fit with great precision experimental data on gases properties, in order to obtain reliable results when computerized models on IC engines are used. On the basis of experimental data on equilibrium constants (for dissociation phenomena occurring during combustion process in IC engines) new mathematical functions have been determined to fit experimental data. In comparison to traditional fitting polynomials, these new mathematical functions present a great accuracy in matching experimental data. These new mathematical functions have the functional forms of a V order Logarithmic Polynomial, and their coefficients have been evaluated on the basis of the least square method. The new V order Logarithmic Polynomials have been determined for several dissociation reactions according to internal combustion processes applications. V order Logarithmic Polynomials have been implemented also to describe the trend of specific heat at constant pressure Vs temperature and enthalpy Vs temperature. These new Logarithmic Polynomials have been calculated for several gases and fuels for IC engines applications. The new Logarithmic Polynomials pointed out a better precision in comparison to the others polynomial functions used in literature, and the possibility to utilize a single Logarithmic Polynomial for a wide temperature range, according to a good accuracy with experimental data. Another advantage of the Logarithmic Polynomials is the possibility to extrapolate experimental data on a wide temperature range (25% of experimental T range) in order to supply to the experimental data shortage.

A Compendium of Methods for Determining the Exergy Balance Terms Applied to Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-39
Author(s):  
Bibhuti B. Sahoo ◽  
Maryom Dabi ◽  
Ujjwal K. Saha
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Evaluation Methods ◽  
Cylinder Wall ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Work Output ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Dead State ◽  
Ic Engines ◽  
Exergy Balance

Abstract Exergy analysis of the reciprocating internal combustion (IC) engines is studied by estimating various input and output energy transfer parameters concerning a dead state reference. Exergy terms such as fuel input, work output, cooling, and exhaust gas are measured and are set into the exergy balance equation to determine the amount of loss or destruction. Exergy destructions are found in many forms such as combustion (entropy generation), cylinder wall, friction, mixing, blow-by, and others. These exergy terms have been estimated by considering various factors such as engine type, fuel type, environmental condition, and others. In this article, the different methods employed in estimating these exergy terms have been reviewed. It attempts to make a compendium of these evaluation methods and segregates them under individual exergy terms with necessary descriptions. The fuel input measurement is mostly based on Gibb's free energy and the lower heating value, whereas its higher heating value is used during the fuel exergy calculation on a molar basis. The work output of the engines is estimated either from the crankshaft or by analyzing the cylinder pressure and volume. The exergy transfer with cooling medium and exhaust gas depends on the temperature of gas. The maximum achievable engine performance is quantified by estimating the exergy efficiency. This piece of study will not only provide a plenty of information on exergy evaluation methods of IC engines but will also allow the future researchers to adopt the appropriate one.

Effect of Engine Operating Parameters on Combustion and Emission Characteristics

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang Lu ◽  
Ashwani K. Gupta ◽  
Eugene L. Keating
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Pressure Rise ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Emission Characteristics ◽  
Pollutants Emission

Abstract Numerical simulation of flow, combustion, heat release rate and pollutants emission characteristics have been obtained using a single cylinder internal combustion engine operating with propane as the fuel. The data are compared with experimental results and show excellent agreement for peak pressure and the rate of pressure rise as a function of crank angle. The results obtained for NO and CO are also found to be in good agreement and are similar to those reported in the literature for the chosen combustion chamber geometry. The results have shown that both the combustion chamber geometry and engine operating parameters affects the flame growth within the combustion chamber which subsequently affects the pollutants emission levels. The code employed the time marching procedure and solves the governing partial differential equations of multi-component chemically reacting fluid flow by finite difference method. The numerical results provide a cost effective means of developing advanced internal combustion engine chamber geometry design that provides high efficiency and low pollution levels. It is expected that increased computational tools will be used in the future for enhancing our understanding of the detailed combustion process in internal combustion engines and all other energy conversion systems. Such detailed information is critical for the development of advanced methods for energy conservation and environmental pollution control.

scholarly journals Hydrogen application in internal combustion engines

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
Arthur R. Asoyan ◽  
Igor K. Danilov ◽  
Igor A. Asoyan ◽  
Georgy M. Polishchuk
Keyword(s):  
Burning Rate ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Hydrocarbon Fuel ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Technical Solution ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Petroleum Origin ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

A technical solution has been proposed to reduce the consumption of basic hydrocarbon fuel, to improve the technical, economic and environmental performance of internal combustion engines by affecting the combustion process of the fuel-air mixture with a minimum effective mass fraction of hydrogen additive in the fuel-air mixture. The burning rate of hydrogen-air mixtures is an order of magnitude greater than the burning rate of similar mixtures based on gasoline or diesel fuel, compared with the former, they are favorably distinguished by their greater detonation stability. With minimal additions of hydrogen to the fuel-air charge, its combustion time is significantly reduced, since hydrogen, having previously mixed with a portion of the air entering the cylinder and burning itself, effectively ignites the mixture in its entirety. Issues related to the accumulation of hydrogen on board the car, its storage, explosion safety, etc., significantly inhibit the development of mass production of cars using hydrogen fuel. The described technical solution allows the generation of hydrogen on board the car and without accumulation to use it as an additive to the main fuel in internal combustion engines. The technical result is to reduce the consumption of hydrocarbon fuels (of petroleum origin) and increase the environmental friendliness of the car due to the reduction of the emission of harmful substances in exhaust gases.

scholarly journals Assessment of thermodynamic cycle of internal combustion engine in terms of rightsizing

2019 ◽  
Vol 178 (3) ◽  
pp. 182-186
Author(s):  
Zbigniew SROKA ◽  
Maciej DWORACZYŃSKI
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Thermodynamic Cycle ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Swept Volume

The modification of the downsizing trend of internal combustion engines towards rightsizing is a new challenge for constructors. The change in the displacement volume of internal combustion engines accompanying the rightsizing idea may in fact mean a reduction or increase of the defining swept volume change factors and thus may affect the change in the operating characteristics as a result of changes in combustion process parameters - a research problem described in this publication. Incidents of changes in the displacement volume were considered along with the change of the compression space and at the change of the geometric degree of compression. The new form of the mathematical dependence describing the efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle makes it possible to evaluate the opera-tion indicators of the internal combustion engine along with the implementation of the rightsizing idea. The work demonstrated the in-variance of cycle efficiency with different forms of rightsizing.

A comprehensive evaluation of water injection in the diesel engine

2021 ◽  
pp. 146808742110442
Author(s):  
Sebastian Welscher ◽  
Mohammad Hossein Moradi ◽  
Antonino Vacca ◽  
Peter Bloch ◽  
Michael Grill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Pressure Trace ◽  
High Level

Due to increasing climate awareness and the introduction of much stricter exhaust emission legislation the internal combustion engine technology faces major challenges. Although the development and state of technology of internal combustion engines generally reached a very high level over the last years those need to be improved even more. Combining water injection with a diesel engine, therefore, seems to be the next logical step in developing a highly efficient drive train for future mobility. To investigate these potentials, a comprehensive evaluation of water injection on the diesel engine was carried out. This study covers >560 individual operating points on the test bench. The tests were carried out on a single-cylinder derived from a Euro 6d four-cylinder passenger car with the port water injection. Furthermore, a detailed pressure trace analysis (PTA) was performed to evaluate various aspects regarding combustion, emission, etc. The results show no significant effects of water injection on the combustion process, but great potential for NOx reduction. It has been shown that with the use of water injection at water-to-fuel rates of 25%, 50%, and 100%, NOx reduction without deterioration of soot levels can be achieved in 62%, 40%, and 20% of the experiments, respectively. Furthermore, water injection in combination with EGR offers additional reduction in NOx emissions.

scholarly journals Analysis of thermodynamic parameters in spark ignition VCR engine

2019 ◽  
Vol 294 ◽  
pp. 05001
Author(s):  
Patryk Urbański ◽  
Maciej Bajerlein ◽  
Jerzy Merkisz ◽  
Andrzej Ziółkowski ◽  
Dawid Gallas
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Parameters ◽  
Motion Analysis ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Processes

3D models of Szymkowiak and conventional engines were created in the Solidworks program. During the motion analysis, the characteristics of the piston path were analyzed for the two considered engine units. The imported file with the generated piston routes was used in the AVL Fire program, which simulated combustion processes in the two engines with identical initial conditions. The configurations for two different compression ratios were taken into account. The basic thermodynamic parameters occurring during the combustion process in internal combustion engines were analyzed.

scholarly journals The system CaO-MgO-FeO-SiO2 and its bearing on the origin of ultrabasic and basic rocks

1960 ◽  
Vol 32 (249) ◽  
pp. 459-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Wyllie
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Temperature Interval ◽  
Wide Temperature Range ◽  
Multicomponent System ◽  
Small Temperature ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
A Value ◽  
Basaltic Magmas ◽  
Basic Rocks

SummaryExperimental data in the system CaO-MgO-FeO-SiO2 suggest that there may be a plateau on the liquidus and solidus of the multicomponent system basalt-peridotite. If this is so, fusion of peridotite would produce only basaltie magmas over a wide temperature range; when the temperature reached a value such that the liquid crossed the threshold of the plateau, there would be a rapid increase in the amount of fusion for small temperature increases, with the formation of picritic magmas; basaltic magmas containing suspended forsteritic olivine crystals could dissolve them if the temperature rose slightly above that of the plateau threshold; a high proportion of a picritic magma would crystallize in a small temperature interval, with the precipitation of forsteritic olivine that was only slightly zoned. These possibilities are compared with current theories, and it is concluded that several petrological axioms may require critical re-examination. An experimental procedure is outlined to determine the shape of the liquidus and solidus in the basalt-peridotite system.

Study on Catalytic Reactions in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells With Comparison to Gas Phase Reactions in Internal Combustion Engines

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helgi S. Fridriksson ◽  
Bengt Sunde´n ◽  
Jinliang Yuan ◽  
Martin Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Solid Oxide ◽  
Hydrocarbon Fuels ◽  
Pure Hydrogen ◽  
Oxide Fuel ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Ic Engines

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have the attractive feature to be able to make use of hydrocarbon fuels in their operation by reforming the fuel into pure hydrogen, either internally or externally. This can open up for a smoother transition from the existing hydro-carbon economy toward a more renewable hydrogen economy. Since both SOFCs and internal combustion (IC) engines can make use of hydrocarbon fuels, it is of interest to examine the major differences in their utilization of the hydrocarbons and investigate how this type of fuel contributes to the power output of the respective systems. Thereby, various advantages and disadvantages of their reactions are raised. It was shown that even though there are fundamental differences between SOFCs and IC engines, both types face similar problems in their designs. These problems mostly include material design and operation management, but even problems related to the chemical reactions, e.g., carbon deposition for SOFCs and pollutant formation for IC engines.

A Control Oriented SI and HCCI Hybrid Combustion Model for Internal Combustion Engines

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojian Yang ◽  
Guoming G. Zhu ◽  
Zongxuan Sun
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Combustion Model ◽  
Zone Model ◽  
Transient Control

The combustion mode transition between SI (spark ignited) and HCCI (Homogeneously Charged Compression Ignition) of an IC (Internal Combustion) engine is challenge due to the thermo inertia of residue gas; and model-based control becomes a necessity. This paper presents a control oriented two-zone model to describe the hybrid combustion that starts with SI combustion and ends with HCCI combustion. The gas respiration dynamics were modeled using mean-value approach and the combustion process was modeled using crank resolved method. The developed model was validated in an HIL (Hardware-In-the-Loop) simulation environment for both steady-state and transient operations in SI, HCCI, and SI-HCCI hybrid combustion modes through the exhaust valve timing control (recompression). Furthermore, cooled external EGR (exhaust gas re-circulation) was used to suppress engine knock and enhance the fuel efficiency. The simulation results also illustrates that the transient control parameters of hybrid combustion is quite different from these in steady state operation, indicating the need of a control oriented SI-HCCI hybrid combustion model for transient combustion control.

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