Co-Pyrolysis of Chicken and Cow Manure

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Osama M. Selim ◽  
Ryoichi S. Amano
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Exothermic Reaction ◽  
Heat Rate ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Slow Heating ◽  
Quasi Equilibrium ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Pyrolysis Kinetics ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Cellulose Decomposition

Abstract Conventional pyrolysis is a relatively simple way for biochar production; however, a single biomass feedstock approach is not promising for the development of multiple properties of biochar used in various applications. This study provides a detailed comparison in terms of pyrolysis kinetics between the cow manure and chicken manure, in addition to the co-pyrolysis by mixing the two livestock at different ratios. Eight different heating rates were tested, 5–40 °C/min with 5 °C/min step, on both livestock using the nitrogen as a gas agent with a flowrate of 50 ml/min. The initial results show that for the slow heating rates, 5 °C/min, the thermal degradation of the cow manure is different compared to that obtained from chicken manure. For the cow manure, the first peak, associated with hemicellulose decomposition, is higher than the second peak, associated with cellulose decomposition, which is the other way around for chicken manure. At 5 °C /min, the hemicellulose decomposition took place at 250 °C and 300 °C for the chicken manure and cow manure, respectively. The cellulose decomposition was started at 300 °C for chicken manure and 470 °C for cow manure. The lowest heat rate was selected for the co-pyrolysis case study to allow a quasi-equilibrium state to avoid measurement errors and heat transfer limitation in terms of thermal lag. Co-pyrolysis is studied with different blend ratios between the chicken and cow manure, where the 40% cow manure shows a positive result in terms of keeping an exothermic reaction over the co-pyrolysis process.

Effect of Heating Rate on Chemical Kinetics of Chicken Manure With Different Gas Agents

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Osama M. Selim ◽  
Mohamed S. Hussein ◽  
Ryoichi S. Amano
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Heating Rate ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Chemical Kinetic ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Slow Heating ◽  
Quasi Equilibrium ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Gasification Process ◽  
Kinetics Of

Abstract This paper presents the study on the effect of different heating rates on the pyrolysis and gasification process of the chicken manure. The obtained results are shown by the extent of reaction, the kinetics of the reaction, and differential thermal analysis. In total, 24 cases were carried out; eight heating rates with three different gas agents each. The results show that when using nitrogen or carbon dioxide as gas agents, the reactions were endothermic. Consequently, the energy must be supplied in terms of heating to sustain the reaction. Furthermore, the air gasification was exothermic, which means that the reaction can be sustained without external heating, where the self-ignition was observed between 450 °C–600 °C. The thermal degradation of the three main components of the chicken manure was obtained. The pyrolysis process was divided into two regions at 360 °C and the order of reaction of five for both regions. For the gasification process, it was observed that carbon dioxide had the most complicated mechanism with four stages. Finally, it is recommended to use the lowest heating rate to allow a quasi-equilibrium state through slow heating. Consequently, the delay in response or any transient error can be avoided as they are the main reason for measurement errors. These chemical kinetic parameters can be used in the future for the chicken manure simulation using the order of reaction mechanism for solid-state gasification.

scholarly journals Mechanism of the improvement of the energy of host–guest explosives by incorporation of small guest molecules: HNO3 and H2O2 promoted C–N bond cleavage of the ring of ICM-102

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiwen Xiao ◽  
Lang Chen ◽  
Kun Yang ◽  
Deshen Geng ◽  
Jianying Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bond Cleavage ◽  
Exothermic Reaction ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Ring Structure ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Initial Reaction ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Thermal Stabilities ◽  
Guest Molecules ◽  
Molecule Reaction

AbstractHost–guest materials exhibit great potential applications as an insensitive high-energy–density explosive and low characteristic signal solid propellant. To investigate the mechanism of the improvement of the energy of host–guest explosives by guest molecules, ReaxFF-lg reactive molecular dynamics simulations were performed to calculate the thermal decomposition reactions of the host–guest explosives systems ICM-102/HNO3, ICM-102/H2O2, and pure ICM-102 under different constant high temperatures and different heating rates. Incorporation of guest molecules significantly increased the energy level of the host–guest system. However, the initial reaction path of the ICM-102 molecule was not changed by the guest molecules. The guest molecules did not initially participate in the host molecule reaction. After a period of time, the H2O2 and HNO3 guest molecules promoted cleavage of the C–N bond of the ICM-102 ring. Stronger oxidation and higher oxygen content resulted in the guest molecules more obviously accelerating destruction of the ICM-102 ring structure. The guest molecules accelerated the initial endothermic reaction of ICM-102, but they played a more important role in the intermediate exothermic reaction stage: incorporation of guest molecules (HNO3 and H2O2) greatly improved the heat release and exothermic reaction rate. Although the energies of the host–guest systems were clearly improved by incorporation of guest molecules, the guest molecules had little effect on the thermal stabilities of the systems.

FOAM TEMPERATURES DURING VAT PASTEURIZATION OF MILK PRODUCTS

1971 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-139
Author(s):  
R. W. Dickerson ◽  
R. B. Read
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Liquid Surface ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Ice Cream ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Slow Heating ◽  
Milk Product ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Holding Period ◽  
Foam Thickness

Heating rates of foam during vat pasteurization were investigated to determine whether shorter holding times and higher processing temperatures would be feasible from a public health standpoint. A rake of 19 thermocouples, spaced 0.5 inch apart, was installed vertically in a 300-gal vat pasteurizer and the rake was adjusted to measure the temperature of the heated airspace, foam, and liquid product. With 200 gal of ice cream mix (16% milk fat), an 11-inch foam was generated on the liquid surface. The minimum temperature in the ice cream mix foam was below pasteurization temperature for 27 min of the 30-min holding period despite satisfactory temperatures as indicated by the product and airspace thermometers. When a 7-inch foam was generated above 218 gal of chocolate milk, the minimum foam temperature was below pasteurization temperature for the first 14 min of the holding period. Attempts to generate foams on milk were unsuccessful. Because of the slow heating rates of milk-product foams, holding times shorter than 30 min cannot ensure the inactivation of microbial pathogens in the foam, and, consequently, they are not recommended. Some foams should be held longer than 30 min to ensure pasteurization, and additional holding time needed may be computed from known values of foam thickness, airspace temperature , and heating rate of the liquid.

scholarly journals Growth and yield response of local soybean in the giving of various organic fertilizer

2021 ◽  
Vol 905 (1) ◽  
pp. 012028
Author(s):  
M Rahayu ◽  
E Purwanto ◽  
A Setyawati ◽  
A T Sakya ◽  
Samanhudi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Goat Manure

Abstract Soybean is the basic material for any kind of industry, such as tofu and tempeh industries. Soybean cultivation will be better if use a sustainable agricultural system, such as using organic fertilizers. This research purpose was to find out the effect of organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of local soybean. The research used a complete randomized design with one factor which was a variety of organic fertilizers with 6 treatments. Various fertilizers used in this research consist of inorganic fertilizer, liquid organic, compost, cow manure, rabbit urine, chicken manure, and goat manure. Each test unit consists of 4 pots (plants) and each was repeated 4 times. The results showed that the provision of compost and goat manure increased the growth of local soybean plants, include plant height and the number of leaves at 42 DAP and leaf area at 28 DAP. The application of various organic fertilizers (liquid fertilizer, compost, cow manure, goat manure, and rabbit urine) is unable to increase the yield and yield components of local soybeans.

scholarly journals The Effect of Organic Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of Water Spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir)

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Selvia Dewi Pohan
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Total Chlorophyll ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Water Spinach ◽  
Total Chlorophyll Content

Water spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir) had been identified as a nutritious vegetable with high demand in Indonesia. Besides, this plant also has been evidenced to play an important role in environmental cleaning as phytoremediator. The study about the effect of organic fertilizers on the growth and yield of water spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir) has been conducted in the Green House of Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Medan. The study aims to investigate the most effective type of fertilizers and the dose for water spinach’s (Ipomoea reptans Poir) growth and yield. A Completely Randomized Factorial Design was designed for the experiment with two factors and three repetitions. The first factor is the type of fertilizer (chicken manure, cow manure, and compost), and the second factor is the dose of the fertilizer (1:1, 2:1, and 3:1). The parameters such as plant height, number of shoots, number of leaves, fresh weight, dry weight, leaf’s total chlorophyll content, and water content were measured to evaluate plant growth and yield. The General Linear Model used SPSS 21 programs was applied to analyze the collected data. Study results revealed that cow manure increased plant growth and yield significantly with dose 2:1 as the finest treatment, followed by dose 3:1. Cow manure also increased total chlorophyll content (8.0574c mg. L-1), with the most suitable dose was 2:1 (8.2807 mg. L-1). The plant’s water content tended to be high in chicken manure (93%), and the lower water content was in cow manure with dose 3:1 (87.5%).

Study on the residual performance of RC beams exposed to processed temperatures and fire

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachin Vijaya Kumar ◽  
N. Suresh
Keyword(s):  
Failure Modes ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Slow Heating ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Rc Beams ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Fast Heating ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Temperature Increment ◽  
Residual Performance

PurposeThe Reinforced Concrete(RC) elements are known to perform well during exposure to elevated temperatures. Hence, RC elements are widely used to resist the extreme heat developing from accidental fires and other industrial processes. In both of the scenarios, the RC element is exposed to elevated temperatures. However, the primary differences between the fire and processed temperatures are the rate of temperature increase, mode of exposure and exposure durations. In order to determine the effect of two heating modalities, RC beams were exposed to processed temperatures with slow heating rates and fire with fast heating rates.Design/methodology/approachIn the present study, RC beam specimens were exposed to 200 °C, to 800 °C temperature at 200 °C intervals for 2 h' duration by adopting two heating modes; Fire and processed temperatures. An electrical furnace with low-temperature increment and a fire furnace with standard time-temperature increment is adapted to expose the RC elements to elevated temperatures.FindingsIt is observed from test results that, the reduction in load-carrying capacity, first crack load, and thermal crack widths of RC beams exposed to 200 °C, and 600 °C temperature at fire is significantly high from the RC beams exposed to the processed temperature having the same maximum temperature. As the exposure temperature increases to 800 °C, the performance of RC beams at all heating modes becomes approximately equal.Originality/valueIn this work, residual performance, and failure modes of RC beams exposed to elevated temperatures were achieved through two different heating modes are presented.

Influence of Rate of Heating to Aging Temperature on Precipitation Hardening in a Metastable β Titanium Alloy

2014 ◽  
Vol 1025-1026 ◽  
pp. 445-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashwary Pande ◽  
Salil Sainis ◽  
Santhosh Rajaraman ◽  
Geetha Manivasagam ◽  
M. Nageswara Rao
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Titanium Alloy ◽  
Heating Rate ◽  
Aging Temperature ◽  
Alpha Phase ◽  
Slow Heating ◽  
Precipitation Reaction ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Rate Of Heating ◽  
Reduction In Area

A comparison between slow heating to aging temperature and direct charging at aging temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties obtained after the aging was established for the metastable beta (β) titanium alloy Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn. The alloy was subjected to two single aging (SA) and two duplex aging (DA) conditions, with two heating rates to aging temperature: (i) low heating rate of 5 oC/min (ii) direct charging into a furnace heated to aging temperature. The microstructure analysis was carried out using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy. Mechanical Testing was carried to evaluate Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS), 0.2% Yield Strength (YS), % Elongation (%El.), % Reduction in area (%RA) and hardness. In the case of SA samples aged at 500 °C for 8 h and 500 °C for 10 h, heating rate of 5 °C/min to aging temperature resulted in a finer microstructure but did not help in achieving better strength-ductility combination compared to direct charging. Lower rate of heating allows enough dwell time in the temperature range 250-300 oC for pre-precipitation reaction to occur which aids in fine scale precipitation of alpha phase during aging. In the case of DA samples aged at 250 oC for 24 h followed by 500 oC for 8 h and 300 oC for 10 h followed by 500 oC for 10 h, no tangible difference between lower rate of heating and direct charging was observed in mechanical properties or microstructure. This is believed to be due to the pre-aging steps 250 oC/24 h or 300 oC/10h in the two DA treatments, which create finely distributed precursors thereby leaving no scope for the heating rate to play a role.

scholarly journals Formation of Phases in Reactively Sintered TiAl3 Alloy

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1912
Author(s):  
Andrea Školáková ◽  
Pavel Salvetr ◽  
Jindřich Leitner ◽  
Tomáš Lovaši ◽  
Pavel Novák
Keyword(s):  
Melting Point ◽  
Exothermic Reaction ◽  
Intermetallic Phase ◽  
Optical Pyrometer ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Preferential Formation ◽  
High Temperature Synthesis ◽  
Chemical Equations ◽  
New Finding ◽  
Two Stages

This work highlights new results on the synthesis of the TiAl3 intermetallic phase using self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. This method is considered a promising sintering route for intermetallic compounds. It was found that the reactions proceed in two stages. Below the melting point of aluminum, the Ti2Al5 phase forms at 450 °C after long annealing times by a direct solid-state reaction between the aluminum and titanium, and is converted consequently to TiAl3. This is a completely new finding; until now, many authors have believed in the preferential formation of the TiAl3 phase. The second stage, the self-propagating strongly exothermic reaction, proceeds above the melting point of aluminum. It leads to the formation of the TiAl3 phase accompanied by Ti2Al5 and Ti3Al phases. The reaction mechanism was shown in the form of chemical equations, which were supported by calculating Gibbs energy. Reaction temperatures (Tonset, Tmaximum, and Toffset) were determined after induction heating thanks to recording by an optical pyrometer. This finding provides completely new opportunities for the determination of activation energy at heating rates, in which common calorimeters are not able to detect a response or even measure. Now, the whole procedure will become accessible.

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