Impact Analysis of Inline Inspection Accuracy on Pipeline Integrity Planning

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingjiang Xie ◽  
Jeff Sutherland ◽  
Bingyan Fang ◽  
Bill Gu ◽  
Zhigang Tian
Keyword(s):  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Program Planning ◽  
Fatigue Cracking ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Cost Rate ◽  
Planning Methods ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Integrity planning methods and inline inspection (ILI) tool performance have a great impact on a pipeline integrity management program. In pipeline integrity planning, risk and integrity assessments are performed to schedule integrity activities like ILI for the purpose of reducing risks and ensuring reliable and safe operations. In this paper, a method is developed for analyzing the impact of ILI tool accuracy on pipeline integrity planning, which is of great importance but has not been systematically studied before. Crack inspection and threat of fatigue cracking are used as the working case for the analysis, although the approach could potentially be used for any pipeline threat type. The Paris' law degradation model is used for the crack growth and subsequent severity and risk assessment. We investigated the impact of ILI tool accuracy on the cost rate, as well as the associated inspection intervals. The impact on long-term cost rate was also investigated considering new defect generation and continuous growth. Sensitivity analyses were performed. The optimal inspection intervals and the corresponding total cost rates with respect to different ILI tool accuracy and different input parameters were obtained and compared. The proposed method can support integrity management program planning by linking risks with integrity plan costs associated with ILI accuracy and optimal re-assessment intervals. The contributions of this paper mainly include the investigation of the problem of how ILI tool accuracy impacts integrity planning, the development of the method for analyzing pipelines with cracks, and the verification and validation with the examples.

A Method to Analyze the Impact of Inline Inspection Accuracy on Integrity Management Program Planning of Pipelines

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingjiang Xie ◽  
Zhigang Tian ◽  
Jeff Sutherland ◽  
Bingyan Fang ◽  
Bill Gu
Keyword(s):  
Program Planning ◽  
Initial Crack ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Multiple Cracks ◽  
Inspection Planning ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Crack Growth Model

A pipeline integrity management program is greatly affected by integrity planning methods and inline inspection (ILI) tool performance. In integrity management program planning, inspection and maintenance activities are in common practice, determined from risk and integrity assessment practices with the objective to reduce risk and effectively exceed a reliability target for the safe operation of the pipeline. An efficient and effective integrity planning method can address the most significant risk and optimize the operational and maintenance costs. In this paper, a method is presented for analyzing the impact of ILI tool accuracy on integrity planning for pipelines for fatigue cracks. Crack inspection and threat of fatigue cracking was used as the working case for the analysis although the approach could potentially be used for any pipeline threat type. The proposed method is based on the use of a Monte Carlo simulation framework, where initial crack defect size and ILI measurement errors are considered as key random variables. The integrity (severity) assessment of the crack population scenarios used the CorLAS™ burst pressure model, and the Paris’ law crack growth model based on API 579. The subsequent pipeline reliability assessments also considered single and multiple cracks scenarios. Using a reliability / probability of failure (PoF) approach, the impact of ILI tool accuracy and initial crack size on when to set reinspection and reassessment intervals was investigated. Furthermore, integrity program cost scenarios for pipeline integrity programs with multiple cracks was also evaluated with respect to different (crack) populations, pipe conditions and ILI accuracies. A sensitivity analysis was performed considering different inspection costs, maintenance costs and relative crack severity for pipelines with financial metrics. Various scenarios were discussed regarding maintenance and inspection planning and a “total cost rate” for different situations. The proposed method can support integrity management program planning by linking risks with integrity plan costs associated with ILI accuracies, and optimal re-assessment intervals.

U.S. budget impact analysis of biosimilar versus originator intravenous rituximab for the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA).

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e18820-e18820
Author(s):  
Elizabeth James ◽  
Holly Trautman ◽  
Ali McBride ◽  
Azhar Choudhry ◽  
Stephen Thompson
Keyword(s):  
B Cell ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Budget Impact ◽  
Drug Acquisition ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Cost Share ◽  
The Impact

e18820 Background: Rituximab-abbs is an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody and an important immuno-oncology agent for the treatment of B-cell malignancies NHL (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma [DLBCL] and follicular lymphoma [FL]) and CLL. It is also indicated for patients with RA, GPA, and MPA. Rituximab-abbs was the first rituximab biosimilar approved in the US and is expected to reduce drug acquisition costs. This budget impact model (BIM) estimated the impact of replacing a share of originator rituximab (IV-R-REF) use with rituximab-abbs (IV-R-BIOSIM) for NHL (DLBCL and FL), CLL, RA, GPA, and MPA. The objective was to project incremental annual cost differences between IV-R-BIOSIM and IV-R-REF for a hypothetical 1-million-member US healthcare insured (Medicare) population. Methods: An illustrative BIM estimated changes in 1-year drug and administration costs for an increased IV-R-BIOSIM uptake from 17.5% to 22.0%. Values for epidemiology, market share distribution, drug dosing, administration, and costs were derived from scientific literature, product labels, and publicly available cost resources. Dosing was based on a mean patient body surface area of 1.8 m2. Annual dose counts per patient were: 10 untreated FL with maintenance; 8 untreated FL (without maintenance), relapsed/refractory FL, or untreated DLBCL; 6 CLL, and 4 for RA, GPA, or MPA. All treatments were assumed to infuse over 3 hours. Drug acquisition and administration costs were from 2020 Average Sales Price pricing file and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Physician Fee Schedule. Patient cost share was based on 2020 Medicare Part B 20% cost-share for office visits and drug products. Univariate sensitivity analyses were conducted. A scenario analysis was performed to project 2-year costs for extended FL maintenance treatment. Results: Estimated total annual plan incremental savings for a 1-million-member payer after the utilization shift were $312,379, equating to $0.31 per enrolled member per year (PMPY). Per-patient incremental drug cost savings with IV-R-BIOSIM for 1-year were $5,474–$12,924 (Table). The model was most sensitive to IV-R-REF cost and proportion of patients with RA. Conclusions: This analysis estimated annual savings of over $310,000 ($0.31 PMPY) for a 1-million-member US payer following a 4.5% utilization shift from IV-R-REF to IV-R-BIOSIM, demonstrating that IV-R-BIOSIM may confer considerable economic benefits vs originator rituximab.[Table: see text]

Meeting the Geohazards Management Guidelines of Annex N

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Zaleski ◽  
Tom Greaves ◽  
Jan Bracic
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Program Planning ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Management Guidelines ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Reduction Program ◽  
Integrity Management

The Canadian Standards Association’s Publication Z662-07, Annex N provides guidelines for pipeline integrity management programs. Government agencies that regulate pipelines in Alberta, British Columbia and other Canadian jurisdictions are increasingly using Annex N as the standard to which pipeline operators are held. This paper describes the experience of Pembina Pipeline Corporation (Pembina) in implementing a geohazards management program to fulfill components of Annex N. Central to Pembina’s program is a ground-based inspection program that feeds a geohazards database designed to store geotechnical and hydrotechnical site information and provide relative rankings of geohazard sites across the pipeline network. This geohazard management program fulfills several aspects of the Annex, particularly: record keeping; hazard identification and assessment; risk assessment and reduction; program planning; inspections and monitoring; and mitigation. Pembina’s experience in growing their geohazard inventory from 65 known sites to over 1300 systematically inspected and catalogued sites in a span of approximately two years is discussed. Also presented are methods by which consultants and Pembina personnel contribute to the geohazard inspection program and geohazard inventory, and how the ground inspection observations trigger follow-up inspections, monitoring and mitigation activities.

Budget impact analysis of the HIV/AIDS treatment on a national scale: a study from the Vietnam Social Security perspective

MedPharmRes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
Nhac-Vu Hoang-Thy ◽  
Thi-Ngoc-Van Tran ◽  
Thi-Thu-Ha Do
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Budget Impact ◽  
Social Health Insurance ◽  
Treatment Goal ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv Aids

Objectives: To analyze the budget impact of the HIV/AIDS treatment on a national scale, from the Vietnam Social Security (VSS) perspective. Methods: A model with a 5-year time horizon was developed. The total first year direct medical cost (DMC) and its cost components were estimated for HIV-infected populations each year. Budget impact was described through the proportion of the DMC over the social health insurance (SHI) budget. A scenario analysis was conducted with four settings of different proportions of members and coverage levels of the SHI. All costs were converted to 2020 US dollars. 1-way sensitivity analyses were conducted with variations of mean values in a range of ±25%. Results: The total DMC was estimated at $1.8M (10,000 cases) to treat all new infections and $27.7M (150,000 cases) to reach the treatment goal of the Ministry of Health (MOH) in 2020. The total DMC accounted for 0.6% of the SHI budget for the year 2020 to meet the treatment goal. The costs of CD4-count test and fully suppressive regimen containing Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF) were identified as key cost drivers. The proportion of the total DMC over the SHI budget among different scenarios did not vary significantly. Conclusion: This is the first-ever study analyzing the budget impact of the HIV/AIDS treatment on a national scale, from the VSS perspective. The results showed that the cost of HIV/AIDS care was economical and the impact on the SHI budget was reasonable. Findings could be used to notify the MOH to allocate domestic resources and to optimize the current programs.

A Midstream Pipeline Operator’s Perspective on the Implementation of API 1183

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremiah Konell ◽  
Brian Dedeke ◽  
Chris Hurst ◽  
Shanshan Wu ◽  
Joseph Bratton
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Metal Loss ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Stress Risers ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Condition Assessments ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In preparation for the upcoming (currently in draft form) Recommended Practice (RP) on Dent Assessment and Management (API 1183) [1], Explorer Pipeline Company, Inc. (Explorer) has performed an internal procedural review to determine how to effectively implement the methodologies into their Integrity Management Program (IMP). Explorer’s pipeline system transports hazardous liquids and is comprised of over 1,800 miles of pipeline ranging in diameter from 3 to 28 inches. The majority of the system was installed in the 1970s, but parts of the system were also installed as early as the 1940s. The primary focus of this review and implementation into the IMP is in regard to performing and responding to in-line inspection (ILI) based integrity assessments. Prior to the development of API 1183, dent assessment and management consisted of following a set of prescriptive condition assessments outlined in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 49, Part 195.452. In order to do this, pipeline operators required basic information, such as dent depth, orientation, and interaction with potential stress risers such as metal loss, cracks, gouges, welds, etc. However, in order to fully implement API 1183, additional parameters are needed to define the dent shape, restraint condition, defect interaction, and pipeline operating conditions. Many new and necessary parameters were identified throughout the IMP, from the very initial pre-assessment stage (new ILI vendor requirements as part of the tool/vendor selection process) all the way to defining an appropriate reassessment interval (new process of analyzing dent fatigue life). This paper summarizes the parameters of API 1183 that were not part of Explorer’s current IMP. The parameters are identified, and comments are provided to rank the level of necessity from “must have” to “beneficial” (e.g. can sound and conservative assumptions be made when a parameter is not available). Comments are also provided to explain the impact of applying assumptions in place of parameters. The table of identified parameters should provide a useful tool for other pipeline operators who are considering implementing API 1183 as part of their overall IMP.

The Impact of a Potential Public/Private Initiative on a Defined Region of the South Suburban Chicago Metropolitan Area

2019 ◽  
pp. 14-32
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Market Area ◽  
State And Local ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

The university is considered one of the engines of growth in a local economy or its market area, since its direct contributions consist of 1) employment of faculty and staff, 2) services to students, and supply chain links vendors, all of which define the University’s Market area. Indirect contributions consist of those agents associated with the university in terms of community and civic events. Each of these activities represent economic benefits to their host communities and can be classified as the economic impact a university has on its local economy and whose spatial market area includes each of the above agents. In addition are the critical links to the University, which can be considered part of its Demand and Supply chain. This paper contributes to the field of Public/Private Impact Analysis, which is used to substantiate the social and economic benefits of cooperating for economic resources. We use Census data on Output of Goods and Services, Labor Income on Salaries, Wages and Benefits, Indirect State and Local Taxes, Property Tax Revenue, Population, and Inter-Industry to measure economic impact (Implan, 2016).

European Economies Stability Faced With Potential Outburst of Sovereign Debt Crisis. An Empirical Study Using Neural Network

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 3255-3260
Author(s):  
Stelian Stancu ◽  
Alexandra Maria Constantin
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Sovereign Debt ◽  
Debt Crisis ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Sovereign Debt Crisis ◽  
European Level ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
European Economies ◽  
The Impact

Instilment, on a European level, of a state incompatible with the state of stability on a macroeconomic level and in the financial-banking system lead to continuous growth of vulnerability of European economies, situated at the verge of an outburst of sovereign debt crises. In this context, the current papers main objective is to produce a study regarding the vulnerability of European economies faced with potential outburst of sovereign debt crisis, which implies quantitative analysis of the impact of sovereign debt on the sensitivity of the European Unions economies. The paper also entails the following specific objectives: completing an introduction in the current European economic context, conceptualization of the notion of “sovereign debt crisis, presenting the methodology and obtained empirical results, as well as exposition of the conclusions.

A Primer on the Assessment of Economic Impacts of Leisure Events

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
Ove Oklevik ◽  
Grzegorz Kwiatkowski ◽  
Mona Kristin Nytun ◽  
Helene Maristuen
Keyword(s):  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Music Festival ◽  
Economic Impact Analysis ◽  
Economic Impact Assessment ◽  
Input Variables

The quality of any economic impact assessment largely depends on the adequacy of the input variables and chosen assumptions. This article presents a direct economic impact assessment of a music festival hosted in Norway and sensitivity analyses of two study design assumptions: estimated number of attendees and chosen definition (size) of the affected area. Empirically, the article draws on a state-of-the-art framework of an economic impact analysis and uses primary data from 471 event attendees. The results show that, first, an economic impact analysis is a complex task that requires high precision in assessing different monetary flows entering and leaving the host region, and second, the study design assumptions exert a tremendous influence on the final estimation. Accordingly, the study offers a fertile agenda for local destination marketing organizers and event managers on how to conduct reliable economic impact assessments and explains which elements of such analyses are particularly important for final estimations.

Impact Analysis of the Mechanization Program for Tribal Paddy Farmers of Goa

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
MATHALA JULIET GUPTA ◽  
ASHISH M. PITRE ◽  
SUMATI CHAVAN PANDURNAG ◽  
SALONI SALIL VANJARI
Keyword(s):  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Significant Saving ◽  
Manual Methods ◽  
Paddy Farmers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Training

This paper assessed the impact of the mechanization of the 8 tribal paddy farmers’ groups of Goa benefited in the year 2011 through the Tribal sub-plan program of ICAR-CCARI through results of surveys conducted in 2012 and 2015. Shift to mechanization among beneficiaries was significant in power tillers (64-100%) but less in power reapers(0-91%). Also significant saving in manpower (Power tillers:33.3% to 60%, power reapers: 33.3% to 83.3%), , time (field capacity increased (power tillers : 41.7% to141%, power reapers :58.1% to 912.8%) and cost(power tillers :44.7% to 59.1%, power reapers : 57.8% to 82.9%) was reportedthrough the use of equipment as compared to desi plough or manual methods of harvesting. Some constraints like lack of access roads and training in use and maintenance of the equipment were reported by the beneficiary farmers.

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