Development of Viscosified Acid-Surfactant Solutions for Oilfield Applications: Rheological Properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lionel Talley Fogang ◽  
Muhammad Shahzad Kamal ◽  
Mohamed Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Acid Solution ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Shear Thinning ◽  
Rate Range ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Surfactant Solutions

Abstract Viscosified acids are desired in several oilfield applications such as in acid diversion and acid fracturing operations. The study aimed to delineate the rheological properties of a novel amine type surfactant and viscosified acid-surfactant solutions. The steady shear and dynamic rheological properties were evaluated by varying the surfactant, acid, and salt concentration. Such a study is required to gauge the suitability of the viscosifying agent in acid stimulation jobs. The surfactant solutions without acid showed shear-thinning behavior, whereas those with acid showed a Newtonian plateau over a wide shear rate range before undergoing shear thinning. This means that over a wide shear rate range, the acid-surfactant solutions become independent of applied shear. At low shear rates, the viscosity of the surfactant was higher compared with the surfactant-acid solution. However, at high shear rates, the viscosity of the surfactant was lower compared with the viscosity of the surfactant-acid solution. There was an optimal salt concentration that improved the viscosity and elasticity of the acid-surfactant solutions. Thus, the rheology of the surfactant solution can be improved by adding both acid and salt. The elastic properties of acid-surfactant solutions were also better compared with the elastic properties of pure surfactant. The addition of acid improved the elastic properties of the surfactant solutions. Constant viscosity over a range of shear rate is a suitable application for acid fracturing operations in which the acid leak-off will be minimal due to the high viscosity. Also, brines in most of the carbonate formation consist of high loading of calcium chloride which was found to have a positive effect on the viscosity. Increasing the calcium chloride leads to an increase in viscosity, and then subsequently decreases the viscosity. This shows that the acid and salt concentration plays a role in modifying the rheological properties of the surfactant solutions.

Rheological Properties of Methane Hydrate Slurry in the Presence of Xanthan Gum

SPE Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (05) ◽  
pp. 2341-2352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiqi Fu ◽  
Zhiyuan Wang ◽  
Baojiang Sun ◽  
Jianchun Xu ◽  
Litao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Newtonian Fluid ◽  
Methane Hydrate ◽  
Xanthan Gum ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
Shear Thinning ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Blowout Preventer

Summary Methane hydrate formation in a xanthan-gum (XG) solution is an important problem for drilling in a deepwater environment. It not only alters the rheology of the drilling fluid in the wellbore but increases the risks of a hydrate blockage in the blowout preventer. The current work is performing groups of experiments to investigate the rheology of the hydrate slurry under XG concentrations of 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, and 0.3%, shear rates from 10 to 480 s−1, and hydrate concentrations from 1.01 to 9.12%. The experimental results show that the hydrate slurry with XG additives exhibits an obvious shear-thinning behavior, which is because the XG solution has strong pseudoplastic characteristics, and the inner structures of the flocculated hydrate particles suspended in the hydrate slurry are broken up during the hydrate-slurry flow. The increase of hydrate concentrations in the hydrate slurry can reduce the non-Newtonian fluid index and make the rheology of the hydrate slurry become more shear-thinning. However, as the XG concentration increases in the hydrate slurry, the influence of the hydrate concentration on the rheology of the hydrate slurry gradually weakens. Empirical Herschel–Bulkley-type equations are developed to describe the rheology of the hydrate slurry with XG for the current experimental condition, considering the shear rate, hydrate concentration, and XG concentration. In the proposed equations, the non-Newtonian factor and the consistency factor are expressed as functions of XG concentration empirically. Correction Notice:The preprint version of this paper was modified from its original version to correct Figs. 8 and 9 and Eqs. 6 through 9 on page 7. Errata explaining the corrections are included below as Supporting Information.

scholarly journals Rheological properties of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose/sodium dodecylsulfate mixtures

2014 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Katona ◽  
Sandra Njaradi ◽  
Verica Sovilj ◽  
Lidija Petrovic ◽  
Brankica Marceta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Sodium Dodecylsulfate ◽  
Shear Thinning ◽  
Cellulose Ether ◽  
Flow Profile ◽  
Hydroxypropylmethyl Cellulose ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Newtonian Liquids ◽  
Shear Induced Structure ◽  
Induced Structure

Rheological properties of mixtures of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), a nonionic associative cellulose ether, and sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), an anionic surfactant, were investigated by viscosity measurements performed at different shear rates (0.1-6000 s-1). HPMC/SDS mixtures containing different concentrations of SDS (CSDS=0.00-3.50 % w/w) and HPMC concentrations which corresponded to the overlap parameter c/c*=3, 6, and 12 were prepared. All HPMC/SDS mixtures were found to be shear-thinning when examined in a low-end-to mid-range of the applied shear rates. The degree of shear-thinning, n, and viscosity of the mixtures were influenced by composition of HPMC/SDS mixtures and HPMC-SDS complex formation. The changes in n ranged from values typical for highly shear thinning to almost perfectly Newtonian liquids, and were more pronounced as c/c* was increased from 3 to 6 and 12. A change in flow profile and a buildup of the first normal stress difference (N1) was observed in HPMC/SDS mixtures with c/c*=6 and 12 and CSDS 0.55-1.00 % and 0.55-2.50 %, respectively, when a critical shear rate, crit. was exceeded, suggesting that a shear-induced structure formation in the mixtures took place.

scholarly journals Use of helical ribbon mixer for measurement of rheological properties of fruit pulps

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 148-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Novotná ◽  
A. Landfeld ◽  
K. Kýhos ◽  
M. Houška ◽  
J. Strohalm
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Flow Behaviour ◽  
Rotational Rheometer ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Coaxial Cylinders ◽  
Helical Ribbon ◽  
Flow Behaviour Index ◽  
Average Shear ◽  
Behaviour Index

Fruit pulps contain fine particles of the flesh of the original fruit that are suspended in the fruit juice. This suspension has a tendency to settling or separation during measurements of its rheological properties in the rotational rheometer with coaxial cylinders (especially if the greater gap is used). In this case the use of a mixer is convenient. The mixer can serve as a tool for measurement of rheological properties and at the same time it can prevent the settling and it is not sensitive to the occurrence of greater particles in the measured fluid. The helical ribbon mixer was used in this work for measurement of five samples of fruit pulp. The mixer was calibrated by the use of Newtonian fluid of known viscosity (honey). The radius of the inner cylinder of hypothetical rotational rheometer was predicted from the assumption that mixer and cylinder exhibit the same torque necessary for the rotation at the same rotational speed. The average shear rate in the mixed pulp was predicted by using the relation valid for power law fluids and rheometer with coaxial cylinders. The radius (where the average shear rate was calculated) was chosen by the requirement that the shear rate would be almost independent of changes in the flow behaviour index valid for measured pulps. Firstly the flow behaviour index was predicted as a slope of torque vs. rotational speed dependence in log-log co-ordinates. It was found that the flow behaviour index varies in the range 0.2–0.3. The radius was predicted from a graph where shear rates for 0.2 and 0.3 are the same. Then the average shear rates were calculated from rotational speeds for individual flow behaviour indexes. Rheological properties measured by using a mixer correspond to those measured with a rotational rheometer with coaxial cylinders satisfactorily only in the case that the creeping flow regime was kept in the mixed fluid. The fruit pulps are strongly non-Newtonian fluids with very low values of the flow behaviour index around 0.2.

scholarly journals Soft channel formation and symmetry breaking in exotic active emulsions

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. N. Carenza ◽  
G. Gonnella ◽  
A. Lamura ◽  
D. Marenduzzo ◽  
G. Negro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Contractile Activity ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Fluid Flows ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Isotropic Fluid

Abstract We use computer simulations to study the morphology and rheological properties of a bidimensional emulsion resulting from a mixture of a passive isotropic fluid and an active contractile polar gel, in the presence of a surfactant that favours the emulsification of the two phases. By varying the intensity of the contractile activity and of an externally imposed shear flow, we find three possible morphologies. For low shear rates, a simple lamellar state is obtained. For intermediate activity and shear rate, an asymmetric state emerges, which is characterized by shear and concentration banding at the polar/isotropic interface. A further increment in the active forcing leads to the self-assembly of a soft channel where an isotropic fluid flows between two layers of active material. We characterize the stability of this state by performing a dynamical test varying the intensity of the active forcing and shear rate. Finally, we address the rheological properties of the system by measuring the effective shear viscosity, finding that this increases as active forcing is increased—so that the fluid thickens with activity.

The Simulation of Aggregated Colloids Under Flow

1992 ◽  
Vol 289 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Melrose
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Shear Thinning ◽  
High Shear ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Rouse Model ◽  
High Shear Rates ◽  
Structural Breakdown ◽  
Large Scale Simulations ◽  
Low Shear

AbstractAn overview is given of theories of aggregates under flow. These generally assume some sort of structural breakdown as the shear rate is increased. Models vary with both the rigidity of the bonding and the level of treatment of hydrodynamics. Results are presented for simulations of a Rouse model of non-rigid, (i.e. central force) weakly bonded aggregates. In large scale simulations different structures are observed at low and high shear rates. The change from one structure to another is associated with a change in the rate of shear thinning. The model captures low shear rate features of real systems absent in previous models: this feature is ascribed to agglomerate deformations. Quantitatively, the model is two orders of magnitude out from experiment but some scaling is possible.

scholarly journals Shear-Thinning Effect of the Spinning Disc Mixer on Starch Nanoparticle Precipitation

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1622
Author(s):  
Sahr Sana ◽  
Vladimir Zivkovic ◽  
Kamelia Boodhoo
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Shear Thinning ◽  
Solute Concentration ◽  
Liquid Films ◽  
High Shear ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Disc Surface ◽  
Particle Characteristics ◽  
Thinning Effect ◽  
Spinning Disc

Spinning disc technology is capable of achieving intensified micromixing within thin liquid films created through large shear rates, typically of the order of 103 s−1, generated by means of fast disc surface rotation. In this study the effect of the high shear on solvent–antisolvent mixing and starch nanoparticle precipitation is reported. Rheological studies of starch solutions at 2% w/v and 4% w/v have demonstrated their shear-thinning behaviour at the large shear rates experienced on the spinning disc surface. The effect of such high shear rate on starch nanoparticle precipitation is investigated alongside solute concentration and several other operating parameters such as flow rate, disc rotational speed, and solvent/antisolvent ratio. A reduction in nanoparticle size has been observed with an increase in starch concentration, although agglomeration was found to be more prevalent amongst these smaller particles particularly at larger flow rates and disc rotational speeds. Micromixing time, estimated on the basis of an engulfment mechanism, has been correlated against shear rate. With fast micromixing of the order of 1 ms observed at higher shear rates, and which are practically unaffected by the starch concentrations used, micromixing is not thought to be influential in determining the particle characteristics highlighted in this work.

scholarly journals Shear thinning and thickening of cemented paste backfill

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liuhua Yang ◽  
Hongjiang Wang ◽  
Aixiang Wu ◽  
Hong Li ◽  
Arlin Bruno Tchamba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Yield Stress ◽  
Shear Thinning ◽  
High Shear ◽  
Cemented Paste Backfill ◽  
Concentrated Suspension ◽  
History Effects ◽  
Paste Backfill ◽  
Shear History

Abstract Cemented paste backfill (CPB) is considered to be a concentrated suspension in which tailings are bonded together by the hydraulic binder and water, and it has a high solid volume concentration (≥50 vol.%). Although the shear thinning and thickening of CPB has been extensively reported in literature, the shear history effects have been ignored in previous studies. In this paper, by using rheometer and Focused Beam Reflectance Measurement, the relationship between the rheological properties and microstructure of the paste under different shear histories was studied. The results have shown that at a low shear rate, CPB revealed shear thinning, low yield stress and low index parameters; while exhibited shear thickening, high yield stress and high consistency index when at high shear rates of shear history. This agreed with the general trends shown in the FBRM analysis. It was proposed that the action of shear is beneficial to particle dispersion, whereas a high shear rate history tends to promote the aggregation of particles. It was revealed that both shear thinning and thickening of paste are related to the situation of particles (flocculation, dispersion and aggregation), and shear history effects play an important role in rheological properties of CPB.

Rheological Properties of Aircraft Grease Containing Nano-Additives

2009 ◽  
Vol 419-420 ◽  
pp. 53-56
Author(s):  
Bao Yu Song ◽  
Qing Xiang Yang ◽  
Feng Zhang ◽  
Dai Zhong Su
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Apparent Viscosity ◽  
Shear Thinning ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Nanoparticle Concentration ◽  
Rotational Viscometer ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
The One ◽  
The Given

The apparent viscosity of aircraft grease with different nano-particles content, temperature and shear rates were studied using a rotational viscometer. The rheological properties of two types of aircraft grease, the basic grease and the one with nano-particles additives, were investigated using a rheometer. The results indicated that the apparent viscosity increases with the increase of nanoparticle concentration with the given ratio of nano-particles added. It was also found that the grease with and without the nano-particles both have yield stresses and clear shear-thinning properties. The shear-thinning phenomenon of the grease containing nano-particles is more evident than that of the basic grease. The experimental results also reveal that the rheological characteristics of both types of grease fall in Herschel-Bulkley class, and the nano-particles have a significant influence on the rheological parameters. At the end, the rheology mechanism was discussed based on the entanglement and orientation theories.

A Comparison of Rheological Models and Experimental Data of Metallocene Linear Low Density Polyethylene Solutions as a Function of Temperature and Concentration

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 4322-4339
Author(s):  
Salah Hamza
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Shear Rate ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Linear Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Wide Range

Knowledge of rheological properties of polymer and their variation with temperature and concentration have been globally important for processing and fabrication of polymers in order to make useful products. Basheer et al. [1] investigated, experimentally, the changes in rheological properties of metallocene linear low density polyethylene (mLLDPE) solutions by using a rotational rheometer model AR-G2 with parallel plate geometry. Their work covered the temperature range from  to  and  concentration from  to . In this paper, we reconsider Basheer work to describe the rheological behavior of mLLDPE solutions and its dependence on concentration and temperature.Until now, several models have been built to describe the complex behavior of polymer fluids with varying degrees of success. In this article, Oldroyd 4-constant, Giesekus and Power law models were tested for investigating the viscosity of mLLDPE solution as a function of shear rate. Results showed that Giesekus and power law models provide the best prediction of viscosity for a wide range of shear rates at constant temperature and concentration. Therefore, Giesekus and power law models were suitable for all mLLDPE solutions while Oldroyd 4-constant model doesn't.A new proposed correlation for the viscosity of mLLDPE solutions as a function of shear rate, temperature and concentration has been suggested. The effect of temperature and concentration can be adequately described by an Arrhenius-type and exponential function respectively. The proposed correlation form was found to fit the experimental data adequately.

Thixotropy of aqueous solution of fluorocarbon-modified poly(acrylic acid)

e-Polymers ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongqi Hu ◽  
Lin Li ◽  
Mingcai Chen
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Shear Rate ◽  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Great Increase ◽  
Hydrophobic Association ◽  
Chain Elongation ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Viscosity Dependence ◽  
Poly Acrylic Acid

AbstractThe rheological properties of the aqueous solution of 1H,1H,11Hperfluoroundecyl acrylate -modified poly(acrylic acid) were studied. It was found that the solutions show different viscosity dependence on shear time at different pH and shear rates. At lower pH and moderate shear rates, the viscosity of the solutions shows a great increase with time. At pH 5.0 and above, it exhibits thixotropy at any shear rate, i.e., the viscosity decreases with time at constant shear rates. If the shearing stops, the viscosity of the solutions can be recovered to some extent. These phenomena are interpreted to be due to the intermolecular hydrophobic association: the construction of the association leads to an increase of the viscosity, the destroying of the association leads to a decrease of the viscosity. The pH-induced conformational change and the shearing-induced chain elongation jointly influence the intermolecular hydrophobic association.

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