scholarly journals Investigation of the Tribological and Tribochemical Interactions of Different Ferrous Layers Applied to Nitride Surfaces

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thawhid Khan ◽  
Yukio Tamura ◽  
Hiroshi Yamamoto ◽  
Ardian Morina ◽  
Anne Neville
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Tribological Behavior ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Wear Performance ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Micro Analysis

Abstract Nitriding is a widely used industrial process aiming to improve the tribological properties and performance of components. Previous studies have shown the effectiveness of the treatment with friction and wear performance, but very few have focused on the influence of different ferrous layers formed by variant nitriding treatments on tribological and tribochemical behavior. The influence of an oxide (Fe3O4) and sulfide (FeS) layer on friction and wear performance alongside tribochemical formation was investigated when using a fully formulated hydraulic lubricant. The tribological behavior of the variant nitride samples was analyzed using a tribometer and surface profiler. Scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, electron probe micro analysis (EPMA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to identify the morphologies and chemical compositions of the treated surface before and after testing. No real effect on friction or wear was observed with the presence of an oxide (Fe3O4) layer, even though the formation of FeS2 was observed within the tribofilm. However, the formation of a sulfide (FeS) layer after sulfur nitriding produced the lowest friction and wear in comparison to the alternative nitride variants. This was due to the lubrication properties of the FeS layer. The study effectively demonstrated that the type of the ferrous layer could impact tribological and tribochemical properties of nitride samples.

Tribological Properties of New Developed Nano Boric Acid Suspended as Additive in Engine Oil

2019 ◽  
Vol 823 ◽  
pp. 41-52
Author(s):  
Hakan Kaleli̇ ◽  
Selman Demi̇rtaş ◽  
Veli Uysal ◽  
Zulhicce Tanriseven
Keyword(s):  
Boric Acid ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Piston Ring ◽  
Cylinder Liner ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Liner System

It is well known that nanoparticles affect the interaction between lubricants and surfaces with various chemical compositions and different chemical and physical properties. In recent years, nanoparticles have started to play more important roles as lubricant additives for their potential in wear, friction and emission reduction and improving lubrication and fuel economy. Although nanolubricants are frequently used for friction tests, little is known about stability and degree of dispersion of these nanoparticles in viscous liquids. Most of them are unstable, agglomerate or aggregate which sediment over time. Boric acid (H3BO3) has always been a very important material due to its broad range of applications such as in medicine, cosmetics, automotive industry, metallurgy and also for miscellaneous purposes in other areas. Literature survey showed that friction between automobile engine parts could be greatly reduced using microscopic particles of boric acid.This study involves the new invention of successful suspension of nano boric acid (BA) additive added into 5W-40 fully synthetic commercial lubricating oil. This invention is confidential and realized by Murat ÖZAYMAN from Tribor ARGE Co. in Teknopark of YILDIZ Technical University in Istanbul-TURKEY. The particle size of BA is determined with (Transmission Electron Microscopy) (TEM). Backscattering and transmittance profiles proved that nano boric acid (BA) particles were in suspension in commercial engine oil. Suspended BA in engine oil is applied between piston ring and cylinder liner system in order to investigate their effect on friction and wear under boundary lubricated conditions. Simulation and measurement of friction and wear were conducted using a reciprocating tribometer. Surface analysis were performed using 3D digital optical microscope, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM)/X-Ray, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Boron (B) from BA is well detected, mixed with other elements of additives and protected the surface under boundary lubrication conditions. The results indicate that BA can considerably improve the tribological performance of a piston ring and cylinder liner system under lubricated conditions. It has found that the friction coefficient is reduced with nano boric acid (BA) suspended engine oil and protected the surface mostly on cylinder liner mixing with other additives.

The Friction and Wear Behaviors of 3-(N-di-n-butylaminomethyl) Quinazolin-4-Ones in Liquid Paraffin

2011 ◽  
Vol 199-200 ◽  
pp. 655-658
Author(s):  
Ou Yang Ping ◽  
Xian Ming Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Tribological Behavior ◽  
Liquid Paraffin ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Heterocyclic Derivative ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron

A heterocyclic derivative of 3-(N-di-n-butylaminomethyl) quinazolin-4-ones was synthesized and its tribological behavior as an ashless additve without phosphorus and sulphur in liquid paraffin was evaluated using a four-ball tester. On the basis of the experimental results, the novel additive has been found to be quite effective as a potential additive in liquid paraffin. The nature of the film on the rubbed surface was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).

scholarly journals Synthesis of Novel Arginine-Based Flame Retardant and Its Application in Lyocell Fabric

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 3588
Author(s):  
Jiayi Chen ◽  
Yansong Liu ◽  
Jiayue Zhang ◽  
Yuanlin Ren ◽  
Xiaohui Liu
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Ftir Analysis ◽  
Excellent Thermal Stability ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Before And After

Lyocell fabrics are widely applied in textiles, however, its high flammability increases the risk of fire. Therefore, to resolve the issue, a novel biomass-based flame retardant with phosphorus and nitrogen elements was designed and synthesized by the reaction of arginine with phosphoric acid and urea. It was then grafted onto the lyocell fabric by a dip-dry-cure technique to prepare durable flame-retardant lyocell fabric (FR-lyocell). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis demonstrated that the flame retardant was successfully introduced into the lyocell sample. Thermogravimetric (TG) and Raman analyses confirmed that the modified lyocell fabric featured excellent thermal stability and significantly increased char residue. Vertical combustion results indicated that FR-lyocell before and after washing formed a complete and dense char layer. Thermogravimetric Fourier-transform infrared (TG-FTIR) analysis suggested that incombustible substances (such as H2O and CO2) were produced and played a significant fire retarding role in the gas phase. The cone calorimeter test corroborated that the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) declined by 89.4% and 56.4%, respectively. These results indicated that the flame retardancy of the lyocell fabric was observably ameliorated.

scholarly journals Structure and Characterization of TiC/GLC Multilayered Films with Various Bilayers Periods

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 787
Author(s):  
Weiqi Wang ◽  
Xiaoming Ling ◽  
Rui Wang ◽  
Wenhao Nie ◽  
Li Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Closed Field ◽  
Multilayered Structures ◽  
Multilayered Films ◽  
Sputtering Deposition ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mechanical And Tribological Properties ◽  
Self Organizing

The spontaneously self-organizing multilayered graphite-like carbon (denoted as GLC) /TiC films with various bilayer periods in the range of 13.3–17.5 nm were deposited on silicon and 1Cr18Mn8Ni5N stainless steel substrates using closed field magnetron sputtering deposition facility. The microstructures and chemical compositions of the prepared multilayered films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy respectively. The self-organizing multilayered structures in all of the films consisted of titanium carbide layers and sp2-rich carbon layers periodically alternate arrangement. The TiC contents and bilayer periods of the multilayered films can be controlled by means of adjusting of sputtering current of graphite target. Furthermore, the mechanical and tribological performances of the prepared films were appraised by nano-indentor, scratch measures, and ball-on-plate tribometer respectively. The results indicated that multilayer structure endowed the as-deposited TiC/GLC films outstanding mechanical and tribological properties, especially the multilayer film with 15.9 nm bilayer period deposited at 10 A sputtering current showed the excellent adhesion strength and hardness; Simultaneously it also exhibited the lowest average friction coefficient in the humid environment owing to its high content of sp2 hybrid carbon.

X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study on Reduction of Graphene Oxide with Hydrazine Hydrate

2011 ◽  
Vol 287-290 ◽  
pp. 539-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Shi Ma ◽  
Jun Wen Zhou ◽  
Xiao Dan Lin
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Hydrazine Hydrate ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Reduction Reaction ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Total Oxygen ◽  
Graphene Oxides ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Oxygen Groups

Graphene oxide was prepared through Hummers' method，then different reduced graphenes were prepared via reduction of graphene oxide with hydrazine hydrate for 1h、12h and 24h. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used for the characterization of graphene oxide and the reduced graphenes. The variation of the contents of carbon in carbon and oxygen functional groups and chemical compositions of graphene oxides were investigated through analysis the content of different carbon atoms in different reduced graphenes. The results showed that the reduction reaction was very fast in the first 1 h, the content of total oxygen bonded carbon atoms decreased from 83.6% to 22.1%, and then after the reduction rate became very slow. After 12h, the content of total oxygen bonded carbon atom is 19.56%, only 2.54% lower than that of 1h’s. At the same time, C-N was introduced in the graphene oxides; this increased the stereo-hindrance for hydrazine hydrate attacking the C-Oxygen groups, thus reduced the reduction rate. After reduction for 24h, there still exists 16.4% oxygen bonded carbon atoms and the total conversion ratio of graphene approaches 70%.

Tribological Behavior of Mesophase Carbon Added with Titanium and Copper

2011 ◽  
Vol 80-81 ◽  
pp. 60-63
Author(s):  
Xue Qing Yue ◽  
Hua Wang ◽  
Shu Ying Wang
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Ball Mill ◽  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Applied Load ◽  
Tribological Behavior ◽  
Metallic Elements ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

Incorporation of metallic elements, titanium and copper, into carbonaceous mesophase (CM) was performed through mechanical alloying in a ball mill apparatus. The structures of the raw CM as well as the Ti/Cu-added CM were characterized by X-ray diffraction. The tribological behavior of the Ti/Cu-added CM used as lubricating additives was investigated by using a high temperature friction and wear tester. The results show that, compared with the raw CM, the Ti/Cu-added CM exhibits a drop in the crystallinity and a transition to the amorphous. The Ti/Cu-added CM used as lubricating additive displays an obvious high temperature anti-friction and wear resistance effect, and the lager the applied load, the lower the friction coefficient and the wear severity.

Oxidation of Alloy-X in Subcritical, Transition, and Supercritical Water

CORROSION ◽  
10.5006/3881 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Karmiol ◽  
Dev Chidambaram
Keyword(s):  
Supercritical Water ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Subcritical Water ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Nickel Based Superalloy ◽  
Before And After

This work investigates the oxidation of a nickel based superalloy, namely Alloy X, in water at elevated temperatures: subcritical water at 261°C and 27 MPa, the transition between subcritical and supercritical water at 374°C and 27 MPa, and supercritical water at 380°C and 27 MPa for 100 hours. The morphology of the sample surfaces were studied using scanning electron microscopy coupled with focused ion beam milling, and the surface chemistry was investigated using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy before and after exposure studies. Surfaces of all samples were identified to comprise of a ferrite spinel containing aluminum.

Effect of Microstructural Characteristics of Electroless Nickel Metallisation on Solderability to Pb-Free Solder Alloys

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changqing Liu ◽  
David A. Hutt ◽  
Dezhi Li ◽  
Paul P. Conway
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Surface Composition ◽  
Bulk Composition ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Electroless Nickel ◽  
X Ray ◽  
N2 Atmosphere ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Free Solder

This paper aims to gain an insight into the correlation between the microstructure and surface composition of electroless Ni-P and its behaviour during soldering with Pb free alloys including Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu, Sn-3.5Ag and Sn-0.7Cu. Ni-P coatings with different P contents were produced through an industrial process on copper metal substrates. The surface morphology of these coatings was observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the bulk composition was analyzed by means of Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The mechanical properties of the coatings were evaluated by nano-indentation testing under different maximum loads. However, to understand the behaviour of P in Ni-P coatings and deterioration of the coating surfaces during exposure to air, the surfaces of the coatings were also characterised by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) for storage at different temperatures. The dependence of the solderability of Ni-P coatings on the storage time and temperature was investigated by wetting balance testing, using an inactive or active flux with or without an inert N2 atmosphere. Finally, the solderability of Ni-P coatings to Pb free solders is correlated with their composition and microstructure (e.g. surface characteristics).

Characterization of X-ray irradiated graphene oxide coatings using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas N. Blanton ◽  
Debasis Majumdar
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Force Microscopy ◽  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Carbon Phase ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Before And After

In an effort to study an alternative approach to make graphene from graphene oxide (GO), exposure of GO to high-energy X-ray radiation has been performed. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) have been used to characterize GO before and after irradiation. Results indicate that GO exposed to high-energy radiation is converted to an amorphous carbon phase that is conductive.

scholarly journals Enhanced removal of hexavalent chromium by different acid-modified biochar derived from corn straw: behavior and mechanism

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 (10) ◽  
pp. 2270-2280
Author(s):  
Yonggang Xu ◽  
Tianxia Bai ◽  
Yubo Yan ◽  
Yunfeng Zhao ◽  
Ling Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Corn Straw ◽  
Order Model ◽  
Freundlich Model ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Modified Biochar ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Kinetics Of

Abstract It is of great significance to remove Cr(VI) from water as a result of its high toxicity. Biochar from corn straw was modified by different acids (HNO3, H2SO4 and H3PO4) to remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. To estimate the removal mechanisms of Cr(VI) by the acid-modified biochars, batch experiments were performed in the light of contact time, Cr(VI) concentration, and pH, and the characteristics of acid-modified biochars before and after Cr(VI) adsorption were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The adsorption kinetics of Cr(VI) by acid-modified biochars were consistent with the pseudo-second-order model, and the adsorption isotherm obeyed the Freundlich model. Furthermore, the acid- modified biochars could supply more oxygen-containing functional groups (-COOH and -OH) as electron donor (e−) and hydrogen ion (H+) to enhance the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), resulting in enhanced removal of Cr(VI). HNO3-modified biochar exhibited the highest removal efficiency of Cr(VI). In general, the acid modifition of biochar was an effective method to increase the removal of Cr(VI).

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