Biomedical Manufacturing: A Review of the Emerging Research and Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Chen ◽  
Robert C. Chang ◽  
Bruce Tai ◽  
Yong Huang ◽  
Burak Ozdoganlar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Quality Cost ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Current State ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Comprehensive Survey

Abstract Biomedical manufacturing, which has seen rapid growth over the past decade, is an emerging research area for the manufacturing community. This growth trajectory is exemplified and coupled with a broadening scope of applications with biomedical manufacturing technology, including advancements in the safety, quality, cost, efficiency, and speed of healthcare service and research. The goal of this topical review is to offer a comprehensive survey of the current state-of-the-art in biomedical manufacturing and to summarize existing opportunities and challenges as a basis to guide future research activities in this emerging area. This article categorizes the key manufacturing process types that are currently being leveraged for the biomedical field of use, including machining, joining, additive manufacturing, and micro-/multi-scale manufacturing. For each of these manufacturing processes, notable applications are cited and discussed to provide insights and perspectives into how manufacturing processes can play an integral role in creating new and more sophisticated healthcare services and products.

Nano-Sized and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orhophosphates in Biomedical Engineering

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 59-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey V. Dorozhkin
Keyword(s):  
Bone Repair ◽  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Biological Origin ◽  
Current State ◽  
Calcium Orthophosphates ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Hard Tissue Engineering

There has been much recent activity in the research area of nanoparticles and nanocrystalline materials, in many fields of science and technology. This is due to their outstanding and unique physical, mechanical, chemical and biological characteristics. Recent developments in biomineralization have demonstrated that nano-sized particles play an important role in the formation of the hard tissues of animals. It is well established that the basic inorganic building blocks of bones and teeth of mammals are nano-sized and nanocrystalline calcium orthophosphates (in the form of apatites) of a biological origin. In mammals, tens to hundreds of nanocrystals of biological apatite are found to combine into self-assembled structures under the control of bio-organic matrixes. It was also confirmed experimentally that the structure of both dental enamel and bones could be mimicked by an oriented aggregation of nano-sized calcium orthophosphates, determined by the biomolecules. The application and prospective use of nano-sized and nanocrystalline calcium orthophosphates for clinical repair of damaged bones and teeth are also known. For example, a greater viability and a better proliferation of various cells were detected on smaller crystals of calcium orthophosphates. Furthermore, studies revealed that the differentiation of various cells was promoted by nano-sized calcium orthophosphates. Thus, the nano-sized and nanocrystalline forms of calcium orthophosphates have the potential to revolutionize the field of hard tissue engineering, in areas ranging from bone repair and augmentation to controlled drug delivery devices. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge and recent developments of various nano-sized and nanocrystalline calcium orthophosphates, covering topics from the synthesis and characterization to biomedical and clinical applications. This review also provides possible directions of future research and development.

scholarly journals Progress in Modeling and Control of Gas Turbine Power Generation Systems: A Survey

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Mohamed ◽  
Ashraf Khalil
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Modeling And Control ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
And Control

This paper reviews the modeling techniques and control strategies applied to gas turbine power generation plants. Recent modeling philosophies are discussed and the state-of-the-art feasible strategies for control are shown. Research conducted in the field of modeling, simulation, and control of gas turbine power plants has led to notable advancements in gas turbines’ operation and energy efficiency. Tracking recent achievements and trends that have been made is essential for further development and future research. A comprehensive survey is presented here that covers the outdated attempts toward the up-to-date techniques with emphasis on different issues and turbines’ characteristics. Critical review of the various published methodologies is very useful in showing the importance of this research area in practical and technical terms. The different modeling approaches are classified and each category is individually investigated by reviewing a considerable number of research articles. Then, the main features of each category or approach is reported. The modern multi-variable control strategies that have been published for gas turbines are also reviewed. Moreover, future trends are proposed as recommendations for planned research.

Repurposing infectious diseases vaccines against cancer.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e14564-e14564
Author(s):  
Gauthier Bouche ◽  
Liese Vandeborne ◽  
Pan Pantziarka ◽  
An M. T. Van Nuffel
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms

e14564 Background: Vaccines used to prevent infection have long been known to stimulate immune responses to cancer as illustrated by the approval of the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine to treat bladder cancer since the 1970s. The recent approval of immunotherapies has rejuvenated this research area with reports of anti-tumour responses with existing infectious diseases vaccines used as such, either alone or in combination with approved immune checkpoint inhibitors. This prompted us to review recent research activities using approved vaccines to treat cancer. Methods: PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov databases were queried for all 31 infectious diseases having at least one preventive vaccine approved, and all hits were reviewed for relevance. Only articles and trial registrations about infectious diseases vaccines used in an unmodified form as treatment for cancer, were included. The search was restricted in time, capturing articles from the year 2000 until November 2020. Results: A total of 1,754 PubMed abstracts and 549 trial registrations were screened. Data supporting a cancer therapeutic use was found for 16 of the 31 infectious diseases vaccines. For 10 (BCG, diphtheria, tetanus, human papillomavirus (HPV), influenza, measles, pneumococcus, smallpox, typhoid and varicella-zoster), clinical trials have been conducted or are ongoing. Within the remaining 6, preclinical evidence supports further evaluation of the rotavirus, yellow fever and pertussis vaccine in carefully designed clinical trials. The mechanistic evidence for the cholera vaccine, combined with the observational data in colorectal cancer, is also supportive of clinical translation. There is limited data for the hepatitis B vaccine and for the mumps vaccine alone. Four findings are worth highlighting: first, the superiority of intra-vesical typhoid vaccine instillations over BCG instillations in a preclinical bladder cancer model, which is now the subject of a phase I trial; second, the perioperative use of the influenza vaccine to limit and prevent the NK cell dysfunction induced by cancer surgery; third, objective responses following intra-tumoral injections of the measles vaccine in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; fourth, objective responses induced by the HPV vaccine in skin squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusions: Sixteen infectious diseases vaccines have been or are currently being explored for repurposing in oncology. All vaccines are intended to induce or improve an anti-tumour (immune) response. Next to biological and immunological mechanisms, that are very different from one vaccine to another, also the mode of administration and combinations and sequence with other (immuno-)therapies deserve more attention in future research.

In Defence of Mobile Technologies Exploring the Socio-Technological Dimensions of M-Learning

2011 ◽  
pp. 67-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayse Kok
Keyword(s):  
Learning Experience ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Mobile Technologies ◽  
Educational Services ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Mobile Phone Applications ◽  
Future Research Directions

There has been a rapid growth in the research concerning mobile phones and the delivery of the learning experience in developing countries in recent years. The aim of this chapter is to improve understanding of this expanding research area and in so doing consider the potential for mobile phone applications for the delivery of educational services for the poor. The current state of knowledge is assessed by reviewing the existing research articles drawn from both peer-reviewed academic journals and non-peer reviewed studies and other practitioner-orientated sources. Issues relating to educational needs and the measurement of impacts have been comparatively neglected, whilst application design and adoption have received greater attention. Emphasis tends to be on devices and new ways to deliver services, but ignores the broader context of educational services for the poor and tends to be technology-led (Duncombe, 2006). In order to correct this imbalance in research, the paper identifies key points relating to concepts, methodologies, issues addressed and evidence presented and provides pointers to future research directions.

scholarly journals Leadership: the complexities and state of the field

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 514-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Marie Clark ◽  
Christian Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Research Area ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Research Opportunities ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Current State ◽  
Narrative Literature ◽  
Narrative Literature Review ◽  
Extensive Body ◽  
Leadership Approaches

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to advance contemporary cognisance of the leadership field and its current state, through the synthesis and development of earlier contributions. A taxonomy of evolutionary eras is tendered, from which future research opportunities can be extrapolated. Design/methodology/approach This paper conducts a narrative literature review of significant leadership literature. There is a focus on prominent contributions which are considered to have been highly influential within the field, while acknowledging other notable influences. Findings Leadership is found to be a multifaceted and evolving field, which continues to produce further research fields. This dynamism hinders the progression of leadership to achieve integration. Eleven interrelated eras of leadership, which hold varying research value, were found. While some eras superficially appear to be discredited, there is arguably scope for these to be developed in contemporary context. Currently, the leadership approaches which are replete with research opportunities include servant leadership, a skills approach and an entrepreneurial leadership. Research limitations/implications Leadership is a vast research area with numerous contributions to its body of work; therefore, this review has focused on prominent contributions and has not attempted to include all available literature. The dissemination of leadership literature has allowed for research gaps to emerge and future research recommendations to be drawn. Originality/value While there is an extensive body of leadership literature, there are few reviews of the literature. A comprehensive contemporary review facilitates an examination of the current complexities and state of the leadership field.

scholarly journals Shift in the paradigm towards next-generation microbiology

2019 ◽  
Vol 366 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Blaž Stres ◽  
Luka Kronegger
Keyword(s):  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Scientific Success ◽  
Novel Technologies ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Current State ◽  
Medical Microbiology ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Meta Analyses

ABSTRACT In this work, the position of contemporary microbiology is considered from the perspective of scientific success, and a list of historical points and lessons learned from the fields of medical microbiology, microbial ecology and systems biology is presented. In addition, patterns in the development of top-down research topics that emerged over time as well as overlapping ideas and personnel, which are the first signs of trans-domain research activities in the fields of metagenomics, metaproteomics, metatranscriptomics and metabolomics, are explored through analysis of the publication networks of 28 654 papers using the computer programme Pajek. The current state of affairs is defined, and the need for meta-analyses to leverage publication biases in the field of microbiology is put forward as a very important emerging field of microbiology, especially since microbiology is progressively dealing with multi-scale systems. Consequently, the need for cross-fertilisation with other fields/disciplines instead of ‘more microbiology’ is needed to advance the field of microbiology as such. The reader is directed to consider how novel technologies, the introduction of big data approaches and artificial intelligence have transformed microbiology into a multi-scale field and initiated a shift away from its history of mostly manual work and towards a largely technology-, data- and statistics-driven discipline that is often coupled with automation and modelling.

scholarly journals Multiphysics Modeling and Numerical Simulation in Computer-Aided Manufacturing Processes

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Tomasz Trzepieciński ◽  
Francesco dell’Isola ◽  
Hirpa G. Lemu
Keyword(s):  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Intelligent Manufacturing ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Computer Aided Manufacturing ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Current State ◽  
Common Term ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques

The concept of Industry 4.0 is defined as a common term for technology and the concept of new digital tools to optimize the manufacturing process. Within this framework of modular smart factories, cyber-physical systems monitor physical processes creating a virtual copy of the physical world and making decentralized decisions. This article presents a review of the literature on virtual methods of computer-aided manufacturing processes. Numerical modeling is used to predict stress and temperature distribution, springback, material flow, and prediction of phase transformations, as well as for determining forming forces and the locations of potential wrinkling and cracking. The scope of the review has been limited to the last ten years, with an emphasis on the current state of knowledge. Intelligent production driven by the concept of Industry 4.0 and the demand for high-quality equipment in the aerospace and automotive industries forces the development of manufacturing techniques to progress towards intelligent manufacturing and ecological production. Multi-scale approaches that tend to move from macro- to micro- parameters become very important in numerical optimization programs. The software requirements for optimizing a fully coupled thermo-mechanical microstructure then increase rapidly. The highly advanced simulation programs based on our knowledge of physical and mechanical phenomena occurring in non-homogeneous materials allow a significant acceleration of the introduction of new products and the optimization of existing processes.

scholarly journals A Survey on Real-Time Communications in Wireless Sensor Networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beom-Su Kim ◽  
HoSung Park ◽  
Kyong Hoon Kim ◽  
Daniel Godfrey ◽  
Ki-Il Kim
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Important Research ◽  
Time Model ◽  
Comprehensive Survey

Generally, various traffic requirements in wireless sensor network are mostly dependent on specific application types, that is, event-driven, continuous, and query-driven types. In these applications, real-time delivery is one of the important research challenges. However, due to harsh networking environment around a node, many researchers usually take different approach from conventional networks. In order to discuss and analyze the advantage or disadvantage of these approaches, some comprehensive survey literatures were published; however they are either out of date or compiled for communication protocols on single layer. Based on this deficiency, in this paper, we present the up-to-date research approaches and discuss the important features related to real-time communications in wireless sensor networks. As for grouping, we categorize the approaches into hard, soft, and firm real-time model. Furthermore, in all these categories, research has been focused on MAC and scheduling and routing according to research area or objective in second level. Finally, the article also suggests potential directions for future research in the field.

scholarly journals Analysis of Cooperation Between Science and Business in the Function of Improving the Effectiveness of the Republic of Serbia Economic Growth

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Stošić ◽  
Duško Bodroža ◽  
Mihajlo Đukić
Keyword(s):  
Technological Development ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Current State ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Education Science

The subject of this paper is the analysis of cooperation between science and business in the Republic of Serbia. The main goal of the paper is to identify the level of cooperation, the achieved results and the scientific areas in which the cooperation is being carried out, through the analysis of the current state of cooperation between science and business. The paper should serve as the starting point for future research, where the effects of profitability of investments in science at macro and micro level will be evaluated. The analysis used the official data on the achieved results in scientific research activities from the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, and data from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development. The obtained results showed that Serbia has a potential in the science sector, but that it is not sufficiently used by the economy since researchers focus exclusively on the production of scientific work.

scholarly journals A Survey on Unmanned Surface Vehicles for Disaster Robotics: Main Challenges and Directions

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitor Jorge ◽  
Roger Granada ◽  
Renan Maidana ◽  
Darlan Jurak ◽  
Guilherme Heck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disaster Management ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Gaps ◽  
Unmanned Surface Vehicles ◽  
Navigation And Control ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
And Control ◽  
Marine Vessels

Disaster robotics has become a research area in its own right, with several reported cases of successful robot deployment in actual disaster scenarios. Most of these disaster deployments use aerial, ground, or underwater robotic platforms. However, the research involving autonomous boats or Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs) for Disaster Management (DM) is currently spread across several publications, with varying degrees of depth, and focusing on more than one unmanned vehicle—usually under the umbrella of Unmanned Marine Vessels (UMV). Therefore, the current importance of USVs for the DM process in its different phases is not clear. This paper presents the first comprehensive survey about the applications and roles of USVs for DM, as far as we know. This work demonstrates that there are few current deployments in disaster scenarios, with most of the research in the area focusing on the technological aspects of USV hardware and software, such as Guidance Navigation and Control, and not focusing on their actual importance for DM. Finally, to guide future research, this paper also summarizes our own contributions, the lessons learned, guidelines, and research gaps.

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