Heat Transfer Characteristics of High Heat Generating Integrated Circuit Chips Cooled Using Liquid Cold Plate—A Combined Numerical and Experimental Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naveen G. Patil ◽  
Tapano Kumar Hotta
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Nusselt Number ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Cold Plate ◽  
Error Band

Abstract This paper deals with the experimental and numerical investigations of seven integrated circuit (IC) chips cooled using the water flowing inside the cold plate at different flowrates. The study includes the supply of three different heat input cases under four different flowrates (0.063 kg/s, 0.125 kg/s, 0.25 kg/s, and 0.5 kg/s) to cool the high heat-generating IC chips mounted on the SMPS board at various positions. The optimal configuration (71-11-74-76-65-24-15) for the arrangement of the 7 IC chips is considered for the analysis. The numerical simulations are carried out using the commercial software ansys fluent (R-16) to support the experiments. Both the results (IC chips temperature) agree with each other in the error band of 8–14%. The smallest chip U6 attains the maximum temperature, as its heat attenuation rate is very high. The water flowing inside the cold plate absorbs the heat from the IC chips; by increasing the flowrate (Reynolds number increases), there is an increase in the convective heat transfer coefficient of the chips (Nusselt number increases) and ultimately cools these faster. A correlation is proposed for the Nusselt number of the chips with the Reynolds number of the flow. The results suggest that the liquid cold plate plays a vital role in the cooling of the IC chips and leads to better thermal management.

scholarly journals Determination of Heat Transfer Coefficients Over Ribbed Surfaces With Infrared Thermography

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco P. Brójo ◽  
Luís C. Gonçalves ◽  
Pedro D. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Nusselt Number ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Convective Heat Transfer ◽  
Convective Heat ◽  
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Stanton Number ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficients

The scope of the present work is to characterize the heat transfer between a ribbed surface and an air flow. The convective heat transfer coefficients, the Stanton number and the Nusselt number were calculated in the Reynolds number range, 5.13 × 105 to 1.02 × 106. The tests were performed inside a turbulent wind tunnel with one roughness height (e/Dh = 0.07). The ribs had triangular section with an attack angle of 60°. The surface temperatures were measured using an infrared (IR) thermographic equipment, which allows the measurement of the temperature with a good spatial definition (10.24 × 10−6 m2) and a resolution of 0.1°C. The experimental measures allowed the calculation of the convective heat transfer coefficient, the Stanton number and the Nusselt number. The results obtained suggested a flow pattern that includes both reattachment and recirculation. Low values of the dimensionless Stanton number, i.e. Stx*, are obtained at the recirculation zones and very high values of Stx* at the zones of reattachment. The reattachment is located at a dimensionless distance of 0.38 from the top of the rib. That distance seems to be independent of the Reynolds number. The local dimensionless Stanton number remains constant as the Reynolds number varies. The convective heat transfer coefficient presents an uncertainty in the range of 3 to 6%.

Analysis of Steady State Conjugate Heat Transfer in a Circular Microtube Inside a Substrate

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Sharath C. Rao ◽  
Muhammad M. Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Nusselt Number ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Thermal Conductivity Ratio ◽  
Interface Temperature ◽  
Outlet Temperature

The steady state heat transfer for laminar flow inside a circular microtube within a rectangular substrate has been investigated. Silicon, Silicon Carbide, and Stainless Steel were the substrates used and Water and FC-72 were the coolants employed. Equations governing the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy were solved in the fluid region. Within the solid wafer, the heat conduction was solved. A thorough investigation for velocity and temperature distributions for different substrates and coolants was performed by varying geometrical dimensions and Reynolds number. At a constant diameter and Reynolds number, for combinations comprising same coolant but different substrates, one with the lowest solid to fluid thermal conductivity ratio (ks/kf) attains the highest local peripheral average interface temperature. It was found that the Nusselt number is more for a system with Silicon as the substrate and FC-72 as the working fluid and the least for a system with Stainless Steel as the substrate and Water as the working fluid. The lower ks/kf ratio of Stainless Steel-Water combination is the main reason for the lower Nusselt number. With the increase in hydraulic diameter and Reynolds number, the average Nusselt number increased. It was also observed that the maximum temperature of the substrate and hence the outlet temperature of the fluid increased as the Reynolds number decreased.

Experimentation and modeling of convective heat transfer coefficient for evaporation of liquid foods in a pilot plant double effect

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reyes Carlos Macedo y Ramírez ◽  
Jorge Fernando Vélez Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Nusselt Number ◽  
Process Design ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Double Effect ◽  
Sugar Solution ◽  
Convective Coefficient ◽  
Common Process ◽  
Predicted Values

Abstract Even though the evaporation is a common process in the food industry, there is scarce information about the convective coefficient evaluation as an important parameter for equipment and process design. A research on evaporation of sugar solution in a double effect was carried out. The experimental results obtained in this equipment, from the heat transfer and concentration processes are presented, a range of 2658–6091 W of heat flow was quantified implying computed values of 1431–3763 W/m2K for the convective coefficients and 1020–1815 W/m2K for the overall coefficient. The quantification of the convective coefficient, the fitting methodology and modeling were developed in order, to obtain the correspondent correlations. Then, from a set of several equations, two general relationships are proposed. Both correlations were applied to experimental and supposed data, finding a difference lower than 30% between the experimental and predicted values of the Nusselt number, that was considered as satisfactory.

Heat transfer enhancement using second mode self-oscillating structures

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 3827-3842
Author(s):  
Samer Ali ◽  
Zein Alabidin Shami ◽  
Ali Badran ◽  
Charbel Habchi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Nusselt Number ◽  
Laminar Flow ◽  
Flow Regime ◽  
Vortex Generator ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Laminar Flow Regime ◽  
Second Mode

Purpose In this paper, self-sustained second mode oscillations of flexible vortex generator (FVG) are produced to enhance the heat transfer in two-dimensional laminar flow regime. The purpose of this study is to determine the critical Reynolds number at which FVG becomes more efficient than rigid vortex generators (RVGs). Design/methodology/approach Ten cases were studied with different Reynolds numbers varying from 200 to 2,000. The Nusselt number and friction coefficients of the FVG cases are compared to those of RVG and empty channel at the same Reynolds numbers. Findings For Reynolds numbers higher than 800, the FVG oscillates in the second mode causing a significant increase in the velocity gradients generating unsteady coherent flow structures. The highest performance was obtained at the maximum Reynolds number for which the global Nusselt number is improved by 35.3 and 41.4 per cent with respect to empty channel and rigid configuration, respectively. Moreover, the thermal enhancement factor corresponding to FVG is 72 per cent higher than that of RVG. Practical implications The results obtained here can help in the design of novel multifunctional heat exchangers/reactors by using flexible tabs and inserts instead of rigid ones. Originality/value The originality of this paper is the use of second mode oscillations of FVG to enhance heat transfer in laminar flow regime.

Enhancement of Heat Transfer of Rectangular Saw Tooth Shaped Micro Channel Heat Sink with Water Nano Fluid/Aluminium Oxide

2015 ◽  
Vol 813-814 ◽  
pp. 685-689
Author(s):  
M. Vijay Anand Marimuthu ◽  
B. Venkatraman ◽  
S. Kandhasamy
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Nusselt Number ◽  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Heat Sink ◽  
Micro Channel ◽  
Performance Curve ◽  
Theoretical Level ◽  
Enhancement Of Heat Transfer ◽  
Nano Fluid

This paper investigates the performance and characteristics of saw tooth shape micro channel in the theoretical level. If the conduct area of the nano fluid increases the heat transfer also increases. The performance curve has drawn Reynolds number against nusselt number, heat transfer co efficient. Pressure drop plays an important role in this device. If pressure drop is high the heat transfer increases. The result in this experiment shows clearly that the heat transfer is optimized.

Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Rectangular (AR = 3:1) Channel With V-Shaped Dimples

2012 ◽  
Vol 135 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Neil Jordan ◽  
Lesley M. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Nusselt Number ◽  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Heat Transfer Enhancement ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Secondary Flows ◽  
Transfer Enhancement ◽  
Reduced Pressure

An alternative to ribs for internal heat transfer enhancement of gas turbine airfoils is dimpled depressions. Relative to ribs, dimples incur a reduced pressure drop, which can increase the overall thermal performance of the channel. This experimental investigation measures detailed Nusselt number ratio distributions obtained from an array of V-shaped dimples (δ/D = 0.30). Although the V-shaped dimple array is derived from a traditional hemispherical dimple array, the V-shaped dimples are arranged in an in-line pattern. The resulting spacing of the V-shaped dimples is 3.2D in both the streamwise and spanwise directions. A single wide wall of a rectangular channel (AR = 3:1) is lined with V-shaped dimples. The channel Reynolds number ranges from 10,000–40,000. Detailed Nusselt number ratios are obtained using both a transient liquid crystal technique and a newly developed transient temperature sensitive paint (TSP) technique. Therefore, the TSP technique is not only validated against a baseline geometry (smooth channel), but it is also validated against a more established technique. Measurements indicate that the proposed V-shaped dimple design is a promising alternative to traditional ribs or hemispherical dimples. At lower Reynolds numbers, the V-shaped dimples display heat transfer and friction behavior similar to traditional dimples. However, as the Reynolds number increases to 30,000 and 40,000, secondary flows developed in the V-shaped concavities further enhance the heat transfer from the dimpled surface (similar to angled and V-shaped rib induced secondary flows). This additional enhancement is obtained with only a marginal increase in the pressure drop. Therefore, as the Reynolds number within the channel increases, the thermal performance also increases. While this trend has been confirmed with both the transient TSP and liquid crystal techniques, TSP is shown to have limited capabilities when acquiring highly resolved detailed heat transfer coefficient distributions.

Investigating Gas Turbine Internal Cooling Using Supercritical CO2 at High Reynolds Numbers for Direct Fired Cycle Applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Searle ◽  
Arnab Roy ◽  
James Black ◽  
Doug Straub ◽  
Sridharan Ramesh
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Nusselt Number ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Cfd Simulation ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Navier Stokes ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Internal Cooling ◽  
Air Breathing

Abstract In this paper, experimental and numerical investigations of three variants of internal cooling configurations — dimples only, ribs only and ribs with dimples have been explored at process conditions (96°C and 207bar) with sCO2 as the coolant. The designs were chosen based on a review of advanced internal cooling features typically used for air-breathing gas turbines. The experimental study described in this paper utilizes additively manufactured square channels with the cooling features over a range of Reynolds number from 80,000 to 250,000. Nusselt number is calculated in the experiments utilizing the Wilson Plot method and three heat transfer characteristics — augmentation in Nusselt number, friction factor and overall Thermal Performance Factor (TPF) are reported. To explore the effect of surface roughness introduced due to additive manufacturing, two baseline channel flow cases are considered — a conventional smooth tube and an additively manufactured square tube. A companion computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is also performed for the corresponding cooling configurations reported in the experiments using the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) based turbulence model. Both experimental and computational results show increasing Nusselt number augmentation as higher Reynolds numbers are approached, whereas prior work on internal cooling of air-breathing gas turbines predict a decay in the heat transfer enhancement as Reynolds number increases. Comparing cooling features, it is observed that the “ribs only” and “ribs with dimples” configurations exhibit higher Nusselt number augmentation at all Reynolds numbers compared to the “dimples only” and the “no features” configurations. However, the frictional losses are almost an order of magnitude higher in presence of ribs.

Heat Transfer and Pressure Loss Characteristics of Pin-Fins With Different Shapes in a Wide Channel

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Xu ◽  
Jiaxu Yao ◽  
Pengfei Su ◽  
Jiang Lei ◽  
Junmei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Nusselt Number ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Pressure Loss ◽  
Bottom Surface ◽  
Number Range ◽  
Pin Fin ◽  
Nominal Diameter ◽  
Pin Fins

Convective heat transfer enhancement and pressure loss characteristics in a wide rectangular channel (AR = 4) with staggered pin fin arrays are investigated experimentally. Six sets of pin fins with the same nominal diameter (Dn = 8mm) are tested, including: Circular, Elliptic, Oblong, Dropform, NACA and Lancet. The relative spanwise pitch (S/Dn = 2) and streamwise pitch (X/Dn = 4.5) are kept the same for all six sets. Same nominal diameter and arrangement guarantee the same blockage area in the channel for each set. Reynolds number based on channel hydraulic diameter is from 10000 to 70000 with an increment of 10000. Using thermochromic liquid crystal (R40C20W), heat transfer coefficients on bottom surface of the channel are achieved. The obtained friction factor, Nusselt number and overall thermal performance are compared with the previously published data from other groups. The averaged Nusselt number of Circular pin fins is the largest in these six pin fins under different Re. Though Elliptic has a moderate level of Nusselt number, its pressure loss is next to the lowest. Elliptic pin fins have pretty good overall thermal performance in the tested Reynolds number range. When Re>40000, Lancet has a same level of performance as Circular, but its pressure loss is much lower than Circular. These two types are both promising alternative configuration to Circular pin fin used in gas turbine blade.

Heat Transfer Investigation of a Tube Partially Wrapped by Metal Porous Layer as a Potential Novel Tube for Air Cooled Heat Exchangers

2018 ◽  
Vol 141 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mohammadpour-Ghadikolaie ◽  
M. Saffar-Avval ◽  
Z. Mansoori ◽  
N. Alvandifar ◽  
N. Rahmati
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Nusselt Number ◽  
Heat Transfer Rate ◽  
Porous Layer ◽  
Transfer Rate ◽  
Metal Foam ◽  
Convection Heat Transfer ◽  
Darcy Number ◽  
High Heat Transfer

Laminar forced convection heat transfer from a constant temperature tube wrapped fully or partially by a metal porous layer and subjected to a uniform air cross-flow is studied numerically. The main aim of this study is to consider the thermal performance of some innovative arrangements in which only certain parts of the tube are covered by metal foam. The combination of Navier–Stokes and Darcy–Brinkman–Forchheimer equations is applied to evaluate the flow field. Governing equations are solved using the finite volume SIMPLEC algorithm and the effects of key parameters such as Reynolds number, metal foam thermophysical properties, and porous layer thickness on the Nusselt number are investigated. The results show that using a tube which is fully wrapped by an external porous layer with high thermal conductivity, high Darcy number, and low drag coefficient, can provide a high heat transfer rate in the high Reynolds number laminar flow, increasing the Nusselt number almost as high as 16 times compared to a bare tube. The most important result of thisstudy is that by using some novel arrangements in which the tube is partially covered by the foam layer, the heat transfer rate can be increased at least 20% in comparison to the fully wrapped tube, while the weight and material usage can be considerably reduced.

Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Synthetic Jets in Minichannels With Subcooled Boiling Flow

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Sykes ◽  
Andrew L. Carpenter ◽  
Gregory S. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Nusselt Number ◽  
Local Heat Transfer ◽  
Local Heat ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Synthetic Jet ◽  
Synthetic Jets ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Heat Transfer Augmentation

Microchannels and minichannels have been shown to have many potential applications for cooling high-heat-flux electronics over the past 3 decades. Synthetic jets can enhance minichannel performance by adding net momentum flux into a stream without adding mass flux. These jets are produced because of different flow patterns that emerge during the induction and expulsion stroke of a diaphragm, and when incorporated into minichannels can disrupt boundary layers and impinge on the far wall, leading to high heat transfer coefficients. Many researchers have examined the effects of synthetic jets in microchannels and minichannels with single-phase flows. The use of synthetic jets has been shown to augment local heat transfer coefficients by 2–3 times the value of steady flow conditions. In this investigation, local heat transfer coefficients and pressure loss in various operating regimes were experimentally measured. Experiments were conducted with a minichannel array containing embedded thermocouples to directly measure local wall temperatures. The experimental range extends from transitional to turbulent flows. Local wall temperature measurements indicate that increases of heat transfer coefficient of over 20% can occur directly below the synthetic jet with low exit qualities. In this study, the heat transfer augmentation by using synthetic jets was dictated by the momentum ratio of the synthetic jet to the bulk fluid flow. As local quality was increased, the heat transfer augmentation dropped from 23% to 10%. Surface tension variations had a large effect on the Nusselt number, while variations in inertial forces had a small effect on Nusselt number in this operating region.

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