Ultra-Precision Machining: Cutting With Diamond Tools

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Lucca ◽  
M. J. Klopfstein ◽  
O. Riemer
Keyword(s):  
Functional Performance ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Workpiece Material ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Diamond Machining ◽  
Diamond Tools ◽  
Geometrical Form ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Commercial Applications ◽  
Machined Surfaces

Abstract This article is written as a tribute to Professor Frederick Fongsun Ling 1927–2014. Single-point diamond machining, a subset of a broader class of processes characterized as ultraprecision machining, is used for the creation of surfaces and components with nanometer scale surface roughnesses, and submicrometer scale geometrical form accuracies. Its initial development centered mainly on the machining of optics for energy and defense related needs. Today, diamond machining has broad applications that include the manufacture of precision freeform optics for defense and commercial applications, the structuring of surfaces for functional performance, and the creation of molds used for the replication of a broad range of components in plastic or glass. The present work focuses on a brief review of the technology. First addressed is the state of current understanding of the mechanics that govern the process including the resulting forces, energies and the size effect, forces when cutting single crystals, and resulting cutting temperatures. Efforts to model the process are then described. The workpiece material response when cutting ductile and brittle materials is also included. Then the present state of the art in machine tools, diamond tools and tool development, various cutting configurations used, and some examples of diamond machined surfaces and components are presented. A discussion on the measurement of surface topography, geometrical form, and subsurface damage of diamond machined surfaces is also included.

Ion beam machining of single-point diamond tools for nano-precision turning

1990 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Miyamoto ◽  
T Ezawa ◽  
K Nishimura
Keyword(s):  
Ion Beam ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Diamond Tools ◽  
Precision Turning

Dressing Technology on the Diamond Abrasive Grinding Wheels Using the Rotary Diamond Dresser

2009 ◽  
Vol 416 ◽  
pp. 234-237
Author(s):  
Zhong Ming Cui ◽  
Peng Hui Deng ◽  
Lei Du
Keyword(s):  
Single Point ◽  
Grinding Wheels ◽  
Dressing Method ◽  
Diamond Tools ◽  
Diamond Grinding ◽  
Dressing Tool ◽  
Dressing Force ◽  
Diamond Abrasive ◽  
Better Than

The dressing processes are conducted on the diamond grinding wheels using the rotary diamond tools and compared between the single point diamond dresser and the rotary diamond dressing tool in the following aspects, including the dressing force, tool wearing, dressing efficiency. The result shows that, the dressing performance of the rotary diamond tools is remarkable better than that of the conventional dressing method.

Optical Effects of Surface Finish by Ultraprecision Single Point Diamond Machining

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Li ◽  
Stuart A. Collins ◽  
Allen Y. Yi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Quality ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Diamond Turning ◽  
Optical Diffraction ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Machined Surface ◽  
Tool Marks ◽  
Tool Mark ◽  
Machined Surface Quality ◽  
Machined Surfaces

The single point diamond turning process has been used extensively for direct optical surface fabrication. However, the diamond machined surfaces have characteristic periodic tool marks, which contribute to reduced optical performance such as scattering and distortion. In this paper, studies of the characteristics of diamond machined surface and scattering from the diamond machined surfaces are presented. Four different parameters, the first order optical diffraction, the zero order reflection, the surface roughness, and the residual tool mark depth, are used as indicators for the machined surface quality. Four sets of tests are presented showing the relationship between machined surface quality and machining conditions such as spindle speed, feedrate, and machining process. Finally, an empirical model is given based on the measurements.

VSPDT: An Optimizer for Single Point Diamond Turning

2007 ◽  
Vol 339 ◽  
pp. 447-452
Author(s):  
Jian Guang Li ◽  
Wing Bun Lee ◽  
Chi Fai Cheung ◽  
Sandy To ◽  
J.J. Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Product Development ◽  
Functional Performance ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Cutting Parameters ◽  
Diamond Turning ◽  
Virtual Manufacturing ◽  
Form Error ◽  
Ultra Precision ◽  
Virtual Workpiece ◽  
Optimal Cutting Parameters

Virtual manufacturing (VM), which primarily aimed at reducing the lead times to market and costs associated with new product development, offers various test-beds for the time-consuming and expensive physical experimentation. Since surface roughness and form accuracy play essential roles in the functional performance of the products machined with ultra-precision machining technology. An optimizer, VSPDT (virtual single point diamond turning) system was developed for the purpose of form error compensation and optimal cutting parameters selection. In this paper, the keys issues for developing VSPDT using virtual manufacturing technology were highlighted such as framework of system, virtual workpiece, virtual machining and inspection, etc. At the end of the paper, A VSPDT was developed and applied to predict and compensate the form error, select optimal cutting parameters by using a 2-axis CNC ultra-precision turning machine.

scholarly journals EP.FRI.1023 Clinical Portal: a clinician-led IT solution to the ‘surgical list’

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cait Bleakley ◽  
Chloe Wright ◽  
Rola Salem ◽  
Kirk Bowling
Keyword(s):  
Patient Information ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Junior Doctors ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
It Systems ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Aim Burnout amongst junior doctors is an emotive topic, with time pressures during busy on-call shifts negatively impacting efficiency and morale. Historically, within busy surgical firms the most junior team members commonly worked beyond scheduled hours. It has been highlighted within our trust that our IT systems significantly contributed to this. Thus leading to the creation of a clinician-led IT solution, enabling direct access to accurate information at a single point.  This study aims to measure the impact of the systems introduction on efficiency and shift experience of our junior doctors.  Methods 'Clinical Portal’ was introduced in August 2019. This IT system enables all patient information to be collated in one place, with the added benefit of simplifying the creation of patient lists. Number and duration of Exception Reports (ER) by on-call surgical juniors were measured for two months pre and post intervention. A qualitative survey was also distributed to this cohort to measure satisfaction and experience during on-call shifts within this period.  Results Following introduction of 'Clinical Portal', the total length of time included in ERs reduced. Surgical juniors expressed an improvement in their on-call experience, most notably dedicating less time to collating patient information and ward list formation. The overall experience improved despite time required to become proficient at using the new system.  Conclusions Streamlining of IT systems used during on-call shifts demonstrates improved efficiency amongst juniors reflected in a reduction of ERs. A direct consequence of these implemented changes is significant improvement in morale amongst our juniors. 

Study, analysis, and characterization of ultra-precision diamond tools for single-point diamond turning

2020 ◽  
pp. 251659842096533
Author(s):  
RamaGopal V. Sarepaka ◽  
Sivasakthi Balan ◽  
Somaiah Doodala ◽  
Rakesh Singh Panwar ◽  
D. Rajendra Kotaria
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Diamond Tool ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Diamond Turning ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Tool Selection ◽  
Diamond Tools ◽  
Surface Irregularities ◽  
Ultra Precision

In multiple applications of advanced instrumentation, single-point diamond turning (SPDT) is a popular and effective process to generate novel surfaces with nanometric surface roughness and sub-micron surface irregularities, albeit at a high cost. In SPDT, precision diamond tooling contributes significantly to the process cost escalation. Hence, for SPDT, it is vital to have an optimal precision diamond tool deployment. In this article, details of comprehensive precision diamond tool selection and tool characterization are discussed. Three makes of selected ultra-precision diamond (UPD) tools and standard diamond tools (of a global make), designated as CFT, are considered for this study. In this tool bench-marking exercise, the fabrication of Cu–Be alloy predesigned precision components (PDPCs) of a critical geometry is selected. UPD and CFT tools are deployed to fabricate (under similar machining-metrology conditions) the PDPCs. These diamond tools are evaluated in terms of the quality parameters (variation in radius of curvature, form error, and surface roughness) of the workpieces. Further, to explore the progressive wear of these tools, multiple machining cycles are conducted on these workpieces, and their quality parameters are analyzed. Thus, the precision diamond tools of three makes are benchmarked against the CFT tool. Based on the final outcome of this analysis, suitable recommendations are provided to precision diamond tool manufacturers to improve their product in terms of performance and optimized costs to meet the ever-growing tooling demands of the SPDT community.

The Three-Dimensional Model for a Community

2022 ◽  
pp. 521-534
Author(s):  
Gregory B. White ◽  
Natalie Sjelin
Keyword(s):  
Cyber Security ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Maturity Model ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
The Creation ◽  
D Model

The community cyber security maturity model (CCSMM) was designed and developed to provide communities with an action plan to build a viable and sustainable cybersecurity program focused on improving their overall cybersecurity capability. Not long after the initial development of the model, it was realized that there are intertwined relationships that needed to be addressed. This drove the creation of the three-dimensional model broadening the scope to include individuals, organizations, communities, states, and the nation. This chapter will provide an overview of the development and importance of the 3-D model and will describe the scope areas that were included.

An Experimental Study on Single Point Diamond Turning of an Unpolished Silicon Wafer via Micro-Laser Assisted Machining

2014 ◽  
Vol 1017 ◽  
pp. 175-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Mohammadi ◽  
H. Bogac Poyraz ◽  
Deepak Ravindra ◽  
John A. Patten
Keyword(s):  
Single Point ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Diamond Turning ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Workpiece Material ◽  
Crystal Silicon ◽  
Laser Assisted Machining ◽  
Diamond Cutting Tool ◽  
Si Wafer

Single Pointe Diamond Turning (SPDT) of silicon can be an extremely abrasive process due to the hardness of this material. In this research SPDT is coupled with the micro-laser assisted machining (μ-LAM) technique to machine an unpolished single crystal silicon (Si) wafer. Si is increasingly being used for industrial applications as it is hard, strong, inert, light weight and has great optical and electrical properties. Manufacturing this material without causing surface and subsurface damage is extremely challenging due to its high hardness, brittle characteristics and poor machinability. However, ductile regime machining of Si is possible due to the high pressure phase transformation (HPPT) occurring in the material caused by the high compressive and shear stresses induced by the single point diamond tool tip. The μ-LAM system is used to preferentially heat and thermally soften the workpiece material in contact with a diamond cutting tool. Different outputs such as surface roughness (Ra, Rz) and depth of cuts (DoC) for different set of experiments with and without laser were analyzed. Results show that an unpolished surface of a Si wafer can be machined in two passes to get a very good surface finish.

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