Air Tests of Commercially Available Transport Vessel PRVs

1999 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-209
Author(s):  
A. J. Pierorazio ◽  
A. M. Birk
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Test Bench ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Relief Valve ◽  
Pressure Relief ◽  
Vapor Explosions ◽  
Transport Vessel ◽  
And Storage

An experimental study of boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions (BLEVE) was recently completed at Queen’s University in Canada. The results clearly showed that the severity of the BLEVE was directly related to the energy stored in the vessel, and this energy storage was significantly affected by pressure relief valve (PRV) behavior. During the tests, the PRV operating characteristics were highly variable. Since these valves play a large role in the control of energy accumulation and storage in a pressure vessel, it was decided to study their dynamic behavior in detail and quantify their effect on energy storage. As an initial step, 60 small (1-in. NPT) transport vessel PRVs representing equivalent designs from each of three manufacturers were procured through a third party and tested on an air test bench. These tests were conducted in accordance with the certification procedures specified by various agencies (ASME, UL, CSA, CGA). Four characteristic pressures were measured: simmer (start-to-discharge), pop (full open), reseat, and reseal (bubble-tight reclosure). After initial testing, the valves were stored for various periods of time and retested. This paper details the equipment, procedures, and results of this testing and contains a significant discussion about the expected and observed operation of relief valves. [S0094-9930(00)00702-2]

Effects of Pressure Relief Valve Behavior on 2-Phase Energy Storage in a Pressure Vessel Exposed to Fire

2002 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-252
Author(s):  
A. J. Pierorazio ◽  
A. M. Birk
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Pressure Vessel ◽  
Pressure Relief Valve ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Stored Energy ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Relief Valve ◽  
Pressure Relief ◽  
Queen's University

Recent studies have shown that the hazards associated with loss of containment and BLEVEs (boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions) are strongly tied to the energy stored in the liquid phase of a pressure vessel. This stored energy is affected by heat transfer with the surroundings (e.g., fire exposure) and pressure relief valve (PRV) action. Since it would be desirable to minimize this stored energy to reduce hazards, a study was initiated by Transport Canada and Queen’s University to quantify the effect of various PRV parameters on the thermal energy storage of a pressure vessel. A fully automated state-of-the-art test facility has been constructed to perform 2-phase blowdown tests using steam and water. This paper describes the Queen’s University/Transport Canada PRV Test Program and the test procedures and facilities used. It goes on to show some preliminary results from 2-phase testing currently underway to determine the optimal PRV operating characteristics from a hazard mitigation standpoint. The results of this study may be useful for standards-writing bodies to set experimentally determined optimal behavior criteria for PRVs and acceptable tolerances for deviation from this.

The Effect of Reduced Design Margin on the Fire Survivability of ASME Code Propane Tanks

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Birk
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Relief Valve ◽  
Pressure Relief ◽  
Mode Of Failure ◽  
Asme Code ◽  
Failure Scenario ◽  
Fill Level ◽  
Relief System ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Design Margin

The design margin on certain unfired pressure vessels has recently been reduced from 4.5 to 4.0 to 3.5. This has resulted in the manufacture of propane and LPG tanks with thinner walls. For example, some 500 gallon ASME code propane tanks have had the wall thickness reduced from 7.7 mm in 2001 to 7.1 mm in 2002 and now to 6.5 mm in 2004. This change significantly affects the fire survivability of these tanks. This paper presents both experimental and computational results that show the effect of this design change on tank fire survivability to fire impingement. The results show that for the same pressure relief valve setting, the thinner wall tanks are more likely to fail in a given fire situation. In severe fires, the thinner walled tanks will fail earlier. An earlier failure usually means the tank will fail with a higher fill level, because the pressure relief system has had less time to vent material from the tank. A higher liquid fill level at failure also means more energy is in the tank and this means the failure will be more violent. The worst failure scenario is known as a boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion (BLEVE) and this mode of failure is also more likely with the thinner walled tanks. The results of this work suggest that certain applications of pressure vessels such as propane transport and storage may require higher design margins than required by the ASME.

Laboratory Testing of Safety Relief Valves

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Kegel ◽  
William Johansen
Keyword(s):  
Design Element ◽  
Property A ◽  
Relief Valve ◽  
Pressure Relief ◽  
Excessive Pressure ◽  
Component Failure ◽  
Fluid Handling ◽  
Personnel Safety ◽  
And Storage ◽  
System Volume

Industrial fluid handling and storage systems can experience excessive pressure resulting from process upsets. A catastrophic component failure can compromise personnel safety or damage property. A pressure relief valve (PRV) represents a common design element that allows material to be vented to reduce pressure and restore safe conditions. Obviously selecting the proper PRV requires specification of the relief pressure. Less obvious might be the requirement of confirming that the flowrate is adequate to vent the system volume. Paper published with permission.

State-of-the-Art Review of Pressure Relief Valve Design, Testing and Modeling

1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Petherick ◽  
A. M. Birk
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Characteristics ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Pressure Relief Valve ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Relief Valve ◽  
Pressure Relief

It is well known that the response of a rail tank car to exterior heating (e.g., fire engulfment) is significantly affected by the operating characteristics of the pressure relief valve (PRV). If the valve jams or fails in some way, it can lead to a violent vessel rupture; therefore, PRV failure modes and mechanisms must be understood. This paper investigates the studies which have been conducted in the area of PRV technology. The original focus of the paper was to conduct a literature search to find the state-of-the-art for the PRV’s which are presently installed on railway tank cars, highway tankers, and stationary LPG storage vessels. When few papers were found which had concentrated on this particular topic, the authors continued the search by considering both the nuclear power and chemical processing industries, where similar technologies are found. The results of the literature search suggest that the PRV’s currently installed on tank cars and highway tankers are based on designs more than 30 yr old. Controlled fire tests and industry’s maintenance programs suggest that PRV’s could be improved. Most experimental studies of PRV’s have concentrated on flow visualization techniques and have not considered PRV dynamic characteristics. The lack of understanding of valve dynamic characteristics has slowed the development of improved PRV dynamic computer models.

Reliability Analysis of Spring Operated Pressure Relief Valve

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiyi Bao ◽  
Zhibin Li ◽  
Lijia Luo ◽  
Zengliang Gao
Keyword(s):  
Reliability Analysis ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
General System ◽  
Process Industry ◽  
Stochastic Petri Nets ◽  
Pressure Relief Valve ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Relief Valve ◽  
Pressure Relief ◽  
Process Industries

Pressure relief valve (PRV) is an important automatic overpressure protection system in the process industry. Because of the operating characteristics, the performance of PRV is supposed to be proved by the proof test. However, it’s difficult to determine the proof test intervals and the availability of the PRV between two proof tests. Based on stochastic Petri nets (SPN), the reliability modeling and analysis procedure of spring operated full lift pressure relief valve which is the most widely used PRV is depicted in this paper. Firstly, the FMECA method is used to analyze the causes and effects of the typical six failure modes of the PRV, such as vibration, leakage, frequency hopping, unable to open, open before the settings and the low back seat pressure. Second, the corresponding fault tree (FT) models of the PRV are built through the multi-component failure analysis. Third, the SPN models of the PRV are established by employing the logical relations in the FT models. Based on the collected failure data of the PRVs, the steady state and transient reliability index are calculated by Monte Carlo simulation based on the SPN software SPN@. Last, the idea about PRV reliability data collection in domestic process industries is proposed. The result of the reliability analysis can provide the basis for determination the proof test intervals of the PRV, and the proposed procedure also bears significance in its application in the reliability analysis of general system in process industry.

scholarly journals Photodoping of metal oxide nanocrystals for multi-charge accumulation and light-driven energy storage

Nanoscale ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Ghini ◽  
Nicola Curreli ◽  
Andrea Camellini ◽  
Mengjiao Wang ◽  
Aswin Asaithambi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Direct Conversion ◽  
Charge Accumulation ◽  
Innovative Solutions ◽  
And Storage ◽  
The Way

Light-driven multi-charge accumulation (i.e., photodoping) of doped metal oxide nanocrystals opens the way to innovative solutions for the direct conversion and storage of the solar energy.

Optimization of Operation Parameters for Direct Spring Loaded Pressure Relief Valve in a Pipeline System

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyunjun Kim ◽  
Sanghyun Kim ◽  
Youngman Kim ◽  
Jonghwan Kim
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Relief Valve ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Relief Valve ◽  
Pressure Relief ◽  
Computational Costs ◽  
Constant Degree ◽  
System A ◽  
Disk Mass ◽  
Analysis Scheme ◽  
Surge Control

A direct spring loaded pressure relief valve (DSLPRV) is an efficient hydraulic structure used to control a potential water hammer in pipeline systems. The optimization of a DSLPRV was explored to consider the instability issue of a valve disk and the surge control for a pipeline system. A surge analysis scheme, named the method of characteristics, was implemented into a multiple-objective genetic algorithm to determine the adjustable factors in the operation of the DSLPRV. The forward transient analysis and multi-objective optimization of adjustable factors, such as the spring constant, degree of precompression, and disk mass, showed substantial relaxation in the surge pressure and oscillation of valve disk in a hypothetical pipeline system. The results of the regression analysis of surge were compared with the optimization results to demonstrate the potential of the developed method to substantially reduce computational costs.

Design and Research of Integrated PV and Storage Grid-Connected Generation System

2014 ◽  
Vol 1070-1072 ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
Xiao Di Qin ◽  
Rong Rong Zhou ◽  
Lie Xia ◽  
Liang Hui Xu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
System Integration ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Vanadium Redox Flow Battery ◽  
Generation System ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Design Scheme ◽  
And Storage

Based on practical project and application, the design scheme of small capacity of integrated PV and storage grid-connected generation system is presented in this paper. For demonstrative and experimental purpose in this project, it includes several typical PV modules, tracking system and grid-connected inverters. Entire design scheme covers system integration, grid-connected solution, PV array and bracket, monitoring system, energy storage system, and etc. Configuration and application prospect of energy storage system in grid-connected PV system are mainly introduced. The characteristics of lithium battery and vanadium redox flow battery, as well as their application in the field of distributed power generation are researched.

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