Multimodal Risk-Based Path Planning for Neurosurgical Interventions

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Kunz ◽  
Maximilian Gerst ◽  
Pit Henrich ◽  
Max Schneider ◽  
Michal Hlavac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
User Interaction ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Modular Architecture ◽  
Holistic Model ◽  
Planning Time ◽  
Inherent Risk ◽  
Complex Anatomy ◽  
Neurosurgical Planning ◽  
Quantitative Performance ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Image-guided neurosurgical interventions are challenging due to the complex anatomy of the brain and the inherent risk of damaging vital structures. This paper presents a neurosurgical planning tool for safe and effective neurosurgical interventions, minimizing the risk through optimized access planning. The strengths of the proposed system are the integration of multiple risk structures combined into a holistic model for fast and intuitive user interaction, and a modular architecture. The tool is intended to support neurosurgeons to quickly determine the most appropriate surgical entry point and trajectory through the brain with minimized risk. The user interface guides a user through the decision-making process and may save planning time of neurosurgical interventions. The navigation tool has been interfaced to the Robot Operating System, which allows the integration into automated workflows and the planning of linear and nonlinear trajectories. Determined risk structures and trajectories can be visualized intuitively as a projection map on the skin or cortical surface. Two risk calculation modes (strict and joint) are offered to the neurosurgeons, depending on the intracranial procedure's type and complexity. A qualitative evaluation with clinical experts shows the practical relevance, while a quantitative performance and functionality analysis proves the robustness and effectiveness of the system.

“Grammar box” in the brain

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 672-673
Author(s):  
Valéria Csépe
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Modular Architecture ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Semantic Domains

Brain activity data prove the existence of qualitatively different structures in the brain. However, the question is whether the human brain acts as linguists assume in their models. The modular architecture of grammar that has been claimed by many linguists raises some empirical questions. One of the main questions is whether the threefold abstract partition of language (into syntactic, phonological, and semantic domains) has distinct neural correlates.

scholarly journals Structural and functional insights into transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory protein complexes

2019 ◽  
Vol 151 (12) ◽  
pp. 1347-1356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward C. Twomey ◽  
Maria V. Yelshanskaya ◽  
Alexander I. Sobolevsky
Keyword(s):  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Regulatory Proteins ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Modular Architecture ◽  
Auxiliary Subunits ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Excitatory Neurotransmission ◽  
Synaptic Complexes ◽  
The Brain

Fast excitatory neurotransmission is mediated by the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor (AMPAR). AMPARs initiate depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron by allowing cations to enter through their ion channel pores in response to binding of the neurotransmitter glutamate. AMPAR function is dramatically affected by auxiliary subunits, which are regulatory proteins that form various complexes with AMPARs throughout the brain. The most well-studied auxiliary subunits are the transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs), which alter the assembly, trafficking, localization, kinetics, and pharmacology of AMPARs. Recent structural and functional studies of TARPs and the TARP-fold germ cell-specific gene 1-like (GSG1L) subunit have provided important glimpses into how auxiliary subunits regulate the function of synaptic complexes. In this review, we put these recent structures in the context of new functional findings in order to gain insight into the determinants of AMPAR regulation by TARPs. We thus reveal why TARPs display a broad range of effects despite their conserved modular architecture.

Three-dimensional magnetic resonance images of the brain: application to neurosurgical planning

1990 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoping Hu ◽  
Kim K. Tan ◽  
David N. Levin ◽  
Simranjit Galhotra ◽  
John F. Mullan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Preoperative Assessment ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Interactive Software ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Brain Surface ◽  
Neurosurgical Planning ◽  
The Brain

✓ Data from single 10-minute magnetic resonance scans were used to create three-dimensional (3-D) views of the surfaces of the brain and skin of 12 patients. In each case, these views were used to make a preoperative assessment of the relationship of lesions to brain surface structures associated with movement, sensation, hearing, and speech. Interactive software was written so that the user could “slice” through the 3-D computer model and inspect cross-sectional images at any level. A surgery simulation program was written so that surgeons were able to “rehearse” craniotomies on 3-D computer models before performing the actual operations. In each case, the qualitative accuracy of the 3-D views was confirmed by intraoperative inspection of the brain surface and by intraoperative electrophysiological mapping, when available.

scholarly journals Magnetic resonance imaging of the cranial nerves in congenital, traumatic, and vascular diseases: a pictorial essay

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Dalaqua ◽  
Felipe Barjud Pereira do Nascimento ◽  
Larissa Kaori Miura ◽  
Fabiano Reis ◽  
Márcio Ricardo Taveira Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Complex Anatomy ◽  
Contrast Enhanced ◽  
Pictorial Essay ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The cranial nerves, which represent extensions of the functional structures of the brain, traverse the head and neck. They are connected to various cranial structures and are associated with several diseases. An in-depth understanding of their complex anatomy and normal imaging appearance allows the examiner to identify and characterize abnormalities with greater precision. One important tool for evaluating the cranial nerves is contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, especially three-dimensional steady-state free precession sequences, which provide high soft-tissue and spatial resolution, despite the slenderness of the nerves. In most cases, imaging findings are nonspecific. Therefore, to narrow the differential diagnosis, it is necessary to take a full patient anamnesis, perform a focused physical examination and order laboratory tests. In this pictorial essay we review, illustrate and discuss, from a pathophysiological perspective, congenital, traumatic, and vascular diseases of the cranial nerves.

scholarly journals Virtual embolization for treatment support of intracranial AVMs using an interactive desktop and VR application

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Sprengel ◽  
Patrick Saalfeld ◽  
Janneck Stahl ◽  
Sarah Mittenentzwei ◽  
Moritz Drittel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Treatment Planning ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Medical Expert ◽  
Complex Anatomy ◽  
Treatment Support ◽  
Capillary Bed ◽  
Altered Blood

Abstract Purpose The treatment of intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVM) is challenging due to their complex anatomy. For this vessel pathology, arteries are directly linked to veins without a capillary bed in between. For endovascular treatment, embolization is carried out, where the arteries that supply the AVM are consecutively blocked. A virtual embolization could support the medical expert in treatment planning. Method We designed and implemented an immersive VR application that allows the visualization of the simulated blood flow by displaying millions of particles. Furthermore, the user can interactively block or unblock arteries that supply the AVM and analyze the altered blood flow based on pre-computed simulations. Results In a pilot study, the application was successfully adapted to three patient-specific cases. We performed a qualitative evaluation with two experienced neuroradiologist who regularly conduct AVM embolizations. The feature of virtually blocking or unblocking feeders was rated highly beneficial, and a desire for the inclusion of quantitative information was formulated. Conclusion The presented application allows for virtual embolization and interactive blood flow visualization in an immersive virtual reality environment. It could serve as useful addition for treatment planning and education in clinical practice, supporting the understanding of AVM topology as well as understanding the influence of the AVM’s feeding arteries.

scholarly journals A Hierarchical Modular Architecture for Embodied Cognition

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 177-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana H. Ballard ◽  
Dmitry Kit ◽  
Constantin A. Rothkopf ◽  
Brian Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
The Body ◽  
Modular Architecture ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Dual Task Performance ◽  
Vantage Points ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Independent Tasks

Cognition can appear complex owing to the fact that the brain is capable of an enormous repertoire of behaviors. However, this complexity can be greatly reduced when constraints of time and space are taken into account. The brain is constrained by the body to limit its goal-directed behaviors to just a few independent tasks over the scale of 1–2 min, and can pursue only a very small number of independent agendas. These limitations have been characterized from a number of different vantage points such as attention, working memory and dual task performance. It may be possible that the disparate perspectives of all these methodologies can be unified if behaviors can be seen as modular and hierarchically organized. From this vantage point, cognition can be seen as having a central problem of scheduling behaviors to achieve short term goals. Thus dual-task paradigms can be seen as studying the concurrent management of simultaneous, competing agendas. Attention can be seen as focusing on the decision as to whether to interrupt the current agenda or persevere. Working memory can be seen as the bookkeeping necessary to manage the state of the current active agenda items.

Assistance to neurosurgical planning: using a fuzzy spatial graph model of the brain for locating anatomical targets in MRI

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Villéger ◽  
Lemlih Ouchchane ◽  
Jean-Jacques Lemaire ◽  
Jean-Yves Boire
Keyword(s):  
Graph Model ◽  
Spatial Graph ◽  
Neurosurgical Planning ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals A pilot trial of deferiprone in pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration patients

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Rohani ◽  
Saeed Razmeh ◽  
Gholam Ali Shahidi ◽  
Maryam Orooji
Keyword(s):  
Autosomal Recessive ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Autosomal Recessive Disease ◽  
Pilot Trial ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Iron Chelator ◽  
Pantothenate Kinase ◽  
Iron Load ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Brain

Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) is the most common form of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, it is an autosomal recessive disease due to mutation in PANK 2 on chromosome 20, which causes the accumulation of iron in basal ganglia and production of free radicals that cause degeneration of the cells. Deferiprone is an iron chelator that was used in treatment of thalassemia patients, it can cross the blood-brain barrier and reverse the iron deposition in the brain. Five patients with genetically confirmed PKAN received 15 mg/kg deferiprone twice daily. All patients were examined at baseline, 12 and 18 months and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was done at the baseline and after 18 months. In our study qualitative evaluation of MRI showed that deferiprone was able to reduce the iron load in globus pallidus of all the patients and the results of clinical rating scales show that in four patients, there is an improvement in the first 12 months. The results of our paper show that deferiprone can prevent the progression of the disease.

White matter fiber tracking in patients with space-occupying lesions of the brain: a new technique for neurosurgical planning?

NeuroImage ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 1601-1608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris A Clark ◽  
Thomas R Barrick ◽  
Mary M Murphy ◽  
B.Anthony Bell
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Fiber Tracking ◽  
New Technique ◽  
Neurosurgical Planning ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Porthole and Stormcloud: Tools for visualisation of spatiotemporal M/EEG statistics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy A Taylor ◽  
Marta I Garrido
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Posterior Probability ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
User Interaction ◽  
Spatiotemporal Data ◽  
List Type ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Local Maxima ◽  
The Brain

AbstractElectro- and magneto-encephalography are functional neuroimaging modalities characterised by their ability to quantify dynamic spatiotemporal activity within the brain. However, the visualisation techniques currently used to illustrate these effects are currently limited to single- or multi-channel time series plots, topographic scalp maps and orthographic cross-sections of the spatiotemporal data structure. Whilst these methods each have their own strength and weaknesses, they are only able to show a subset of the data and are suboptimal at articulating one or both of the space-time components.Here, we propose Porthole and Stormcloud, a set of data visualisation tools which can automatically generate context appropriate graphics for both print and screen with the following graphical capabilities: Animated two-dimensional scalp maps with dynamic timeline annotation and optional user interaction;Three-dimensional construction of discrete clusters within sparse spatiotemporal volumes, rendered with ‘cloud-like’ appearance and augmented by cross-sectional scalp maps indicating local maxima.These publicly available tools were designed specifically for visualisation of M/EEG spatiotemporal statistical maps, however, we also demonstrate alternate use cases of posterior probability maps and weight maps produced by machine learning classifiers. In principle, the methods employed here are transferrable to visualisation of any spatiotemporal image.

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